Chapter 2 – Is Matter Around Us Pure?

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following statements are true for pure substances?
(i) Pure substances contain only one kind of particles
(ii) Pure substances may be compounds or mixtures
(iii) Pure substances have the same composition throughout
(iv) Pure substances can be exemplified by all elements other than nickel
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iii)
Soln
Answer is b) (i) and (iii)
2. Rusting of an article made up of iron is called
(a) corrosion and it is a physical as well as chemical change
(b) dissolution and it is a physical change
(c) corrosion and it is a chemical change
d) dissolution and it is a chemical change
Soln:
Answer is c corrosion and it is a chemical change.
Explanation :
Rusting of iron is corrosion and it’s a chemical change because rust is a chemical compound
called hydrated iron oxide Fe2O3. nH2O, iron(III) which is different from elemental iron.
Physical changes are those changes in which substance identity is not changed and it can get
back to its original form ex: water freezing to ice can be melted back to water. Whereas chemical
changes are those in which original substance identity is changed and they cannot be restored to
their original form.
On adding solid solutes to the solvent, some solute dissolves and its concentration increases in
solution. This process is known as dissolution.
Crystallization is a process in which Solute particles in solution collide with the solid solute
particles to get separated out of solution.
3. A mixture of sulphur and carbon disulphide is
(a) heterogeneous and shows Tyndall effect
(b) homogeneous and shows Tyndall effect
(c) heterogeneous and does not show Tyndall effect
(d) homogeneous and does not show Tyndall effect
Soln:
A mixture of sulphur and carbon disulphide is a heterogeneous colloid and shows Tyndall effect.
In a colloidal solution, the particles are big enough to scatter light. The scattering of light by
colloidal particles is known as Tyndall effect. Colloids are actually heterogeneous in nature
though they appear to be homogeneous.
Answer is a) heterogeneous and shows Tyndall effect.
Explanation:
A mixture of sulphur and carbon disulphide is heterogeneous and shows Tyndall effect because
in a colloidal solution the particles are big enough to scatter light.
4. Tincture of iodine has antiseptic properties. This solution is made by dissolving
(a) iodine in potassium iodide
(b) iodine in vaseline
(c) iodine in water
(d) iodine in alcohol
Soln:
Answer is (d) iodine in alcohol
Explanation:
Tincture is prepared by using 2-7% elemental iodine and either of potassium iodide or sodium
dissolved in alcohol. Since alcohol is a good solvent and iodine does not dissolve in water
answer should be alcohol.
5. Which of the following are homogeneous in nature?
(i) ice
(ii) wood
(iii) soil
(iv) air
a. (i) and (iii)
b. (ii) and (iv)
c. (i) and (iv)
d. (iii) and (iv)
Soln:
Answer is (c) (i) and (iv)
Explanation
Air and ice are homogeneous mixture because its elements are not visible and cannot be
distinguished from one another.
6. Which of the following are physical changes?
(i) Melting of iron metal
(ii) Rusting of iron
(iii) Bending of an iron rod
(iv) Drawing a wire of iron metal
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Soln:
Answer is (c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
Explanation
Rusting of iron is a chemical process where iron reacts with water and oxygen to produce iron
oxide whereas other processes are physical changes.
7. Which of the following are chemical changes?
(i) Decaying of wood
(ii) Burning of wood
(iii) Sawing of wood
(iv) Hammering of a nail into a piece of wood
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Soln:
Answer is (a) (i) and (ii)
Explanation
Decaying of wood and burning of wood, because there will be a change of chemical composition
and wood cannot be restored to its original form.
Sawing of wood and hammering of nail into a piece of wood are physical process where the
chemical composition of compounds is not changed.
8. Two substances, A and B were made to react to form a third substance, A 2B according
to the following reaction 2A + B → A2B which of the following statements concerning this
reaction are incorrect?
(i) The product A2B shows the properties of substances A and B
(ii) The product will always have a fixed composition
(iii) The product so formed cannot be classified as a compound
(iv) The product so formed is an element
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii),
(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Soln:
Answer is (c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
Explanation:
A2B is a compound made up of two elements A and B in a fixed ratio. The properties of a
compound (e.g., A2B) are entirely different from those of its constituent elements (i,e.g A and B).
The composition of a compound is fixed.
9. Two chemical species X and Y combine together to form a product P which contains
both X and Y X + Y → P. X and Y cannot be broken down into simpler substances by
simple chemical reactions. Which of the following concerning the species X, Y and P are
correct?
(i) P is a compound
(ii) X and Y are compounds
(iii) X and Y are elements
(iv) P has a fixed composition
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii),
(b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
Soln: (d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
Here X and Y cannot be further broken down into simpler substances. Hence X and Y are
elements and P can be broken down to its elements hence P is a compound with a fixed
composition.

