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PHYSICAL EDUCATION
BODY SYSTEMS
GROUP MEMBERS:
>FANSTACIA MOHAMED >NARISHAW IMRAN
>GABRIELLA SIMEON >MIKAYLA BECKLES
>SHAMAR AUSTIN
CLASS: GRADE 10 ARTS AND BUSINESS
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CONTENT PAGE
II
Skeletal System........pg1-13
Muscle system...........pg14-17
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SKELETON SYSTEM
The skeleton system consists of bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. One of the function is to support and give shape to the body, while
protecting the internal organs.
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON SYSTEM:
> protects your internal organs > produces blood cell
> supports and gives shape to body > facilitates movement with the help of muscles
> stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
PARTS OF THE SKELETON SYSTEM NUMBER OF BONES(Total=206 bones)
.Skull and upper jaw (21)
.each ear has 3 tiny bones (6)
.lower jaw(mandible) (1)
.front neck bone(hyoid) (1)
.backbone or spine (26)
.rib( 12 pairs) (24)
.breastbone (1)
.each upper limb has 32 bones: 2 in shoulder, 3 in arm, 8 in wrist, 19 in hand and finger (64)
.each lower limb has 31 bones: 1 in hip, 4 in legs, 7 in ankle, 19 in foot and toes (62)
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DIAGRAM SHOWING THE
DIFFERENT BONES OF THE
SKELETON SYSTEM
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF BONE IN THE SKELETON
SYSTEM
01 02
Long bone Flat bone
03 04
Short bone Irregular shaped bone
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LONG BONE
Most of the bones in the arms and legs are long bones. The long bones found in the skeletal system are:
• clavicle 4
• humerus
• radius
• ulnal
• metacarpals|
• phalanges
• femur
. tibia
• fibula
. metatarsals
Long bones have a thick external layer of compact bone. Inside the shaft is the medullary cavity filled with bone
marrow which produces blood cells. The ends of a long bone are made of spongy bone.
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FLAT BONE
Flat Bones
Flat bones are made up of a layer of spongy bone
between two thin layers of compact bone. Flat
bones are thin and have broad surfaces.
The flat bones found in the skeletal system are:
• cranium
• sternum
• ribs
• pelvis
• scapula
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SHORT BONE
Short bones contain mostly spongy bone with a thin layer of
compact bone on the outer surface. The short bones found in 6
the skeletal system are:
• tarsals
• carpals
• patellas
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IRREGULAR SHAPED BONES
These bones have several
projections on them that make
them irregular in shape. The 7
irregular-shaped bones found in
the body include all bones in the
spinal column.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) JOINTS
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Joints are the areas where bones meet. The three different types of joints are:
• fixed joints.
• slightly movable joints
• synovial or freely movable joints
Fixed Joints
In a fixed joint, one bone is connected directly to another bone. Under normal conditions, these joints are
not movable.
Fixed joints can be found in the skull and pelvis. 8
Slightly Movable Joints
The bones of these joints are separated by a layer of cartilage. Joints in the spine and ribs are slightly
movable and have a limited range of movement.
Synovial or Freely Movable Joints
The area between the bones of a synovial joint is filled with synovial fluid, which helps to lubricate and protect the cartilage-covered ends of the
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bones. These bones are held together by ligaments, which are strong stretchy bands of fibrous tissue. A synovial joint allows for much more
movements than other joints.
The six types of freely movable joints are:
• ball and socket joint;
• hinge joint
• gliding joint 9
• pivot joint |
• saddle joint
• condyloid joint
Ball and socket joint
A ball and socket joint can be moved in almost any direction.
It is found in the hips and shoulders.
Hinge joint
A hinge joint allows for extension and flexion. Elbows and knees are examples of hinge joints.
Gliding joint
In a gliding joint, the bones slide past each other.
Metacarpals (wrist) and metatarsals (ankle) are gliding joints.
Pivot joint
A pivot joint can be rotated around an axis. The neck and forearms have pivot joints.
Saddle joint
A saddle joint can be moved up and down as well as back and forth but cannot be rotated like a ball and socket joint.
The thumb is an example of a saddle joint.
Condyloid joint
A condyloid joint can be moved up and down as well as sideways. An example of a condyloid joint is the wrist joint.
