Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

CHAPTER 6: SEISMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATION

6.1 Introduction to Earth quakes

6.1.1 Causes of Earth Quake
Two distinct mechanism causes of Earth Quake
 Volcanic eruption
 Tectonic movements of the earth’s crust – Major portion of observed EQ
activity

 Common Earth Quake related terms

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

6.1.2 Nature of EQ motions

Earth Quake associated damages are related to be due to the dynamic (inertia) effects
caused by the ground motion (shaking of the ground). The motion is a result of the
passage of waves of distortion through the affected area.

 Seismic waves include:

 Body wares longitude or P waves – travel at 5 to 13 km/sec

Transverse, S waves – travel at 3 to 8 km/Sec
 Body waves make up the high frequency components of the strong
ground motion.
 Surface waves R - waves
Q - waves

 Generated whenever body waves propagating through a continuous

medium and reach a free surface

6.1.3 Measurement of earthquakes

Magnitude and intensity are the two terms used to define the measurement of EQs.
Magnitude refers to a measure of its size in terms of energy released and radiated in
the form of seismic waves. Gutenberg-Richter scale defined in terms of the amplitude
of the trace in a standard type seismograph located 100 kms from the epicenter, is the
best known for this purpose.

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

Intensity is the term intended to denote the potential destructiveness of an EQ at a

particular location. It depends on focal depth, epicenter distance, local geology and
structural characteristics in addition to the magnitude of EQ.

6.1.4 Response of structures to EQ motions

The forces a structure subjected to EQ motions result directly from the distortions
induced by the motion of the ground on which it rests.

6.1.5 Performance criteria for EQ resistant structure design

The following implicit performance criteria are available in most EQ codes of practice.
A structure be able to;
 Resist EQs of minor intensity without damage;
 Resist moderate EQs with minor structural and some non- structural damage;
 Resist major catastrophic EQs without collapse.

The criteria listed do not include effects of slides, subsidence or active faulting in the
immediate vicinity of the structure.

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

6.1.6 Seismic Load Resistive Structural Systems

The various elements of structural system of buildings which serve as seismic resistive
system consist of the following.
Horizontal Diaphragms: Consist of elements such as roofs, floor framing and/or
the deck system having sufficient strength and stiffness with rigid and useful
planes. They function to collect the lateral forces at a particular level of the
building and then distribute them to the vertical elements of the lateral resistive
system.
Open Rigid Frames: consist of beams and columns framed together to produce
moment resisting system and are the most flexible of the basic type of lateral
resistive system.
Braced Frames: refers to the use of trussing or triangulation of the frame to
achieve its lateral stability.

The trussing causes the lateral loads to induce only axial forces in the members of the
frame as compared to the behavior of rigid frame.

Vertical diaphragms: shear walls are walls of buildings, essentially function as

lateral load resistive system, but may serve as bearing walls for gravity loads as
well. Most common type includes, concrete masonry, wood frames of studs, RC
shear walls.

6.1.7 Guides to Planning and Detailing of EQ Resistance Structural Systems

A simple symmetrical building in both plan and elevation is generally preferred
to irregular shaped structure,

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

All lateral resisting elements must participate in carrying the induced forces in
proportion to their stiffness
The need to adequately tie together all the structural elements making up a
building or potion of it which is intended to act as aunt,
The different portions of a building should either be tied together adequately
or separated from each other by a sufficient distance to prevent their
hammering against each other,
The use of very stiff walls to fill the spaces between relatively more flexible
frame elements should be considered carefully ,
Firm stratum for foundation.

6.2 Seismic Loading and design Consideration

6.2.1 Principal EQ Design Provisions

Three accepted methods of estimating magnitude and distributions of EQ induced

lateral forces on structure:
Equivalent static (Building Code) method
The response spectrum method, and
The time history method

The design process may be divided into the following principal steps:
a. Determination of design EQ forces which involves
- Calculation of base shear corresponding to the computed or estimated
fundamental period of vibration of the structure,
- Distribution of the base shear over the height of the building
b. Analysis of the structure under the lateral forces in combination with gravity
loadings or any others, to obtain the members design forces.
c. Designing members and joints for the most unfavorable combination of gravity
and lateral loads, with emphasis placed on the design and detailing of members
and their connections to ensure their ductile behavior.

