Introduction

Read Chapter 1 in the text book

Shang-Ho Tsai

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

National Chiao Tung University
 Outline

Basics for Signals and Systems

Classification of Signals
Basic Signal Operations
Elementary Signals
Properties of Systems
Some Examples

2
Definition of Signals and Systems

A signal
A function or one or more variables that contains
information
Ex: [Link]

sgnalcom unìcations
A system
An entity that manipulates on one or more signals
to accomplish a function
Leads to new signals
Ex: orcontrolsystem
3
 Communication Systems
wireline

fwirekss
,

digitdie

Analog communications
Modulator + Channel + Demodulator
AM, FM, PM
Digital communications
Sampling + quantization + coding + modulation ->
縮
Why digital? 避免 data 毀損 可 压
,

4
 Control Systems

Why using control systems?

To make plant produces a satisfactory response
To make the response robust
Why feedback in control systems?
SISO and MIMO

5
Classification of Signals
 Continuous-time and
Discrete-time Signals
Notations:
[Link] x(t): continuous-time signal
lsampliyn
比 x[n]: discrete-time signal
Q 取樣 週期
x[n] = x(nT)
quantization
,

-_-:
⼀ ⼀

Ǚi 4
-_-
,

mìn

7
 [Link]
Even and Odd Signals

Even signal: x( t ) x(t ) for all t

Odd signal: x( t ) x(t ) for all t
cos( 0t ) ?
sin( 0t ) ?
Even-odd decomposition for arbitrary x(t)
1 1
xe x(t ) x( t ) xo x(t ) x( t )
2 2
e
x(t ) xe (t ) xo (t )
8
Conjugate Symmetric Signals
-

[Link]
(Complex Case)
Satisfy x( t ) x (t )

real and imag. part?

Let x(t ) a(t ) jb(t )

x* (t ) a(t ) jb(t ) 以 ⼆ eiyes !
= 婲, =
[Link]
a( t ) jb( t ) a(t ) jb(t )
a( t ) a(t )
1 b( t ) b(t ) xltleiimodd
even

9
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
(Continuous-time)
x(t ) x(t T ) for all t
T T0 Fundamental period

躠
T T0 , 2T0 , 3T0 , ......

Fundamental frequency:
f0 1 / T0
Unit?
Angular frequency
2
2 f
T
Unit?

10
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
(Discrete-time)
x n x n N for integer n

Fundamental period: smallest N satisfies above

condition
Fundamental (angular) frequency
2
N 汀
①
Wicontinoustimesignalsfreq .

Unit? radian nidiscretetimesgndstr

11
Deterministic and Random Signals

Deterministic signal:
A signal about which there is no uncertainty with respect to
its value at any time

Random signal:
A signal about which there is uncertainty before it occurs
Ex: noise
Specific topic for random signals?

12
Basic Signal Operations

13
Operation on Dependent Variables

Amplitude scaling: y(t ) cx(t )

Ex: Amplifier
Addition: y(t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t )
Ex: Audio mixer
Multiplication: y (t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t )
Ex: Modulation
d
Differentiation: y (t )
dt
x(t )

Vltkliutkfmdt
Ex:
t
Integration: y(t ) x( )d
Ex:

14
 Operation on Independent
Variables
比-1 北 ⽣
a >1 compressed
Time scaling: y (t ) x(4
at ) -1 北 沾 0<a<1 expanded

Ex: ūdeoxtxz 4
2
x
,

audīoitbkeyto
Reflection: y(t ) x( t )
Ex: later used in convolution

Time shifting: y(t ) x(t t0 )

Ex: later used in convolution
70 ,
rightshftlddgl
[Link] ,
Htshftladvanal
15
Precedence Rule for Time Shifting
and Time Scaling
Given x(t) how to obtain y(t ) x(at b) ?
Step 1: Time shifting v(t ) x(t b)
Step 2: Time scaling y(t ) v(at ) x(at b)
Q: Given x(t)

Which one is correct to obtain y(t)=x(2t + 3) ?

[Link]
[Link]

How to verify the answer? A useful check:

y (0) x ( b)
b 16
y( ) x(0)
a
Elementary Signals

17
 Bdi
ncanbe

omplexoaoieg
Exponential Signals

A real exponential signal: x(t ) Beat

a and B (amplitude at t=0) are real
a<0: decaying exponential
a>0: growing exponential
a=-6 and B=5 a=5 and B=1

Ex: a<0

d
RC v(t ) v(t ) 0
dt
t /( RC )
v(t ) V0e
What if a and B are complex? 18
 Sinusoidal Signals
(Continuous-time)
General form: x(t ) A cos( t )
A: amplitude : frequency (rad/sec) : phase (rad)

Is it a periodic signal? yes Ff 瓷 =

How to generate?
d2 Natural angular
LC 2 v(t ) v(t ) 0
dt frequency of oscillation
1
v(t ) V0 cos( 0t ), t 0 0
LC 19
 Sinusoidal Signals
(Discrete-time)
dscretetime
→

x[n] A cos( n )

Is it periodic for arbitrary ?