Short Answer Questions

10. Suggest separation technique(s) one would need to employ to separate the following
mixtures.
(a) Mercury and water
(b) Potassium chloride and ammonium chloride
(c) Common salt, water and sand
(d) Kerosene oil, water and salt
Soln:
Answers are a) decantation b) Sublimation c) Filtration and evaporation d) decantation and
evaporation
Explanation
a) Decantation method is used to separate the mixture of Mercury and water. Here Mercury is
heavier than water hence it forms a separate layer which can be easily separated in separating
funnel.
b) Potassium chloride and ammonium chloride are separated by sublimation method because
ammonium chloride being a sublimate, sublimes leaving behind the potassium chloride.
c) Common salt, water and sand are separated by filtration and evaporation processes. Common
salt, water and sand are filtrated to separate the sand from salt solution. Then salt solution is
heated to evaporate the water leaving behind salt.
(d) Kerosene is separated from salt solution in water by decantation using a separating funnel.
Kerosene being heavier forms a separate layer. Salt from water is further removed by
evaporation.

11. Which of the tubes in Fig. 2.1

(a) and (b) will be more effective as a condenser in the distillation apparatus?

Soln:
Answer is: tube (a)
Explanation
Beads in tube A provide an increased surface area for cooling of the vapours that come in
contact with them. Hence, it is a good condenser.
12. Salt can be recovered from its solution by evaporation. Suggest some other technique
for the same?
Soln:
Answer is crystallization
Explanation:
Salt can be recovered from its solution by crystallization. Crystallization is a more efficient
process as it removes soluble impurities which cannot be done by evaporation.
13. The ‘sea-water’ can be classified as a homogeneous as well as heterogeneous
mixture. Comment.
Soln
If we consider the sea water on the surface it comprises water and salts hence it is homogenous
mixture. If we consider the sea water from deep sea it consists of salts, water, mud, decayed
plants etc which will be heterogeneous mixture.
14. While diluting a solution of salt in water, a student by mistake added acetone (boiling
point 56°C). What technique can be employed to get back the acetone? Justify your
choice.
Soln:
Fractional Distillation can be used to separate acetone from the mixture of salt and water.
Explanation
There are considerable differences in the boiling points of acetone (56°C) and water (100°C).
When the solution is heated acetone evaporates first. The water is collected in the distillation
flask. The vapours of acetone are then condensed to obtain acetone.
15. What would you observe when
(a) a saturated solution of potassium chloride prepared at 60°C is allowed to cool to room
temperature.
(b) an aqueous sugar solution is heated to dryness.
(c) a mixture of iron filings and sulphur powder is heated strongly.
Soln:
a) Sodium potassium chloride will separate out from the saturated solution when the temperature
of the solution reduced from 60°C to room temperature. The solubility of the solid-state is
affected by the change in temperature.
b) When aqueous sugar solution is heated first water gets evaporated up to some extent then
sugar gets charred.
c) Iron combines with sulphur and forms iron sulphide (FES).
16. Explain why particles of a colloidal solution do not settle down when left undisturbed,
while in the case of a suspension they do.
Soln:
Size of the particles in suspension is relatively larger than the size of the particles in a solution.
Moreover in suspension molecular interaction is weaker to keep the molecules in suspended
form. Hence the particles settle down. Similarly in colloidal solution molecular interaction is
strong hence they remain in suspended form.
17. Smoke and fog both are aerosols. In what way are they different?
Soln:
Both smoke and fog have gas as the dispersion medium (continuous phase). But the difference
lies in the dispersed phase. Dispersed phase in fog is liquid whereas in smoke it is solid
(particulate matter).
18. Classify the following as physical or chemical properties
(a) The composition of a sample of steel is 98% iron, 1.5% carbon and 0.5% other
elements.
(b) Zinc dissolves in hydrochloric acid with the evolution of hydrogen gas.
(c) Metallic sodium is soft enough to be cut with a knife.
(d) Most metal oxides form alkalis on interacting with water.
Soln:
Ans: Physical properties are a) and c). Chemical properties are b) and d)
Explanation
a) Composition of a sample of steel is 98% iron, 1.5% carbon and 0.5% other elements. It is a
chemical property because no new compound is formed as the steel is an alloy and alloy and is a
homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or of metallic elements with non-metallic elements.
b) It is a chemical property because zinc reacts with HCL to give out zinc chloride and hydrogen
gas.
c) The cutting knife will not involve any chemicals reaction and did not form a new compound
hence it is a physical property.
