UNIT 1

SOURCES OF ENERGY

Q. What are conventional and non-conventional energy resources (Shashiraj

campus mart)
Ans: Conventional energy resources are in use over several decades. Example:
Fossil fuel, Hydel etc.
Non-conventional energy resources are alternate in exhaustible sources of
energy. Example: Solar, Wind, Tidal, Ocean thermal, Bio-energy, fuel cells etc.

Q. What are renewable and non-renewable resources of energy? (Shashiraj

campus mart)
Ans: The energy resources which are produced continuously in nature and are
essentially inexhaustible at least in time frame of human societies. Example:
Solar, Wind, Tidal, Hydel, Ocean thermal energy, Geothermal, Hydrogen etc.
The energy resources which have been accumulated over the ages and not
quickly replenishable when they are exhausted. Example: Fossil fuel, Nuclear
Fuels.

Q. Contrast between renewable and non-renewable resources of energy (KR

Gopalakrishna)
Ans:
Sl. no Factor Renewable energy Non-renewable
resources energy resources
1 Exhaustibility Are inexhaustible Are exhaustible
2 Availability Abundantly and freely Not abundantly
available in the nature available
They replenished over a full Cannot be
3 Replenishment period of time as the same replenished over
rate at which they are desired period of
consumed. Example : Solar time. Example:
energy Fossil fuels.
 4 Environmental Environmental friendly Not environment
friendliness accept in case of biomass friendly and
energy produce greenhouse
gasses.
5 Cost factor Cost of building system to Cost of production
tap energy is high. rate is high.
6 Nature of Intermittently available.
availability Example : Solar energy Continuously
available in the day and not available
during the night
7 Regional There is no regional Non-renewable
restriction and restriction and is available energy resources
dependency in almost all countries. such as petroleum
factor is available in
selected countries

Q. Contrast between Conventional and non-conventional energy resources

(Shashiraj campus mart)
Ans:
Conventional Energy Sources Non-conventional energy sources
These are widely used since These are rarely used since they are
economical costly
Most of them are exhaustible Most of them are non-exhaustible
Most of them are hazardous to the Most of them are environmental
environment friendly
Though initial cost is more, they are Though initial investment is high they
reliable are not reliable
Energy transmission cost are high Energy transmission cost are low

Q. What are advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy resources?

(KR Gopalakrishna)
Ans: Advantages:
1. The renewable energy resources are non-exhaustible.
2. The renewable energy resources can be matched in scale to the need.
3. The renewable energy can deliver the energy of quality that is required for
specific task. Example: Heating of water by solar energy.
 4. Some of the renewable energy conversion systems often can be built close
to site wherever the energy is required and thus minimise the transmission
cost.
5. The diversity of renewable energy resources offer more flexibility while
designing the conversion system.
6. Local available energy can be harnessed which otherwise would be left un
utilized.
7. Except biomass energy resources, all other renewable energy resources
offer pollution free environment.
Disadvantages:
1. The intermittent nature of the availability of the energy from the renewable
energy resources such as solar, wind, tidal etc., is a setback in the
continuous supply of energy.
2. Although the supply of energy from sun is limitless, it is dependent on
local atmospheric conditions, time of the day. Etc.
3. The state of harnessing the renewable energy is not yet fully developed.
4. Some of the renewable energy conversion systems require advanced
technologies.
5. The application to transport sector is not found viable today.

Q. Explain the working and construction of heliothermal process used for

low temperature application.
Or
Explain the flat plate collector with help of a neat diagram
Or
Hot water is to be obtained by using solar energy. Which device would you
suggest? Explain the working and construction of such heliothermal
process (KR Gopalakrishna)
Ans: In heliothermal process, the radiant solar energy falling on the surface on
the earth in the form of the visible light is converted into thermal energy.
Sketch:
Construction:
 In the flat plate collector a blackened sheet of metal is used to absorb all
the sunlight.
 To reduce the conduction and convection losses, the sheet metal is closed
in a thermally insulted box.
 But the top side is covered with transparent glass sheet to receive the solar
radiation.
 By coating the absorbing surface with selective coating substance having
high absorptiveness in the short wave length region and low emissivities
in the long wave length region the radiation losses from the absorbing
surface may be reduced.
Working:
 Use of glass sheet serves as diathermanous medium permitting short wave
length solar radiation to be transmitted through it, while blocking the long
wave length radiation from the surface of the blackened sheet.
 Heat generated is transferred to the fluid.
  The blackened surface attains a temperature at which the equilibrium
state is established between the rate at which solar energy is absorbed and
the rate at which the heat energy is transferred to the fluid.