X [ n + N] = X [ n]

Aoshlnt NHQFA coshnt Q )

[Link]
nN
= 2⼤ m ,

先 .
m ,
mtt

Ex: A = 1, = 0, and N = 12

20
 .com
※
Sinusoidal Signals vs.
Complex Exponential Signals
Be j t Let B Ae j
In

[Link]
> A
-

Ae j e j t

Ae j ( t)

A cos( t ) jA sin( t )
A cos( t ) Re{Be j t } A sin( t ) Im{Be j t }
Discrete-time case
A cos( n ) Re{Be j n }
A sin( n ) Im{Be j n }
Ex: e j n for = /4 and n /4
/4
Graphical explanation
21
 Bět

ěktjaitgnbecompk Exponential Damped

=

Sinusoidal Signals
t
x(t ) Ae sin( t ), 0 Signal generation
Ex: 1 t
v ( )d
L
Ae at sin( t), with A = 60 and =6

d 1 1 t
C v(t ) v(t ) v( )d 0
dt R L
t /(2CR )
v(t ) V0e cos( 0t ) t 0

1 1
0 R L /(4C )
LC 4C 2 R 2
22
 Unit-Step function

Discrete-time Continuous-time
u[n] 1, n 0 1, t 0
0, n 0 u(t )
0, t 0

x[n]
1

n
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

When will the Step-Function be used?

23
 Rectangular Pulse
A, 0 t 0.5
x(t )
0, t 0.5
Can be generated using Unit-step function
1 1
x(t ) Au t Au t
2 2

② Ault -0.5 )

四的 ⼆

tngularpulse
① Aulttoy

24
 Impulse Function
Dirac delta function (continuous-time)
(t )dt 1 yfsltjdt
①
(t ) 0 for t 0 and ⼆
1

Graphical description
(t) ←
īmpulsefunc a (t)
Figure 1.41 (p. 46)
怒
Discrete-time form of impulse.

Relation between impulse response and unit-step function

d t
(t ) u(t ) u (t ) ( )d

Hferencescniuntn
dt
Kronecker delta function (discrete-time)

1, n 0
[n] 25
0, n 0
 Impulse Function: Example

Capacity unchanged at t=0 but suddenly the

loop closed at t 0

Current flows to the capacitor

dv(t ) du (t )
i (t ) C i (t ) CV0 CV0 (t )
dt dt
26
jslttolòint
Impulse Function:
Properties and Appilcations
Even function: ( t) Tīmeshīftīgpffǖxltlflttldttit
(t ) Ǘsui ⼆
Xltol

Time shifting:
。

x(t ) (t t0 )dt x(t0 ) =

Xltol

1
Time scaling: (at ) (t ), a 0
Referto P 15 上 a
⾯積變 È

When will we use the impulse function?

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
ìs Līneavandtimeinvǎiant ,

Slt )
input
,

27
Properties of Systems

28
 System Operator

Can regard system as a function

y (t ) H {x(t )} y[n] H {x[n]}

Shift operator
Ex:
Mouyauergesysa
1 1
y[n] ( x[n] x[n 1] x[n 2]) H (1 S S2)
3 3 29
 Stability

BIBO stable: A system is said to be BIBO stable iff

every bounded input results in a bounded output
y (t ) My for all t whenever x(t ) Mx for all t
boundedoutput boundedīnputyoudiuòn
Is the moving-average system BIBO stable?

Yespflycnlklnltxantxcn
y[n]
1
3
x[n] x[n 1] x[n 2]
㖄 nboundedīnput
Ejyntlxcrnhnkjl3
Mxkniomboundedoutput
Is the this system BIBO stable?
y[n] r n x[n] where r > 1
所悱 ⼼ ⼼ 州州洲
Tnx
⼀ 。

哭⾔
30
 Memory

Memory
A system depends on past or future values of the input signal
Memoryless
A system depends only on present values of the input signal
Memory or memoryless? [Link]
Resistor [Link]
Inductor
yltkcxltljmemy
ilt) yutldt
=

vhifidtmemoy
Capacitor
Moving-average system
灲 ⼆

碼 xcnkl
31
 因果
Causality
System is causal if
The present value of the output signal depends only on the

[Link]
present or past value of the input signal →
System is noncausal if it is not causal
Depends on one or more future values of the input signal
System is anticausal
Output only depends on future input
What does causality imply?
plementedīnreattimemanner .