d) It is chemical property as the new compound is formed by the interaction of metal oxides with
alkalis.
19. The teacher instructed three students ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ respectively to prepare a 50%
(mass by volume) solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). ‘A’ dissolved 50g of NaOH in 100
mL of water, ‘B’ dissolved 50g of NaOH in 100g of water while ‘C’ dissolved 50g of NaOH
in water to make 100 mL of solution. Which one of them has made the desired solution
and why?
Soln:
Answer is student C because both B and A has made the solution of 150ml whereas student C
prepared the required quantity.
Explanation
Student A and B prepare 150 ml solution, so student c make desire solution because he adds
water to make 100 ml solution. and from the calculation,
%w/v = 100 × weight of sub (solute)
volume of solution
∴ %50 = 100 × weight of sub / 100 ml
weight of sub = 50 ×100 ml / 100
∴ weight of sub = 50 g
Here the 50g NaOH required for 50% w/v 100ml solution of NaOH
20. Name the process associated with the following
(a) Dry ice is kept at room temperature and at one atmospheric pressure.
(b) A drop of ink placed on the surface of water contained in a glass spreads throughout
the water.
(c) A potassium permanganate crystal is in a beaker and water is poured into the beaker
with stirring.
(d) An acetone bottle is left open and the bottle becomes empty.
(e) Milk is churned to separate cream from it.
(f) Settling of sand when a mixture of sand and water is left undisturbed for some time.
(g) Fine beam of light entering through a small hole in a dark room, illuminates the
particles in its paths
Soln:
Answers a) sublimation
b) Diffusion
c) Dissolution/ diffusion
d) Evaporation
e) Centrifugation
f) Sedimentation
g) Tyndall effect (Scattering of light)
21. You are given two samples of water labelled as ‘A’ and ‘B’. Sample ‘A’ boils at 100°C
and sample ‘B’ boils at 102°C. Which sample of water will not freeze at 0°C? Comment.
Soln:
Answer is sample B
Explanation
Sample B may consist of impurities. At 1 atm the boiling point of water is 100°C and freezing
point is 0°C. Hence sample B which will not boil at 102°C will not freeze at 0°C.
22. What are the favourable qualities given to gold when it is alloyed with copper or silver
for the purpose of making ornaments?
Soln:
Pure gold (24 karats) is soft and does not have strength. In order to give strength to gold, silver
and copper is alloyed to gold. An alloy that has 20 parts of gold and 4 parts of silver is known as
24 karat gold.
23. An element is sonorous and highly ductile. Under which category would you classify
this element? What other characteristics do you expect the element to possess?
Soln:
An element which is sonorous and highly ductile can be classified as metal. Other characteristics
include lustre, malleability, heat and electrical conductivity.
24. Give an example each for the mixture having the following characteristics. Suggest a
suitable method to separate the components of these mixtures
(a) A volatile and a non-volatile component.
(b) Two volatile components with appreciable difference in boiling points.
(c) Two immiscible liquids.
(d) One of the components changes directly from solid to gaseous state.
(e) Two or more coloured constituents soluble in some solvent.
Soln:
(a) Mixture of acetone and water. It can be separated by distillation.
(b) Mixture of petrol and kerosene. Can be separated by distillation.
(c) Mixture of oil and water. Can be separated by fractional distillation.
(d) Mixture of naphthalene and ammonium chloride. Separating naphthalene by filtration and
then separation of ammonium chloride from water by evaporation.
(e) Mixture of pigments from a flower petal extract. Can be separated by chromatography.
25. Fill in the blanks
(a) A colloid is a ——— mixture and its components can be separated by the technique
known as ———.
(b) Ice, water and water vapour look different and display different —— properties but they
are ——— the same.
(c) A mixture of chloroform and water taken in a separating funnel is mixed and left
undisturbed for some time. The upper layer in the separating funnel will be of——— and
the lower layer will be that of ———.
(d) A mixture of two or more miscible liquids, for which the difference in the boiling points
is less than 25 K can be separated by the process called———.
(e) When light is passed through water containing a few drops of milk, it shows a bluish
tinge. This is due to the ——— of light by milk and the phenomenon is called ——— . This
indicates that milk is a ——— solution.
Soln:
Answers
a) Heterogeneous, centrifugation
b) Physical, chemically
c) Water, Chloroform
d) Distillation
e) Scattering, Tyndall effect, colloidal
26. Sucrose (sugar) crystals obtained from sugarcane and beetroot are mixed together.
Will it be a pure substance or a mixture? Give reasons for the same.
Soln:
It will be a pure substance because the chemical structure of the sugar remains the same despite
the change in the source of their extraction.
27. Give some examples of Tyndall effect observed in your surroundings?
Soln