Q. Explain the cylindrical/parabolic collector with a neat diagram.

Or
Explain the working and construction of heliothermal process used for high
temperature application
Or
Explain the working and construction of such heliothermal process in
which solar energy is harnessed by tracking system (KR Gopalakrishna)
Ans:
Sketch:

Construction:
 A mirror system is used to increase the intensity of solar radiation.
 Parabolic reflectors of either cylindrical or spherical shape are employed
to focus the incident radiation.
 Tracking system is used to follow the path of the sun.
 A receiver is placed at the focus of the reflector.
Working:
 The focussing collector intercept and concentrate only the direct rays of
the sun.
  The concentrated narrow focussed beam is absorbed by a receiver placed
at the focus of the reflector.
 The focussing collector may be used for high temperature heating
applications for industrial purposes.

Q. Explain the formation of steam at constant pressure with help of

Temperature-enthalpy diagram (Shashiraj Campus mart)
Ans:

 Consider 1 kg of water at 0℃ taken in a cylinder fitted with a freely moving

frictionless piston as shown in Figure (A).
 A weight “W” is placed over the piston and this exerts a constant pressure
(P=W/A) on the water.
 Let “V” be the volume occupied by the water. The condition of water at 0℃
is represented by a point A on Temperature-Enthalpy diagram.
 On heating temperature of the water rises and water begins to boil. The
temperature at which it starts boiling is known as saturation
temperature(𝑇𝑠 ).
 Heating of water from 0℃ to 𝑇𝑠 is represented by the line AB which is shown
in Temperature enthalpy diagram. Slight increase in volume 𝑉𝑓 is observed
as shown in Figure (B).
 Beyond 𝑇𝑠 evaporation of water takes place at constant temperature. Water
here exists in two phase mixture containing saturated liquid and water
vapour occupying volume (𝑣𝑓𝑔 ). This is a wet steam. This is shown in
Figure (C)
  Evaporation continues at same 𝑇𝑠 until whole of water completely
converted into steam. This is represented by BC in temperature enthalpy
diagram. This is shown in Figure (D)
 At C, steam does not contain water vapour and hence called dry steam or
dry saturated steam. Increased volume is represented as 𝑣𝑔 . This is shown
in Figure (E)
 Further continued heating increases the temperature above 𝑇𝑠 . This is
called superheat temperature (𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝 ). Steam at 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝 is called super heated
steam. This is shown in Figure (F)
 This process of heating the dry steam is called superheating.

Temperature-Enthalpy diagram
Q. What are the different types of steam? (Shashiraj Campus mart)
Ans: (a) Wet steam: Two phase mixture containing the saturated water and
vapour formed at the saturation temperature at given pressure.
(b) Dry saturated steam (Dry steam): Pure vapour or saturated steam having no
water molecules in suspension is called “dry steam” at a given pressure.
(c) Super-heated steam: Steam which is heated beyond its dry saturated state to
temperatures higher than its saturated temperature at given pressure.
Q. What are the advantages and disadvantages of super heated steam?
(Shashiraj Campus mart)
Ans: Advantages:
1. Heat content of super heated steam is high. Hence capacity to do work is
greater.
2. Due to high temperature, super heated steam gives higher thermal efficiency.
3. As there is no moisture content, corrosion of turbine blades are minimized.
4. While expanding in turbines, it prevents condensation, thus gives better
economy.
Disadvantages:
1. Higher superheated temperature creates problems in lubrication.
2. Higher initial cost.

