Physics 157 Tutorial 3

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In this tutorial, you will get some practice with problems involving heat transfer and
how this leads to temperature changes and phase changes, as well as problems
involving heat conduction. Hints and useful formulae are at the back.

Question 1: Exhausted after a challenging week of classes, you decide to relax by

heading out to a restaurant with your friends. Soon after ordering, a server comes
by and places a glass filled with a mysterious transparent liquid in front of you on
the table. “What’s going on?” you think to yourself. “I didn’t order that. Are they
going to charge me for that? Is someone trying to poison me?” You don’t want to
cause a major scene, so you decide to remain quiet about this very disturbing
development. However, when nobody is looking, you furtively transfer the liquid to
a thermos for later analysis. You place it in the freezer when you get home to
preserve the sample. Later, you measure the mass of the sample to be 200 g, and
with the material in a sealed container, you add heat at a constant rate of 500 W
(1W = 1 J/s), measuring the temperature as a function of time. Your data is below:

a) Label each part of the graph above, indicating the phase of the material and
whether a phase change is occurring. What are the melting and boiling
temperatures?
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b) How much heat flows into the material between 10 and 14 minutes?
See the hint on the last page if you are stuck.

c) Approximately what is the specific heat in the liquid phase, in J/kg∙K?

d) Compared to this, is the specific heat for the solid phase smaller or larger?

e) What is the latent heat of vaporization for this material?

f) Compared to this, is the latent heat of fusion smaller or larger?

g) You begin to suspect the mysterious liquid may be water. Are the values you
calculated consistent with this?
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Question 2: In this question, we’ll work through a problem that’s very similar to a
number of past midterm and exam questions:

Suppose you start with 200 g of ice at temperature -25 ºC, and place this into 300 g
of tap water, initially at 20 ºC. Eventually the drink reaches equilibrium. What mass
(if any) of ice is left?

Note: You can neglect the heat capacity of the cup and heat exchange with the
environment. Useful constants: cice = 2100 J/kg∙K, cwater = 4190 J/kg∙K, Lfusion-water =
334,000 J/kg.

A good first step is to draw before and after pictures to help you visualize the
situation, and label them with known and unknown quantities. For now, we will
assume that there is ice left at the end:

M (want to find this)

200 g mass =

300 g 300 g

a) Assuming that some ice is left at the end, fill in the temperatures on the diagram
above, as well as the mass of the ice that has melted. (hint at the back)
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To analyze this, a good start is to treat each part separately and understand the
net heat added to each part during the process. Q will be negative for parts that
cool. (hint at the back)

b) For the water initially present, what is Q for the process (answer in Joules):

Qwater =

How much heat is added to the ice up to the time it starts melting?

Qice, warming =

How much heat is added to the ice that melts? Hint: what is the appropriate mass
to use here?

Qice,melting =

c) What must be the sum of the quantities in part b? Why?

d) Using the idea from c, and your results from b, write down an equation and solve
it for the mass M
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If it happened that your result was negative, that would tell us that there is actually
no ice left over, and the final temperature will be greater than zero. In this case,
the problem is actually simpler, since we can start with the following picture:

e) As an example of this (if you have time), work out the final temperature of water
if we start with 50 g of ice at -25 ºC and 450 g of water at 20 ºC. Use similar steps
to what you did above, and show your work.

Hints: In this case, you have an unknown variable T (the final temperature) and
you should have three contributions to the heat for the melted ice component.
 Physics 157 Tutorial 3

Question 3: You’re feeling hungry once again. Still unsettled by a previous

restaurant experience, and trying to save some money, you decide to make some
pasta at home. You put 2 L of water into an aluminum pot with a base of area 100
cm2 and thickness 0.4 cm, put it on the stove, and turn on the heat. You start
browsing Netflix, and just as you begin to watch an episode of your favorite vampire
romance series, the water starts boiling. Unfortunately, the steam from your pot is
nothing compared to the steaminess of the opening scene, and you become
completely absorbed in the episode, forgetting about the water, the pasta, and
even your hunger. It’s not until the closing credits roll, 45 minutes later, that you
remember the pot on your stove, and just at that moment, your smoke alarm
sounds since the water has just boiled away and the (somewhat dirty) pot has
started to smoke.

What was the temperature of the burner under your pot?

(constants: kAl =205 W/m∙K, Lv = 2256 × 103J/kg)

If you are stuck, look at the hints on the last page and answer those questions one
at a time.
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Question 4: A box-shaped single-story home has a height of 4 m and horizontal

dimensions 10 m by 10 m. The insulation layer around the house has an R-value
of 15 for the walls and 20 for the floor and ceiling. Estimate the power of a furnace
that would be required to keep this house at 20 ºC if the outside temperature is 0
ºC.

(Recall that the R-value is related to the thickness L and conductivity k of an

insulation layer by R = L/k. The R-value is this quantity in units ft2∙Fo∙hours/BTU.
To find L/k in SI units from the R value, we multiply by 0.1761. For example, an R
value of 10 means that L/k is 1.761 m2∙K/W. The ratio k/L that appears in the
equation for heat current is just the inverse of this).

If you are stuck, look at the hints on the last page and answer those questions
one at a time.
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Useful formulae:

Relation between heat Q flowing in to a material and temperature change (c =

specific heat):

Q = m c ΔT

Relation between heat flowing in to a material and amount of mass changing phase
(L = latent heat for that phase change):

Q=mL

Conduction problem tips:

As usual, it’s helpful to draw a picture and label it, and break the system into parts.
For the part or parts of the system through which heat is flowing, you will need the
basic relation:

H = k A (TH – TC)/L

Finally, you will need to relate the heat currents and heats for the various parts.
For example, if a heat current H is going into a system, the amount of heat that
enters in time Δt is Q = H Δt. If heat is flowing through two adjacent objects in
series, the heat current is the same for both. If they are side-by-side, the heat
currents add up.
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Hints: wait until you are stuck before using the hints, then try them one at a time.
For each hint, write the missing letters in the blank spaces, in order. For example:
putting p,y,c,t,r,l in __h__si__s __uto__ia__ in gives “physics tutorial”

Hint for question 1b): missing letters: z, o, n, l, k, g, h, f, g, o

Hint: It is not __er__, and you do __ot need to __oo__ at the __rap__ to __i__ure
it __ut.

Hint for question 2a): missing letters: v, y, h, g, e, l, b, m

Hint: E__er__t__in__ is in __qui__i__riu__ in the final picture.

Hint for question 2b): missing letters: u, w, q, t, n, p, g

Hint: In each part, __se one of the t__o e__ua__io__s at the to__ of this pa__e.

Hints for question 3:

 How much heat is required to boil all the water?
 What is the heat current through the bottom of the pot?
 What is the temperature of the water while it is boiling away?
 If you know the heat current, can you figure out the difference between the
burner temperature and the water temperature?

Hints for question 4:

 How does the power of the furnace relate to the total heat flowing out of the
house?
 How can we calculate the total heat flowing out of the house if we have
different R values for different surfaces?
 What do we use for A in the heat formula?