GENEREAL MATHEMATICS

WEEK 7: LESSON 2
LOGARITHM

MELC: Represents real-life situations using logarithmic function.

MELC: Distinguishes logarithmic functions, logarithmic equation, and
logarithmic inequality.
MELC: Solve logarithmic equations and inequalities.

OBJECTIVES:
1. Familiarize logarithms by transforming exponential function to logarithmic
function or vice versa.
2. Represent real-life situations using logarithmic functions.
3. Distinguishes logarithmic function, logarithmic equation, and logarithmic
inequality.
4. Apply basic properties of logarithms and laws of logarithms; and
5. Solves logarithmic equations and inequalities.

VOCABULARY

Logarithm
- From the word “logos” which means proportion and “arithmos” which
means number. Ratio number.
- Introduce by John Napier
- It is the exponent or power to which a base must be raised to yield a
given number.

Definition of Logarithm
- Let a, b, and c be positive real numbers such that b≠ 1. The logarithm
of a with base b is denoted by 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 and is define as 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 if and
only if a = bc .

Reminders:
1. In both the logarithmic and exponential forms, b is the base. In the
exponential form, c is an exponent; this implies that the logarithm is
an exponential. Hence, Logarithmic and exponential are inverses.
2. In the logarithmic form 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥, x cannot be negative but the value of
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 can be begative.

Common Logarithms
- Common logarithms with base 10; log x is a short notation for 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥

Natural Logarithms
- Natural logarithm are logarithms to the base e (2.71828), are denoted
by “ln”. In other words, ln x is another way of writing 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥.

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A. WRITING EXPONENTIAL EQAUTION TO LOGARITHMIC FORM

Exponential Equation Logarithmic Form

53 = 125 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 125 = 3
102 = 100 log 100 = 2
ⅇ2 = 𝑥 ln x = 2
Logarithmic Form Exponential Equation
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 64 = 6 26 = 64
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑚 = 𝑛 10n = m
ln 8 = a ea = 8

B. EVALUATING LOGARITHMS

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27 2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 625

Let x = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27 Let x = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 625
3x = 27 5x = 625
3x = 33 5x = 54
x=3 x=4
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27 = 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 625 = 4

C. APPLICATION OF LOGARITHMS IN REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS

1. Richter Scale – logarithmic scale to measure the intensity of an

earthquake.
2 𝐸
𝑅 = 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔 104⋅40
Where E (in joules) is the energy released by the earthquake

2. Sound Intensity
dB is the level of a sound.
𝐼
𝐷 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 −12
10
Where I is the sound intensity in watts/m2.

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3. Acidity and pH Level
pH = - log [ H+ ]
where H+ is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter. Solutions
with pH of 7 are define neutral; those with pH < 7 are acidic, and those
with pH > 7 are basic.

D. Distinguish Logarithmic Function, Logarithmic Equation and

Logarithmic Inequalities.

Examples:
Given Answer
𝑙𝑜𝑔3(2𝑥 − 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 + 2 Logarithmic Inequalities
ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.25 𝑥 Logarithmic Function
2 + 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 Logarithmic Function
𝑙𝑜𝑔3(2𝑥 − 1) = 2 Logarithmic Equation
log x2 = 2 Logarithmic Equation

E. SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

𝑙𝑜𝑔4 2𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 + 8) = 3

2x = 10 x + 8 = 53
x=5 x + 8 = 125
x = 125 – 8
x = 117

F. SOLVING LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES

Remember:
b> 1, retain the inequality.
0 < b < 1, reverse the inequality.
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 ≤ 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔5(3𝑥 + 2) < 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (2𝑥 + 5)
b > 1, 3 > 1 b > 1, 5 > 1
x>0 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 > 𝟎
3x > -2
x ≤ 35 x > -3/2
x ≤ 243 2x + 5 > 0
0 < x ≤ 243 2x > -5
(0, 243] x > - 5/2
3x + 2 < 2x + 5
3x -2x < 5 -2
x<3
get the greater value of x which ix x >
-2/3 and combine with x < 3
(-2/3,3)

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E. PROPERTIES LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Example:
Find the Domain, range, x -intercept, and vertical asymptote of 𝑦 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (3𝑥 − 4)
Domain and Range: x – intercept
3x -4> 0 let y = 0
3x > 4 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3(3𝑥 − 4)
x > 4/3 0 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (3𝑥 − 4)
Domain is (4/3, ∞) 30 = 3𝑥 − 4
Range is (-∞, ∞) 1 = 3𝑥 − 4
Vertical Asymptote (same as 1 + 4 = 3x
Domain) 5 = 3x
x = 4/3 5/3 = x

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 Name: Section:
Grade Leve: Date:

“Cracking the Function Code”

MELC: Represents real-life situations using logarithmic function.

MELC: Distinguishes logarithmic functions, logarithmic equation, and
logarithmic inequality.
MELC: Solve logarithmic equations and inequalities.

Directions: Answer the following activity below and apply the concepts of
logarithmic function. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

Activity 1: Logarithmic Function

Directions: Answer the following items below by applying the concepts of

logarithms. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. identify the following as Logarithmic Functions, Logarithmic Equations,

and Logarithmic Inequalities.

log 𝟒 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟓

𝒇(𝒙) = log 𝟐 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟖 ≤ log 𝟐 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑
𝒚 = log 𝟓 𝟐𝒙
log 𝟕 𝟑𝒙 + log 𝟕 𝟐 = 𝟏
log 𝟔 𝟑𝒙 > 𝟐

2. Find the value of x if 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 + 3) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 22

3. Identify the domain, range, x-intercept, zero and asymptote of the

following logarithmic functions if 𝑔(𝑥) = 3log (4 − 2𝑥)

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