Q. Explain the working principle of a high pressure boiler with a neat

sketch.
Or
Explain the working principle of a water tube with a neat sketch.
Or
Explain the working principle with a neat sketch of a boiler in which the
steam produced has a high mass flow rate.
Or
Explain the working principle of an externally fired boiler with a neat
sketch.
Or
Explain the working principle with a neat sketch of a boiler that is used in
thermal power plants (KR Gopalakrishna)
Ans:
  In the fire tube boiler, the hot flue gases produced by the combustion of
fuels are led through nest of tubes
 In the water tube boiler, the water circulates inside the tubes while the hot
gases produced by the combustion of the fuels pass around them
externally as shown in Figure.
 The examples of the water tube boiler are Babcock and Wilcox boiler,
Stirling boiler, Yarrow boiler etc.

Q. Explain the working principle of a fire tube with a neat sketch.

Or
Explain the working principle of an internally fired boiler with a neat
sketch.
Or
Explain the working principle with a neat sketch of a boiler that is used in
processing industries (KR Gopalakrishna)
Ans:
 In the fire tube boiler, the hot flue gases produced by the combustion of
fuels are led through nest of tubes and the water circulates through the
outer periphery of the tubes.
 The examples of the fire tube boiler are Lancashire boiler.
Q. What are advantages and disadvantages of water-tube boilers (KR
Gopalakrishna)
Ans: Advantages:
 Steam can be raised more quickly. The ratio of water content to steam
capacity is less.
 Steam can be produced at higher pressure: Since the water tube boilers
does not contain any tubes inside the boiler drum, and hence can
withstand high pressure for same wall thickness and thermal stress.
 Higher rate of evaporation: In water tube boiler, water is contained in a
large number of tubes. Therefore heating surface of water tube boiler is
more than that of fire tube boiler.
 Sediment deposition is less:
 Suitable for any type of fuel: Since it is externally fired, the size and
proportions of the furnace can be altered to suit any type of fuel.
 More effective heat transfer: Because hot gases flow at right angles to the
water tubes.
 Failure of water tubes will not affect the working of boiler: Bursting of any
of the water tubes do not possess serious problems because they are
present outside the boiler drum.
 Easy maintenance: All parts of the water tube boilers are easily accessible
compared to the fire tube boiler for cleaning, repairing and inspection.
 Disadvantages
 Not suitable for ordinary water: Water tube boiler require relatively pure
feed water because impure feed water forms scale inside the water
tubes and consequently there will be overheating and bursting of the
water tube.
 Not suitable for mobile application:
 High initial cost and hence not economical:

Q. Contrast between water tube boiler and fire tube boiler (KR
Gopalakrishna)
Ans:
Parameters Water tube boiler Fire tube boiler
Hot gas pass around a Hot gases passes through
large number of tubes flue tubes
Passage of flue gases through which the water
circulates
Position of furnace Furnace is situated Furnace is situated
outside the boiler drum inside the boiler drum
Water circulation Water is continuously Water is circulated within
circulated between the the drum and tubes.
drum and tubes

Q. Explain the working principle of impulse steam turbine with a neat

diagram
Or
Explain the working principle of De Lavel turbine with a neat diagram
Or
With a neat sketch explain the prime mover where the steam is initially
expanded at the nozzle (KR Gopalakrishna)
Ans:
 In this type of turbine, the steam is initially expanded in a nozzle from a
high pressure to low pressure.
 The high velocity jet of steam coming out of the nozzle is passed through
a curved vane known as blade.
 The jet of steam gets deflected and results in change in momentum
causing a force which is centrifugal in nature.
 The resultant of this force acting on the blade causes an impelling action
of jet of steam on the blades causing them to rotate. Therefore called as
impulse turbine. The Figure A shows the impulse turbine.