Examples for noncausal systems

⾳訊處理
影像 處理1模糊化) ,

Hurlcausd
Causal or noncausal? y[n]
1
( x[n] x[n 1] x[n 2])
3
1 32
y[n] ( x[n 1] x[n] x[n 1]) nouausd
3
htureìnpu
 Invertibility

A system is invertible if
The input signal can be perfectly recovered from the output
H inv y (t ) H inv H x(t ) H inv H x(t ) 姙1
= H inv H I
Examples for systems that is invertible?

[Link]/es datacompnes ionmp3,[Link],los ydatacompres io

Examples for systems that is non-invertible?

Invertibility in communication systems

Design of equalizer
2
Is y (t ) x (t ) invertible or non-invertible?
nhominvertible
33
 H H 化川 兆 1
[Link]/=ylttol,=)Histime-mvariant
非時變
Time Invariance

[Link]/HMnY= GIHhilxcn- ItXGno-Dl=y(n-hoJ

⾶ ※

A system is time invariance if

Time delay or time advance of the input signal leads to an
identical time shift in the output signal

y2 (t ) H {x1 (t t0 )} y1 (t t0 ) S t0 { y1 (t )}
H {S t0 {x1 (t )}} S t0 {H {x1 (t )}}
HS t0 {x1 (t )} S t0 H {x1 (t )}
t t
Time invariant if HS 0 S 0 H
The above condition is that H and S are commute for all t

34
 Time Invariance: Inductor

y1(t) = i(t)
1 t
y1 (t ) x1 ( )d
L
x1(t) = v(t)

1 t 1 t t0
y2 (t ) x1 ( t0 ) d y1 (t t 0 ) x1 ( )d
L L
Changing variables: ' t0
1 t t0
y2 (t ) x1 ( ')d '
L 35
Time Variance: Thermistor

y1(t) = i(t)
y1 (t ) x1 (t ) / R(t )
x1(t) = v(t)
x1(t t0) is

x1 (t t0 ) x1 (t t0 )
y2 (t ) y1 (t t0 )
R(t ) R(t t0 )
Since R(t) R(t t0)

y1 (t t0 ) y2 (t ) for t0 0 36
Huixiknzai Hlxiuy

[Link]
Līǖvǖīnvariant

Linearity
Hlaihltltazxzklkax Hfhtazx Hlxzhj
A system is linear if
Input and output relation satisfies
① Superposition: [Link]/+XdtD=HlxitBtHh
x(t ) x1 (t ) y (t ) y1 (t ) x (t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t )
x (t ) x2 ( t ) y (t ) y2 ( t ) y (t ) y1 (t ) y2 (t )
② Homogeneity:

[Link]/xHhresuitaHefrimpemnion
x(t ) y (t ) ax (t ) ay ( t ) ②
H commutes
N
with summation and amplitude scaling

/
y (t ) H{ ai xi (t )}
i 1
N
ai H {xi (t )}
i 1
N
37
ai yi (t )
i 1
 [Link]/iNIiH1XiN=iinXiCnI=niiXiGJ
Linearity

[Link]/nearHhisno heavHNtRTxilt-n
Is y[n] nx[n] linear or nonlinear?
Sol: N N N
y[n] n ai xi [n] ai nxi [n] ai yi [n] where yi [n] nxi [n]
i 1 i 1 i 1

Is y(t ) x(t ) x(t 1) linear or nonlinear?

Sol:
N N N N
y (t ) ai xi (t ) a j x j (t 1) ai a j xi (t ) x j (t 1)
i 1 j 1 i 1 j 1

N
Is y (t ) i 1 i
a yi ( t ) ?

38
[Link]/ineav.
Some Examples

39
 Differentiation and Integration
by RC Circuit

t
1 d
v2 ( t ) v2 ( t ) d v1 (t ) RC v2 (t ) v2 (t ) v1 (t )
RC dt
d 1 d t t
v2 (t ) v2 (t ) v1 (t ) RCv2 (t ) v2 ( )d v1 ( )d
dt RC dt

Differentiator Integrator
If RC is small enough If RC is large enough
1 d RCv2 (t )
t
v1 ( )d
v2 (t ) v1 (t )
RC dt
d 1 t
v2 (t ) RC v1 (t ) for RC small v2 (t ) v1 ( )d for40 large
dt RC
 Moving-Average Systems

Moving-average systems smoothes the signal

N 1
1
y[n] x[n k ] (1-D moving-average)
N
k 0

2-D moving-average

鼠thig 41
 Multipath Communication
Channels
p
y (t ) i x(t iTdiff )
i 0

Tdiff = smallest time difference

between different path

Discrete-time case: y[n] k x[n k ] (linearly weighted moving-average)

k 0
42