1. The beam of light passing on screen in a theatre.

2. When light passes through a dark room.

28. Can we separate alcohol dissolved in water by using a separating funnel? If yes, then
describe the procedure. If not, explain.
Soln:
We cannot separate alcohol dissolved in water by separating funnel as they both are miscible
solvents.
29. On heating calcium carbonate gets converted into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
(a) Is this a physical or a chemical change?
(b) Can you prepare one acidic and one basic solution by using the products formed in
the above process?
If so, write the chemical equation involved
Soln:
Answers:
a) It is a chemical change
CaCO3+H2O →CaO+CO2
b) Acidic and basic solutions can be prepared by dissolving the products of the above process in
water ,
CaO+H2O → Ca(OH)2 (basic solution) CO2 + H2O→H2 CO3 (acidic solution)
30. Non-metals are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity. They are non-lustrous,
non-sonorous, non-malleable and are coloured.
(a) Name a lustrous non-metal.
(b) Name a non-metal which exists as a liquid at room temperature.
(c) The allotropic form of a non-metal is a good conductor of electricity. Name the
allotrope.
(d) Name a non-metal which is known to form the largest number of compounds.
(e) Name a non-metal other than carbon which shows allotropy.
(f) Name a non-metal which is required for combustion.
Soln:
Answers
a) Iodine is a lustrous non-metal.
b) Bromine is liquid at room temperature
c) Graphite is allotropic form of Carbon (non-metal) which is a good conductor of electricity.
d) Carbon is a non-metal which can form the largest number of compounds.
e) Sulphur and Phosphorous are the non-metals which shows allotropy.
f) Oxygen is a non-metal which is required for combustion.
Classify the substances given in Fig. 2.2 into elements and compounds