Figure A
 The symmetrical profile of moving blades provides a uniform section for
the flow of the steam causing no expansion.
 The pressure of the steam at both the ends of the moving blade remains
constant as shown in Figure B. AB represents the pressure in the nozzle
and BC represent constant pressure in the moving blades.
 Due to large drop in the pressure in the nozzle the velocity is high as shown
in Figure B. This leads to increase in blade speed. PQ represents the
velocity in the nozzle and QR represents the velocity in the moving blade.
 Figure B

Explain the working principle of reaction type of steam turbine with a neat
diagram
Or
Explain the working principle of Parsons turbine with a neat diagram
Or
With a neat sketch explain the prime mover where the steam is directly
passed through a moving blade
Or
With a neat sketch explain the prime mover where the steam is expanded
at both in the stationary and moving blades (KR Gopalakrishna)
Ans:
 In this type of turbine the high pressure steam is not expanded completely
before entering into the moving blade unlike impulse action.
 The stationary blades are present before the moving blades and the shapes
of these are subjected to nozzle effects.
 The pressure of the blades, decreases continuously as the jet of steam
passes through the stationary and moving blades as shown in Figure A.
 Velocity of the steam decreases as it passes through the moving blades as
shown in Figure A.

Figure A
 Increase of velocity of blades develops a force and consequently there will
be a backward reaction to the force causing motion of the jet.
 Asymmetrical profile of both stationary and moving blades provides
varying cross section of the flow which causes and expansion of the steam.
 In addition to this there is also centrifugal force exerted due to change in
momentum because of change in direction of the steam passing over the
blades as shown in Figure B.

Figure B
  Therefore the net force is centrifugal and reaction forces and is called as a
reaction turbine.

Q. Contrast between impulse steam turbine and reaction steam turbine

Or
Contrast between De-Lavel turbine and Parsons turbine (KR Gopalakrishna)
Ans:
Sl. no Factor Impulse turbine Reaction turbine
1 Expansion Steam completely The high pressure
process expands from a high steam continuously
pressure to a lower expands from high
pressure in the nozzle pressure to lower
before it enters into a pressure
moving blade
The symmetrical profile of The asymmetrical
the moving blades provide profile of both the
a uniform section for the moving and fixed
2 Blade profile flow of the steam between blades provides a
them causing no varying cross section
expansion of steam for the flow of stream
which causes
expansion
The pressure at both ends Pressure at the both
3 Pressure of the of the moving blades the moving and
steam remains constant stationary blades are
different
Because of larger Due to smaller
pressure drop in pressure pressure drop over
Steam and in the nozzle, the steam both fixed and moving
4 blade speed speed as well as rotor blades, both the steam
speeds are high and blade/rotor speeds
are relatively lower
Due to larger pressure Due to smaller
drop in the nozzle and pressure drop and
less number of stages, more number of stages,
5 Size of the size of the impulse the size of the reaction
turbine turbine for the same turbine for the same
power output is large
 power output is
comparatively small
6 Space Occupies less space per Occupies more space
occupation unit power per unit power
The speeds are
7 Compounding Due to high rotor speed relatively less and
compounding is required hence no compounding
is required

Q. Explain the gas turbine unit with a neat sketch that is used in aircraft
Or
Explain the open type of gas turbine unit with a neat sketch
Or
Explain the gas turbine unit where the working substance is continuously
replaced.
Or
With a help of neat diagram explain the working of shaft power cycles
Ans:
 Figure shows the schematic representation of open type of gas turbine
plant consisting of compressor, combustion chamber and turbine.

 Both the compressor and turbine are coupled on the same shaft.
  When the compressor rotates, the atmospheric air is drawn in and is
compressed and sent into the combustion chamber.
 In the combustion chamber the air is mixed with fuel and combustion
takes place. The gas formed due to combustion of air fuel mixture is at
high pressure and temperature.
 The hot gas is now expanded in the turbine and released into the
atmosphere
 The fresh air enters the compressor and exhaust gas is not used.

Q. Explain the gas turbine unit with a neat sketch that is used in aircraft
Or
Explain the open type of gas turbine unit with a neat sketch
Or
Explain the gas turbine unit where the working substance is continuously
replaced.
Or
With a help of neat diagram explain the working of shaft power cycles
 Figure shows the schematic representation of closed type of gas turbine
plant consisting of compressor, heating chamber, turbine and cooling
chamber.
  Both the compressor and turbine are coupled on the same shaft.
 When the compressor rotates, the inert gas is drawn in and is compressed
and sent into the heating chamber.
 In the heating chamber the high pressure and temperature gas is heated
by an external source.
 The hot gas is now expanded in the turbine and is sent into the cooling
chamber.
 The gas from the cooling chamber enters the compressor and the cycle
repeats.