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

6.2.2 Design Basie Shear

In the item to follow the static method is considered and this is applied to regular
frame system whose response is not significantly affected by contributions from higher
modes of vibration.

The base shear is assumed to act to the axis of the structure considered & obtained
from

Fb=Sd(T1)W
Where,
Sd(T1)= αβg

The parameter α is the ratio of the design bed rock acceleration to g, and is obtained
from:

α = αoI

αo is the bedrock acceleration ratio for the site and depends on seismic zone, goner as
in table below per zoning shown.

Zone 4 3 2 1

αo 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.03

I, represents the importance factor of the building, and = 1.4 for important buildings
such as hospital and, 1.0 for ordinary usage.

b is the design response factor for the site and is given by

β = ≤ 2.5

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

Figure *.*: Earth quake zoning of Ethiopia

S is the site coefficient for soil characteristics given below

Subclass A- includes Rock, stiff deposits of sand, graved or over consolidated
clay (refer to EBSC 8, for more) and S =1.0
Sub class B- Deep deposit of medium dense sand, gravel or medium stiff clays.
S=1.2
Sub class C- includes loose cohesionless soil deposits, deposits of soft to
medium stiff cohesionless soil. S= 1.5

T is fundamental period of vibration of the structure to translational motion in the

direction of motion and for bldg up to 80 m, it may be approximated way.

T=C1H3/4

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

Where H = height of building above the base in meters, and, T in seconds.

0.075, for RC moment resisting frames

C1= 0.05, for others, and
, for concrete or masonry shear wall, Ac =combined effective
area of SWs in 1st story of the building in m2

g is structural system type factor [ranges between 0.3- 1.0, for moment resisting
space frame to towers, respectively]

6.2.3 Distribution of base shear

The base shear force shall be distributed over the height of the structure,
concentrated at each floor levels Fi, which may be obtained from.

Where,
Fi is the concentrated lateral force acting at floor i,
Ft is a concentrated extra force (in addition to Fn) at the top of the building
accounting whiplash effect for slender building, which is given by
Ft =0.07 TFb, and Ft may be considered zero for buildings with periods
≤ 0.7 second and Ft ≤ 0.25Fb.

The effect of the seismic action shall be evaluated using a seismic load W with no
allowance for LL. However, for buildings of storage and ware house W=Gk +0.25 Qk ,
may be considered.
6.2.4 Minimum Horizontal Torsion
Where the vertical lateral load resistive elements are connected together by a floor
system which is fairly rigid in its own plane, such as monolithically cast RC slab, such

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

elements is designed for direct shear plus torsional shear corresponding to eccentricity
resulting between the center of mass and the center of rigidity.

In addition to the actual eccentricity, for various sources of uncertainties in locating

the masses and spatial variation of the seismic motion, an additional accidental
eccentricity eli is considered given by

eli = ±0.05Li

Where, Li is the floor dimension ┴ to the direction of seismic action

6.2.5 Drift provisions

Under strong earthquake motion, the major consideration in so far as drift is
concerned is the stability of the structure under the action of gravity loads when
undergoing significant lateral displacements.

To this effect, the lateral deflection or drift of a storey relative to its adjacent stories
shall not exceed 0.005 times the storey height.

The displacement obtained by an elastic analysis using the loads given for EQ shall be
multiplied by 3 to give realistic value of anticipated deflections or drift.

6.2.6 Lateral forces on parts or portions of Buildings

The design forces for parts of buildings and other members in terms of the distribution
of the mass of the element under consideration is given by

Fa =SaWa
Where, Fa is seismic force applied at the center of gravity of the equipment or
component of a building
Sa is seismic coefficient given as:
Sa = aobagaIa in which

Lecture Note by Dr. Asnake Adamu of AAiT 6-9

Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

In which, ao= bedrock acceleration ratio of site, βa=response coefficient,

ga=behavior factor of the element, Ia=importance factor of the element.