Soln:
Answer
Elements-Copper(Cu), Zinc(Zn), Oxygen(O2), Fluoride(F2), Mercury(Hg), Diamond
Compounds-NACL(Aq), Wood, Sand, H2O, CaCO3
32. Which of the following are not compounds?
(a) Chlorine gas
(b) Potassium chloride
(c) Iron
(d) Iron sulphide
(e) Aluminium
(f) Iodine
(g) Carbon
(h) Carbon monoxide
(i) Sulphur powder
Soln:
Answers
[Link] gas
[Link]
e. Aluminium
f. Iodine
[Link]
[Link] powder

Long Answer Questions

33. Fractional distillation is suitable for separation of miscible liquids with a boiling point
difference of about 25 K or less. What part of fractional distillation apparatus makes it
efficient and possess an advantage over a simple distillation process. Explain using a
diagram.
Soln:
Fractional column is the most important part of fractional distillation apparatus. It is provided with
glass beads in it. This column helps to obstruct the upward movement of the vapours of the two
liquids. The vapours of high boiling liquid get condensed earlier at a lower level. Latent heat
released helps to take the vapours of low boiling liquid to a height in the fractionating column.
The advantages are as given below

1. This method can separate the liquids with a boiling point difference about or less than 25
K,
2. During the process, both evaporation and condensation take place simultaneously.
3. A mixture (like petroleum) can also be separated by fractional distillation process which
contains several components.