Q. Contrast between closed and open type of gas turbine cycle.

Ans:
Sl. no Factor Closed type Open type
1 Working Working substance is Working substance is
substance recirculated replaced.
2 Exhaust gases The exhaust gases are The exhaust gases are
continuously recycled led into the atmosphere
3 Type of working Working substance is Working substance is
substance inert gas air and gasoline
Since heat is externally Since the products of
added, any grade of fuel combustion of air and
4 Grade of fuel can be used. fuel expands in the
turbine, only high
grade fuel is used.
Loss of working There is no loss of There is loss of working
5 substance working substance substance because the
because it is continuously working substance is
recirculated led into the atmosphere
6 Energy transfer Work and heat transfer Work, heat and mass
takes place transfer takes place
Lot of cooling water is Cooling water not
7 Cooling water required to cool the required because
exhaust gases exhaust gas is led into
the atmosphere
Q. Select an appropriate hydraulic turbine having high head and low
discharge and explain its working
Or
Explain the working of impulse type of hydraulic turbine
Or
Explain the working of pelton wheel
Ans:
Sketch

Construction
 Consists of nozzle in which the flow rate is controlled by needle.
 Pelton cups which are curved blades that are present all around the
circumference of the pelton wheel.
Working
 The water stored at high head is made to flow through the penstock and
reaches the nozzle of the Pelton turbine.
 The nozzle increases the K.E. of the water and directs the water in the form
of jet.
 The jet of water from the nozzle strikes the buckets (vanes) of the runner.
This made the runner to rotate at very high speed.
  Due to change in the momentum the stream of water produces the impulse
on the blade edges of the pelton wheel turbine.
 With the help of the impulse it generates the rotation and torque in the
shaft of the pelton wheel.
 The generator is attached to the shaft of the runner which converts the
mechanical energy (i.e. rotational energy) of the runner into electrical
energy.

Q. Select an appropriate hydraulic turbine having medium head and

discharge and explain its working
Or
Explain the working of reaction type of hydraulic turbine
Or
Explain the working of Francis turbine
Or
A conical diverging draft tube is attached at the outlet of the runner of a
hydraulic turbine. Explain such type of turbine with a neat sketch
Ans:
Sketch
Construction
 Francis is a medium head reaction turbine in which water flows radially
inwards as shown in Figure.
 It consist of spiral casing which is a enclosing chamber, guide blades fixed
all around the circumference of inner casing.
 Moving vanes forming the runner which is keyed to the turbine shaft.
 Draft tube at the exit of the runner.
Working
 Water at high pressure enters the casing and flows radially inwards to the
outer periphery of the runner through the guide blades.
 From the outer periphery of the runner the water flows inwards through
the moving vanes and discharges at the center of the runner at lower
pressure.
 During its flow over the moving blades it imparts kinetic energy to the
runner to set it rotational motion.
 To enable the discharge of water at lower pressure, a diverging conical tube
is fitted at the center of the runner.
 The other end of the draft tube is immersed in the discharging side of the
water known as tail race.

Q. Contrast between the impulse and reaction type of hydraulic turbines

[Link] Factor Impulse turbine Reaction turbine
1 Pressure Whole of the pressure The water flows with
changes energy is converted into both kinetic and
kinetic energy at the pressure energies over
nozzle the moving blades
The pressure
2 Pressure along Pressure is atmospheric at continuously
the moving the exit of the vanes decreases as the water
vanes flows through the
moving blades
3 Types of forces Impulsive force of the jet Impulsive and reaction
causes the rotation of the forces causes rotation
turbine wheel of the runner
4 Water Water is admitted only at Water is admitted over
impingement the portion of the the entire
circumference of the circumference of the
pelton wheel runner
5 Water Water is discharged Water is discharged
discharge directly to the tail race through draft tube to
the tailrace
 UNIT 2

REFRIGERATION AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Q. Explain the working principle of refrigeration

 Refrigeration is defined as a method of reducing the temperature of a
system below that of surroundings and maintains it at lower temperature
by continuously abstracting heat from it.
 This operation is according to second law of thermodynamics which can
be performed by the aid of external work.

