Module 1 Basics of R
Initiating R
First Program
sum(1:5)
[1] 15
Help in R
? name
help( ) or [Link]()
Assigning Variables
X<<- 3
assign(“x”,3)
assign('f',3*8)
assign(“G”,6*9,globalenv())
>f
[1] 24
> assign('f',3)
>f
[1] 3
> L<-sum(1:10);L
[1] 55
> (M<-sum(1:10))
[1] 55
Basic Mathematical operations
> 7:12+12:17
[1] 19 21 23 25 27 29
> c(1,2,3,4,5)+c(6,7,8,9,10)
[1] 7 9 11 13 15
> c(5,6,1,9)-2
[1] 3 4 -1 7
> c(5,6,1,9)-c(4,2,0,7)
[1] 1 4 1 2
> -1:4*-2:3
[1] 2 0 0 2 6 12
> -1:4*3
[1] -3 0 3 6 9 12
> 2^3
[1] 8
> 2**3
[1] 8
> identical(2^3,2**3)
[1] TRUE
> 5:9/2
[1] 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
> 5:9%/%2
[1] 2 3 3 4 4
> 5:9%%2
[1] 1 0 1 0 1
> c(2,4-2,1+1)==0
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE
> c(2,4-2,1+1)==2
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
> 1:5==5:1
[1] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
> 1:5!=5:1
[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
> exp(1:3)<20
[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE
> (1:10)^2>=50
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE
> sqrt(2)^2==2
[1] FALSE
> [Link](sqrt(2)^2,2)
[1] TRUE
> sqrt(2)^2-2
[1] 4.440892e-16
> [Link](sqrt(2)^2,3)
[1] "Mean relative difference: 0.5"
> isTRUE([Link](sqrt(2)^2,3))
[1] FALSE
c("Week","week","weak","WEEK")=="week"
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
> c("A","B","C")<"B"
[1] TRUE FALSE FALSE
> c("a","b","c")<"B"
[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE
search()
[1] ".GlobalEnv" "package:stats" "package:graphics"
[4] "package:grDevices" "package:utils" "package:datasets"
[7] "package:methods" "Autoloads" "package:base"
> [Link]("library")
[1] "C:/PROGRA~1/R/R-43~1.1/library"
> .Library
[1] "C:/PROGRA~1/R/R-43~1.1/library"
> [Link]("~")
[1] "C:\\SPB_DATA"
> [Link]("HOME")
[1] "C:\\SPB_DATA"
> .libPaths()
[1] "C:/Users/Anitha D B/AppData/Local/R/win-library/4.3"
[2] "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.3.1/library"
newenvironment<-[Link]()
> newenvironment[["variable1"]]<-c(4,5,7)
> newenvironment$"variable2"<-TRUE
> assign("variable3", c(1:5),newenvironment)
> newenvironment$"variable2"
[1] TRUE
> newenvironment[["variable1"]]
[1] 4 5 7
> get("variable3",newenvironment)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
> ls(envir=newenvironment)
[1] "variable1" "variable2" "variable3"
> [Link](envir=newenvironment)
variable1 : num [1:3] 4 5 7
variable2 : logi TRUE
variable3 : int [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
> exists("variable3",newenvironment)
[1] TRUE
> newlist<-[Link](newenvironment)
> newlist
$variable3
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
$variable1
[1] 4 5 7
$variable2
[1] TRUE
> cube<-function(x){cu<-x^3}
> z<-cube(5)
>z
[1] 125
> formals(cube)
$x
> args(cube)
function (x)
NULL
> formalArgs(cube)
[1] "x"
> body(cube)
cu <- x^3
}
> deparse(cube)
[1] "function (x) " "{" " cu <- x^3" "}"
> f1<-[Link](x=1:4,y=5:8)
> f2<-[Link](x=9:12,y=13:16)
> [Link](rbind,list(f1,f2))
x y
1 1 5
2 2 6
3 3 7
4 4 8
5 9 13
6 10 14
7 11 15
8 12 16
> [Link](function(x,y)x*y,list(1:3,4:6))
[1] 4 10 18
> x<-function(a1)
a2<-1
y<-function(a1)
a2/a1
y(a1)
}
> x(5)
[1] -0.2
random<- function(x)
If(rnorm(1)>0)
r<-1}
else
{r<-x}
Replicate(20,random(5))