34.
(a)Under which category of mixtures will you classify alloys and why?
(b) A solution is always a liquid. Comment.
(c) Can a solution be heterogeneous?
Soln:
a) An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more elements. Elements can be two metals or
metal with a non-metal.
An alloy is classified as a homogenous mixture because it shows properties of two or more
elements it is made of. It constituents are in varied composition. Ex: Brass is an alloy which
shows characteristics of copper and Zinc and their composition varies from 20 to 35 %.
b) The solution is usually a liquid, but not always. It might also include a mixture of two solids like
in alloys, and a mixture of gases, such as air.
(c) Yes, solutions can be heterogenous.
35. Iron filings and sulphur were mixed together and divided into two parts, ‘A’ and ‘B’.
Part ‘A’ was heated strongly while Part ‘B’ was not heated. Dilute hydrochloric acid was
added to both the Parts and evolution of gas was seen in both the cases. How will you
identify the gases evolved?
Soln:
When iron fillings and sulphur is heated it will give the following reaction
Fe(s)+S(s) → FeS
When HCl is added to this mixture ferric chloride is produced and Hydrogen Sulphide gas is
produced. Foul rotten egg smell of Hydrogen sulphide is the indicator of H2S production.
When dilute HCL is added to setup B Hydrogen gas is evolved and sulphur does not take part in
the reaction. When a burning match stick is brought near the evolved gas, matchstick burns with
a pop. This is the indication of the production of Hydrogen gas.
36. A child wanted to separate the mixture of dyes constituting a sample of ink. He marked
a line by the ink on the filter paper and placed the filter paper in a glass containing water
as shown in Fig.2.3. The filter paper was removed when the water moved near the top of
the filter paper.
(i) What would you expect to see, if the ink contains three different coloured components?
(ii) Name the technique used by the child.
(iii) Suggest one more application of this technique.
Soln:
(i) If the ink contains three different coloured components then you can observe three different
bands on the paper
(ii) Child uses the technique of paper chromatography
(iii) Paper chromatography is used to separate different pigments present in the chlorophyll.
37. A group of students took an old shoe box and covered it with a black paper from all
sides. They fixed a source of light (a torch) at one end of the box by making a hole in it
and made another hole on the other side to view the light. They placed a milk sample
contained in a beaker/tumbler in the box as shown in the Fig.2.4. They were amazed to see
that milk taken in the tumbler was illuminated. They tried the same activity by taking a salt
solution but found that light simply passed through it?
(a) Explain why the milk sample was illuminated. Name the phenomenon involved.
(b) Same results were not observed with a salt solution. Explain.
(c) Can you suggest two more solutions which would show the same effect as shown by
the milk solution?
Soln:
a) Milk is a colloidal substance. Particulate matter present in the milk makes the light scatter
which results in Tyndall effect. Because of Tyndall effect the milk got illuminated.
b) Salt is a homogenous solution. Small particles present in salt solution do not scatter light rays
hence there will be no Tyndall effect. Since salt solution did not exhibit Tyndall effect light is not
illuminated.
c) Detergent solution and sulphur solution exhibit the Tyndall effect.
38. Classify each of the following, as a physical or a chemical change. Give reasons.
(a) Drying of a shirt in the sun.
(b) Rising of hot air over a radiator.
(c) Burning of kerosene in a lantern.
(d) Change in the colour of black tea on adding lemon juice to it.
(e) Churning of milk cream to get butter.
Soln:
a) Drying of the shirt in the sun is a physical phenomenon because there are no chemical
reaction or any chemical changed involved in this process
b) Rising of hot air over radiator is a physical change. Water in a radiator converts to vapours.
Hot air becomes lighter and rises.
c) Burning of kerosene in a lantern is a chemical change because kerosene burns by using
atmospheric oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.
d) Change in the colour of black tea on adding lemon juice to it is a chemical change. Lemon
juice is a source of citric acid, ascorbic acid and malic acid. This acid reacts Flavin antioxidants
present in black tea to change the colour of the tea.
e) Churning of milk cream to get butter is a physical change as there is no involvement of
chemical reaction. Here the principal is of centrifugation which turn the milk cream to butter.
39. During an experiment the students were asked to prepare a 10% (Mass/Mass) solution
of sugar in water. Ramesh dissolved 10g of sugar in 100g of water while Sarika prepared it
by dissolving 10g of sugar in water to make 100g of the solution. (a) Are the two solutions
of the same concentration (b) Compare the mass % of the two solutions.
Soln:
Mass % = Mass of solute Mass of solute + Mass of solvent ×100
Solution made by Ramesh
Mass % = 10/ 100 +10 x 100 = 10 /110 x100 = 9.09%
Solution made by Sarika = Mass % = 10 /100 ×100 = 10%
The solution prepared by Sarika has a higher mass % than that prepared by Ramesh.
40. You are provided with a mixture containing sand, iron filings, ammonium chloride and
sodium chloride. Describe the procedures you would use to separate these constituents
from the mixture?
Soln:

1. Using Magnet: Move magnet over the mixture which will result in the sticking of iron
fillings to magnet. Like this iron fillings get separated from the mixture.
2. Sublimation: Remaining mixture is heated in a china dish. Ammonium chloride is a
sublimating substance and it will evaporate without passing through the liquid phase.
Ammonium chloride can be collecting an inverted funnel over china-dish.
3. Sedimentation, decantation, filtration: Remaining mixture is dissolved in water and
allowed to settle down. Sand will settle at the bottom. The liquid should be decanted to
another beaker. Then it is filtered to remove traces of sand.
4. Filtered solution is heated to evaporate the water. Once all the water gets evaporated salt
remains in the beaker.

41. Arun has prepared 0.01% (by mass) solution of sodium chloride in water. Which of the
following correctly represents the composition of the solutions?
(a) 1.00 g of NaCl + 100g of water
(b) 0.11g of NaCl + 100g of water
(c) 0.0l g of NaCl + 99.99g of water
(d) 0.10 g of NaCl + 99.90g of water
Soln:
Here,

which is equal to the percentage of sodium chloride in water prepared by Arun. So, option (c) is
correct.
In option (a), mass% =

42. Calculate the mass of sodium sulphate required to prepare its 20% (mass percent)
solution in 100g of water?
Soln:
In option (b), mass% =

In option (d), mass% =

Hence, other three representations are incorrect.