Q. Define ton of refrigeration

 A Ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat absorbed in order
to form one ton of ice in 24 hours when the initial temperature of water is
0℃.
1 Ton of refrigeration = 210 kJ/min=3.5 kW

Q. Define Coefficient of performance

Coefficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat absorbed in a system to
the work supplied.
𝑄
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 𝑊

Where Q is heat absorbed or removed in kW

W is work supplied in kW

Q. Define relative coefficient of performance

The ratio of actual COP to the theoretical COP is known as relative coefficient of
performance.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂𝑃
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂𝑃

Q. Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of vapour compression

refrigeration system
Or
Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of refrigeration system
having low ton of refrigeration capacity
Or
Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of refrigeration system
that is used in household/domestic appliances
Or
Coefficient of performance is high but decreases at part loads. Explain such
refrigeration system with a neat sketch.
Or
Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of refrigeration system
where Freon-12 is used as refrigerant.
Ans:
Sketch

Construction
 The vapour compression refrigeration system consist of evaporator,
compressor, condenser and expansion/throttle valve.
  The evaporator is made up of tubes in the freezing compartment, the
suction side of the evaporator is the exit.
 The suction side is connected to a compressor and at the delivery end is
the exit of the compressor.
 The delivery side is connected to a condenser. The condenser consist of
coils.
 The condenser end is connected to a throttle valve.
 The outlet of the throttle valve is connected to the entry of the evaporator
tubes.
Working:
 The refrigerant at lower pressure and temperature passing through the
evaporator tubes absorbs heat in the freezing compartment and gets
evaporated.
 The evaporated refrigerant at low pressure from the evaporator is drawn
by compressor and compresses to high temperature and pressure. The
temperature of the refrigerant in the vapour state at the exit of the
compressor is higher than the saturated temperature.
 The high pressure and high temperature refrigerant vapour enters the
condenser and loses the latent heat to the atmospheric air. The vapour
refrigerant gets converted to liquid refrigerant.
 The high pressure and high temperature condensed refrigerant from the
condenser enters into the expansion/throttle valve and gets cooled down
to low temperature and low pressure liquid refrigerant.
 The low temperature low pressure liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator
and the cycle is repeated.

Q. Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of vapour absorption

refrigeration system
Or
Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of refrigeration system
having high ton of refrigeration capacity
 Or
Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of refrigeration system
that is used in industrial application
Or
Coefficient of performance is low but increases at part loads. Explain such
refrigeration system with a neat sketch.
Or
Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of refrigeration system
where Ammonia is used as refrigerant
Or
Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of refrigeration system
where water is used as an absorbent
Ans:
Sketch
Construction
 The vapour absorption refrigeration system consist of evaporator,
absorber, pump, heat exchanger, condenser and expansion/throttle valve.
 The evaporator is made up of tubes in the freezing compartment.
 The outlet of the evaporator is connected to an absorber.
 The absorber outlet is connected to a pump. Pump discharge is connected
to the heater-separator.
 The outlet of the heat exchanger is connected to the condenser. There is
another tube which is also connected to absorber.
 The condenser end is connected to a throttle valve.
 The outlet of the throttle valve is connected to the entry of the evaporator
tubes.
Working:
 The liquid refrigerant (ammonia) at lower pressure and temperature
passing in the evaporator absorbs heat in the freezing compartment and
evaporates.
 The evaporated dry vapour refrigerant at low pressure from the evaporator
enters the absorber.
 In the absorber the dry refrigerant gets absorbed by the water (absorbent)
and the solution becomes rich with the refrigerant.
 The rich solution of refrigerant is pumped to the heater-separator, where
heat is supplied to separate the refrigerant and vapour. Since refrigerant
has lower boiling point than absorbent, the refrigerant gets separated from
the absorbent and enters the condenser at higher pressure and
temperature.
 The weak solution of refrigerant comes back into the absorber from the
heater-separator.
 The high temperature high pressure vapour refrigerant gets condensed in
the condenser coil by losing its latent heat.
  The condensed liquid refrigerant at high pressure and temperature gets
expanded in the throttle valve to low temperature and pressure liquid
refrigerant.
 The low pressure low temperature liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator
and the cycle is repeated.