6.2.7 Provisions to ensure Ductility of RC members

Limitation in material strength:
fck ≥ 20 MPa; and fyk ≤ 400 MPa.
Flexural members-beams:

rmin ≥ 0.6/fyk, fyk is in MPa rmax = 0.35 (fcd/fyd)(r’/r) +0.0015

and total steel reinforcement ratio shall not exceed 0.04. Bottom and top
reinforcement shall at least consists of not less than two bars of diameter ≥ 14mm

Splices in reigns of tension or reversing stresses should be avoided whenever

possible. Wherever necessary, spices should have lap lengths of 24 or 300mm and
confined by stirring ties, a minimum of two required for each splice.

Relative column to bean strength requirements: To ensure the stability of a frame

and mainframe its vertical load carrying capacity.

Lecture Note by Dr. Asnake Adamu of AAiT 6-10

Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

(mpct+mpcb) > (mpbl+mpbr)

Frame columns
rmin=0.08%, and, rmax = 8%; however, construction consideration will tend to
place the practical upper limit on reinforcement ratio about 4% or less.

Web reinforcement near connection- minimum requirements for EQ

≥h 100mm
l≥ 400mm Sc ≤ 2Ash/h’rs
Clear ht/6

Lecture Note by Dr. Asnake Adamu of AAiT 6-11

Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

rs =0.5

where, Ash is cross-sectional area of hoop or stirrups

6.2.8 Shear distribution coefficient concept

Earth quake forces at each floor level is distributed to lateral force resistive structural
elements, (i.e. columns, open frames and/or shear walls) in proportion to their
rigidities by means of shear distribution coefficient known as D-value method.

The method is credited to the Japanese Scientist Muto and has its application since
1933.

For illustration purpose consider the following

1) Cantilever Column

d= d

Q/d = is the stiffness of a cantilever column, i.e; shear force required to cause

a unit deflection

2) Single span open frame

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

Assuming PI to be located at mid height of each column, BM and AF can be calculated.

For this Q1 and Q2 must be first evaluated.

d=

Q1 and Q2 are proportional to the stiffness ratios, Kcl and

Kc2, respectively.

Q1= , and the rest force analysis follows the usual principles

of statics.

The shear force corresponding to unit relative deflection of the column head [using
unit of 12EK/h2] is given by

D=

The values of Kc1 and Kc2 for the considered example are called shear distribution
coefficients or D- values.

Therefore, the shear force for each column each be obtained in proportion to the D-
Value as

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

Qi= =Q

Based on thse principles, Muto’s approximate, but efficient method for determining
shear distribution coefficient and PI along column height is defined. For the present
purpose, discussion is focused qualitatively on the former one i.e., evaluation of shear
distribution coefficient. As indicated, rigidity of a frame to resist lateral force at a
given floor level is influenced by:
Stiffness of column at the floor level considered;

Stiffness of upper and lower beams of the floor at column connection

For this considerations one need be have.

The stiffness ratio denoted by IC for each column at its ends;

Coefficient of rigidly demoted by a, both computed as indicated below

from which the D- Value computed is D= a Kc

Based on these principles, the lateral force Fx is acting on frame I at floor level x may
be obtained as follows

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

For the floor considered along each of the principal direction say, for EQ along
y direction:

For each i, i = 1, 2, 3 ….Ny; Compute DXi =m=1MSDxm ?

The lateral force where no torsional moment exist maybe computed

F i=

The addition lateral force acting an each frame to forsional M may be computed in a
similar manner already considered by replacing D-value in place of the stiffness k

Problem:- as shear walls are acting differently from those of open frame, due
consideration is to be given for determination of their D-Values from the deformation
determination of their D- Values from the deformation relation.

6.3 Shear Walls

6.3.1 General

Shear walls essentially used to sustain earthquake forces alone or in combination with
open frames, and may as ell be used to carry gravity loads. Because they stiffened the
building much better than open frames, non-structural damages are reduced during EQ
incidence.

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

If the height to depth ratio is greater than 3, the design is essentially governed by
flexure, however, shear walls will be subjected to bending and shear forcer as
originating from lateral loads and axial compression caused by gravity loads.

These structures normally act as a veridical cantilever beams which under goes lateral
defection due to bending, shear force and foundation rotation & displacements.

In building structure consisting of shear walls and frames, the deformation of the
shear walls is restrained due to the connection with columns by beams.