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DISEASES AND DISORDER OF THE SKELETON SYSTEM
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Sprain
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A sprain is an injury to a ligament or to the tissue that covers a joint. Most sprains occur when the bones of a joint are twisted forcefully in a
direction in which they would usually not move or further than they should move. Twisting your ankle is the most common sprain and can be very
painful. Swelling and discolouration of the joint are signs of a sprain. If the sprain is severe, you should seek medical attention but if it is fairly minor,
you can treat it yourself by using the 'RICE' method for treating sprains.
R: Rest the affected joint. This means that you should not move the affected joint around a lot; limit your use of the joint to allow it to heal.
I: - Ice the affected joint. Use ice on the affected joint as soon as possible after the sprain. This will help to reduce swelling and speed up the healing
process.
C: Compress the affected joint. Compressing the joints also helps to reduce swelling, besides giving support to the joint.
You can do this by wrapping the joint with a bandage.
E:Elevate the affected joint. Elevating allows the blood to flow back to the heart instead of pooling at the affected joint, thereby further reducing
swelling.
Fracture
All fractured bones should be immobilised and medical attention should be sought as soon as possible.
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Scoliosis
Scoliosis is a sideways curve of the spine. This affects the posture, causing difficulty in standing straight.
Kyphosis
Kyphosis is a forward bending of the spine; the person appears to be leaning forward.
Both scoliosis and kyphosis should be treated by a doctor. In most cases, a brace is used to try to straighten the spine.
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What are the Effects of Physical Activity on the Skeletal System?
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Physical activity can improve the skeletal system in the following ways:
• The bones become stronger in order to deal with the stress that physical
activity places on them.
• The cartilage at the ends of bones becomes thicker and better at shock
absorption.
• The tendons become thicker and more capable of withstanding greater force.
• The ligaments will stretch slightly to enable greater flexibility at the joints.
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) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) THE MUSCLE SYSTEM
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The muscle system consists of skeleton muscles. One of its function is to enable movement by contracting and
pulling on bones across joints.
FUNCTION OF THE MUSCLE SYSTEM:
> facilitates the movement of the body when it contracts and pulls on bones
> maintains good posture
> helps to maintain body temperature by producing heat as
works
TYPES OF MUSCLE:
The three different types of muscles in the human body are the:
>Skeletal or voluntary muscles
>Cardiac muscles
>Smooth or involuntary muscles
Skeletal or Voluntary Muscles 14
These are the muscles which are attached to bones. They are controlled voluntarily which means that you can
consciously cause them to contract or relax.
Cardiac Muscles
The heart is made up of mainly cardiac muscles.
Smooth or Involuntary
Smooth or Involuntary Muscles
These make up the walls of hollow structures such as the digestive tract and blood vessels. You cannot
consciously cause them to contract or relax. Their movements are involuntary.
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) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) PARTS OF THE MUSCLE SYSTEM
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Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by tendons which are extremely strong connective tissue. Most are
connected across two bones that form a joint. A skeletal muscle has three main parts:
. The point of origin — this is where the end of the muscle is attached to the bone that remains relatively stable
during the movement of that muscle.
. The point of insertion — this is where the other end of the muscle is attached to the other bone that moves
when the muscle contracts.
. The body of the muscle — this is the main part of the muscle which contracts and relaxes.
TYPES OF MOVEMENT PRODUCED BY SKELETAL MUSCLE
What Types of Movements are Produced by Skeletal Muscles?
• Flexion: a movement that brings the bones of a joint together (bending).
• Extension: a movement that increases the angle between two bones at a joint (straightening).
• Abduction: a movement of a part away from the midline of the body.
• Adduction: a movement of a part towards the midline of the body.
• Rotation: a movement around an axis.
The hip joint is the most mobile joint in the lower limb and one of the most mobile in the body. It is capable
of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation.
What are the Effects of Physical Activity on the Muscular System?
Physical activity can improve the muscular system in the following ways:
It makes the muscles stronger and more efficient.
• It improves muscle tone which is the readiness of the
muscles to respond even when they are relaxed. 16
• It encourages good posture which enables the muscles to work efficiently and can help to prevent injuries.
• It increases the size of muscles or hypotrophy.
• It reduces the risk of atrophy which is the wasting time of muscles due to the lack of use.
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CONCLUSION
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It can be concluded that the muscle and skeleton
It
system is vital for our bodies. It allows us to move,
support our organs, and protect our internal
structure. Together, these systems work in harmony
to keep us strong and mobile.
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Reference
Physical Education
for lower secondary schools levels 1-2-3
[Link]
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