Q. Which are thermodynamic properties of refrigerant?

The thermodynamic properties are:
1. Boiling point: The boiling point of the refrigerant must be low.
2. Freezing point: The freezing point of refrigerant must be low.
3. Condenser and evaporator pressure: These pressures must be operating
above the atmospheric pressure in order to avoid leakage of the
atmospheric air into the tubes
4. Latent heat of vaporization: The latent heat of vaporization must be high
because the liquid refrigerant must be fully converted into vapour
refrigerant before entry into the suction line of compressor.

Q. Which are physical properties of refrigerant?

The physical properties are:
1. Specific volume: The specific volume must be low because the load on
compressor increases when there is increase in specific volume. The
compressor size can be reduced when the specific volume of the refrigerant
is low.
2. Specific heat: The specific heat of refrigerant in a liquid state must be low
and higher when it is in vapour state.
3. Viscosity: The viscosity of the refrigerant in both the liquid and vapour
state must low. The low viscosity reduces the pumping pressure and
improves the heat transfer.

Q. Which are the safe working properties of refrigerant?

The working properties of refrigerant:
1. Toxicity: Should be non-toxic in nature
2. Flammability : Flammable limits must be higher
 3. Corrosiveness: Should be non-corrosive in nature
4. Chemical stability: Should be chemically stable

Q. Which are other properties of refrigerants?

Other properties are:
1. COP: COP must be high
2. Odour: Should be odourless
3. Leak: Should be able to detected by simple leak test
4. Reaction with lubricating oil: The refrigerant should not under go any kind
of reaction with the lubricating oil.
Q. What are the properties of good refrigerants?
The properties of good refrigerants are:
1. Boiling point: The boiling point of the refrigerant must be low.
2. Freezing point: The freezing point of refrigerant must be low.
3. Condenser and evaporator pressure: These pressures must be operating
above the atmospheric pressure in order to avoid leakage of the
atmospheric air into the tubes
4. Latent heat of vaporization: The latent heat of vaporization must be high
because the liquid refrigerant must be fully converted into vapour
refrigerant before entry into the suction line of compressor.
4. Specific volume: The specific volume must be low because the load on
compressor increases when there is increase in specific volume. The
compressor size can be reduced when the specific volume of the refrigerant
is low.
5. Specific heat: The specific heat of refrigerant in a liquid state must be low
and higher when it is in vapour state.
6. Viscosity: The viscosity of the refrigerant in both the liquid and vapour
state must low. The low viscosity reduces the pumping pressure and
improves the heat transfer.
5. Toxicity: Should be non-toxic in nature
6. Flammability : Flammable limits must be higher
 7. Corrosiveness: Should be non-corrosive in nature
8. Chemical stability: Should be chemically stable
5. COP: COP must be high
6. Odour: Should be odourless
7. Leak: Should be able to detected by simple leak test
8. Reaction with lubricating oil: The refrigerant should not under go any kind
of reaction with the lubricating oil.

Q. Contrast between vapour compression and absorption cycle refrigeration

system
Q. Explain the working principle of spark ignited (SI engine) with a neat
diagram
Or
Explain the working principle of Petrol engine with a neat diagram
Or
Explain the working principle of Gasoline with a neat diagram
Or
Explain the working principle of an IC engine that undergoes Otto cycle
with a neat diagram
Or
Explain the working principle of an IC engine that undergoes constant
volume heat addition with a help of neat diagram
Or
Explain the working principle of an IC engine that undergoes qualitative
type of governing with a neat diagram (Shashiraj Campus mart)

Q. Explain the working principle of Compression ignited (CI engine) with a

neat diagram
Or
Explain the working principle of Diesel engine with a neat diagram
Or
Explain the working principle of an IC engine with a neat diagram where
the auto ignition/self-ignition takes place
Or
Explain the working principle of an IC engine that undergoes constant
pressure heat addition with a help of neat diagram
Or
Explain the working principle of an IC engine that undergoes quantitative
type of governing with a neat diagram (Shashiraj Campus mart)