In open frames, the deformation of upper & lower levels is about the same order of
magnitude. However, in shear walls, the deformation towards the bottom is extremely
small & large towards the top. This apparent difference in deformation greatly
influences the magnitude of shear distribution coefficient.

As a result of the influence of bending deformation, the distribution coefficient of

shear wall is large for lower stories, but becomes markedly small for higher stories
which is especially pronounced when the wall is fall and slender.

Hence, during determination of the D- value for shear walls, account must be given to:
a) The relation between the bending stiffness of that portion and upper and lower
portions,
b) The restraints from the surrounding connected frames,
c) The stiffness of the foundation

For illustration consider the following

1) Single storey single- span shear wall

Lecture Note by Dr. Asnake Adamu of AAiT 6-16

Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

Figure Sh1: Deformation of shear wall

(1)Shear deformation

shear wall
Average shear stress t=Q/Aw; tmax= α Q/Aw - 1.5, for Sw with no column

α= column
1.0 “ “ Large “

g= , G= modulus of rigidity of concrete= 91x103 kg/cm2

d= gh= α this may be re-written as ds =

E = 210x103 kg/cm2, modulus of elasticity of concrete, E/G=2.3; K=standard stiffness=

103 cm3

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

Hence, ds = ds =

Where Ds= 1/ = is the D-value for shear deformation only.

(2)Bending Deformation

dB = Q dB =

Where DB= is the D-Value for bending, kw and k are stiffness of wail and
standard stiffness, respectively.

(3)Rotation of Foundation

dR = Qh, Q= , s = upward & downward displacements at the ends.

Expressing with common unit and obtaining the D-Value from rotation.

dR =

DR=

(4) Horizontal Displacement

Let dB be displacement of the foundation, when expressed with common units

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

dB = DD =

Taking all deformations into account, the final deformation is

dw =
Where

Dw= is the D- Value (shear distribution coefficient of the wall)

6.3.2 Multi-storey shear wall

The deflection of multistory shear wall includes deformation resulting from
shear, bending and foundation rotation.

Free-standing shear wall

 Shear deformation of nth storey

dsn = α

Expressing using common unit

dsn=Dsn

Where = 2.3, Dsn = Qn/Awn

 Bending Deformation
The BMD may be triangular or trapezoidal in shape

dBn = +

Mi, Mn= average bending moment at ith and nth storey

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

Normal equation using common unit

dBn=4Dbn Dbn =--- +

Rwn=

 Foundation rotation when the wall as a whole rotates around the

foundation, the deflection is expressed as dRn = Qhn.

Using common unit dRn =

The total deformation – dwn= dsn+dBn+dRn

The D-value Dwn=

6.3.3 Shear wall and Boundary frames

The influence (boundary effect) of the connection between shear wall and frame is
great in multistory shear wall and the behavior is considerably different from that of a
free-standing shear wall. As the deflection characteristic of shear wall is different

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

from that of a frame, the proportion of the force carried by a shear wall and frame
taken up by upper and lower storey is different.

Figure : Shear wall with adjoining frame

General approach
1. The shear force distribution of the shear wall is assumed and the deformation
is calculated as a free standing type.
2. The boundary members are assumed to be deformed in continuation with the
shear wall as shown above.
3. Assuming the above deformation to be FEM is calculated by the moment
distribution method and by releasing it, the stress is obtained. As this is an
approximate method, one cycle of this calculation would suffice. The D-value
of adjacent columns may then be calculated.
4. The bending moment distribution of the wall is corrected from the resistance
of the beam acting on the wall, and by obtaining the deformation, the
corrected D-value is determined.
5. When the shear force distribution thus obtained is markedly different from that
at the beginning, it is desirable for correction to be made by repetition of the
above calculation

Lecture Note by Dr. Asnake Adamu of AAiT 6-21

Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

6.3.4 Approximate shear distribution Coefficient in multi- storied shear

walls
Principle of calculation:-
1. The deformation, d, as a free- standing shear wall is first calculated neglecting
the boundary effects of adjacent frames [See Figure (a), below].

2. Next, the beam end moment, M, when a boundary beam is forcibly attached to
this deformed condition is obtained and the corrected deformation, , due to

this M is calculated [Figure (b) ]. From the corrected deformation, dw = d- ,

Figure (c), then the shear distribution coefficient Dw is obtained as Dw= Q/dw.

3. In calculating the above, when the value of is close to that of d or is larger

a correction of is excessive so that a suitable correction value, ’, as shown

for the example in the equation below is required to be used.
’ = (d/(d+ ))

Formula for uniform structure

When the structures of the shear wall and boundary portions are uniform, the shear
distribution coefficients, Dw, of the wall when uniform lateral forces are applied to all
stories may be calculated from the equation.

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

1/Dw=1/Ds+{(1/DB+1/DQ)–(1/ B+1/ Q)}+(1/DR–1/ R) (*)

The first term in the right hand side is due to shear deformation, and the second term
in {} is due to bending deformation, while the third term in () is due to foundation
rotation. The minus sign in the second and third terms express the amounts of
influence when boundary effect is considered.

The substances of these are listed below:

- The shear distribution coefficient due to shear deformation Ds
1/Ds= 12EKα/GAH = 33k/Ah (with E/G= 2.3, α = 1.2)
- The shear distribution coefficients due to bending deformation – caused
bending of the respective stories (B) and rotation of lower stories (Ѳ) :-
1/DB= 1/aB * 1/Kw ; 1/DѲ = 1/ aѲ . 1/kw [here, Kw = Stiffness ratio of shear wall]
- Shear distribution coefficients due to correction from boundary beams caused
by bending deformation of the respective stories (B), and rotation of lower
stories (Ѳ), B and Ѳ, respectively.
1/ B= 1/ B(KBe/Kw)1/kw; 1/ Ѳ = 1/ Ѳ ( KBe/Kw) 1/kw
Where KBe = effective stiffness ratio of boundary beam.
- Shear distribution coefficient due to foundation rotation DR, and due to
correction from boundary beam accompanying foundation beam;-
1/DR = (12EK/Qh)Ѳ ; 1/ R = (rB + rѲ) ( KBe/ Kw) 1/DR, Ѳ is rotation angle of
foundation.

The coefficients aB, aѲ ….. etc in the above equation correspond to the a in D=aKc; for
the approximate calculation of frame and in this case are given in Tables.

6.3.5 Application to General cases

For general cases in which storey heights and stiffness ratios of walls and boundary
beams differ according to stories, the calculations are made by the previously

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

mentioned eqn (*) and tentatively using the values in the Table. In this case, it is
necessary to use following:-
(i) Storey height and stiffness ratio of wall of the storey for calculation of
1/Ds and 1/DB.
(ii) Stiffness ratio of wall of lower storey for calculation of 1/DѲ,
(iii) An average –like value of boundary beam for kBe used in calculation of 1/ B,

1/ Ѳ and 1/ R .

Conversion of shear wall and boundary portions into Equivalent frame:

Effective stiffness ratio kBe = JB/[(1-l)3 lBek]

Note on the conversion

The part of the beam at the boundary included in the shear wall is considered as a
rigid zone, and conversion is made into roller-support at one end at length, lBe, of the
beam. The point of roller support may be assumed at a suitable location between the
middle of the beam and the column in accordance with the resisting condition of the
column. The relation in this case of rotation angle, Ѳ, and beam end moment, MB ,at the
wall –side end A is expressed with the following equation.

MB = 3EKKBeѲ
3
Where KBѲ= JB/ (1-λ) LBeK , effective stiffness ration of beam,

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

JB = moment of inertia of beam,

λ = rigid zone of beam,
K = standard stiffness

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

Example:- For the free standing SW shown below find the shear distribution coefficient
(D-value) considering deformation resulting from shear and bending only

Sol:- AW = 15x600= 9x103 cm2 (effective area of SW is the shaded part)

IW = 1/12 [ (50x6503) –(50 – 15)5503] = 659x106 cm4
Kw = I/L = 659x106/400 = 1.65x106cm3
K= standard stiffness; let k = 103 cm3
kw=Kw /K = 1,600, stiffness ratio
Let α = 1.2 Ds = Awh/α(27.6K) = 9x103 x400/ 1.2x27.6x103 = 108, DB = kw/4 = 412.5

Dw = 1/(1/Ds+ 1/DB) = 1/ (1/108 + 1/412.5) = 86.21, where is the D-value of SW

Lecture Note by Dr. Asnake Adamu of AAiT 6-26

Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

Example 2
Complete the D-value (the shear distribution coefficient) for the shear wall in the four storey
building consisting of open space framed and shear wall as shown, using the approximate
method. The stiffness ratio of wall and effective stiffness ratio of adjoining beams kw& kBe are
1.45x103 and 20, respectively. Assume settling of 0.1cm, where the lateral force Q at each storey
is applied and a lateral force of 40 tones is applied at each floor level. Use standard stiffness K=
103 cm3 and E = 210 t/cm2 , E/G = 2.3

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

6.3.6 Principal provision

 Shear walls are designed to unreduced forces, i.e. for Vtot, without reduction
being made to account for difference in available ductility and energy
absorption capacity
 Minimum reinforcements
- Shear walls with P < 0.4Pb, minimum reinforcement, are to be provided
with steel area concentrated near the ends of the SWs.
Asv ≥ 0.0052 Ac ?
Ash ≥ 0.0026 Ac
and Asv ≤ 0.052 Ac , wherever over lap is included. ?
- Reinforcement is always placed in two layers, one on each face.

 Boundary element reinforcements

Shear walls with P ≥ 0.4Pb, the boundary elements designed to resist all vertical
loads and confinement of longitudinal reinforcement in the boundary elements
throughout the entire height is to be used.

Generally, due to large cross – sectional area, the axial compressive load on
shear wall is often considerably smaller than which would cause balanced

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Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

failure (Pb). As a result, the moment capacity is usually increased by gravity

forces in shear walls. ?
However, the AF compression will reduce ductility. The
flexural strength of a rectangular shear wall containing informally distributed
vertical reinforcement (±), & subjected to axial load  Mu = 0.5 Asfylw(1
+Nu/Asfy )(1-C/lw), As = total steel area

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

Table 10-5: values of 1/ab and 1/aQ

Stories 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
/Story
1/ ab 1/ ab 1/ aQ 1/ ab 1/ aQ 1/ ab 1/ aQ 1/ab 1/aQ 1/ab 1/ aQ 1/ab 1/aQ 1/ ab 1/aQ
Location

8 4 1220

7 4 833 6 597

6 4 540 6 405 9 380

5 4 324 6 258 9 252 12 261

4 4 174 6 150 9 154 12 165 15 179

3 4 78 6 75 9 82 12 91.5 15 102 18 113

2 4 24 6 27 9 32 12 37.5 15 43.2 18 49 21 55

1 4 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures Chapter 6: Seismic Design

Table 10-6: values of 1/ b and 1/ Q

stories 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
/Story
Location 1/ b 1/ b 1/ Q 1/ b 1/ Q 1/ b 1/ Q 1/ b 1/ Q 1/ b 1/ Q 1/ b 1/ Q 1/ b 1/ Q

8 1835 115700

7 1260 61200 1830 54200

6 820 29450 1254 28000 1815 32500

5 495 12450 814 10100 1240 16200 1790 20800

4 270 4368 490 5250 800 7140 1213 9750 1745 131200

3 126 1140 265 1650 457 2550 774 3800 1168 5460 1680 7580

2 45 162 121 327 257 600 450 1010 721 1587 1101 2350 1580 3330

1 9 40.5 108 225 405 660 958 1460

Table 10-7: Values of rB and rQ

stories 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
/Story
rB rB rQ rB rQ rB rQ rB rQ rB rQ rB rQ rB rQ
Location
8 1.5 105

7 1.5 81 3.0 99

6 1.5 60 3.0 75 4.5 90

5 1.5 42 3.0 54 4.5 66 6.0 78

4 1.5 27 3.0 36 4.5 45 6.0 54 7.5 63

3 1.5 15 3.0 21 4.5 27 6.0 33 7.5 39 9.0 45

2 1.5 6.0 3.0 9 4.5 12 6.0 15 7.5 18 9.0 21 10.5 24

1 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.0 12.0

Lecture Note by Dr. Asnake Adamu of AAiT 6-31