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Understanding Set Theory Basics

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7 views2 pages

Understanding Set Theory Basics

Ttt

Uploaded by

umarfkmustapha058
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

THEORY OF SET

A set is a group of well-specified items, objects, people or things. It can also be defined as a
collection of things that are used together, position together or usually found together. A set
is usually named with a capital letter enclosed in a brace and the members of the set are
differentiated from each other by a comma.

✓ Elements/Member of a set (ϵ): These are the items inside the set separated from each
other by a comma.
Note: Full-stop is not use to separate an element or member of a set.
Example:
a) If set A = {numbers 1 to 10}
✓ Number of Element in a set: This is the total number of items in a set.
Example:
What are the number of elements in the following sets;
a) P = {prime numbers 1 to 30}
b) Q = {prime numbers between 1 and 30}
c) O = {odd numbers 1 to 9}

Types of Set:

✓ Empty/Null Set ({}, ф): This is a set without an element or member.


Example:
✓ Finite Set: This is a set that its members can be counted.
Example:
✓ Infinite Set: This is a set that its members cannot be counted.
Example:
✓ Disjoint Set: Two sets are said to be disjoint if the share no common elements.
Example:
✓ Equal Set: Two sets are said to be equal if they contained the same elements
irrespective of their positions.
Example:
Relationships Between Sets and Venn Diagrams:
✓ Intersection of Set: The intersection of a set, is the third set that contains only those
elements present in the first and second set.
✓ Union of Set: The union of a set, is the third set that contains all the elements present
in the first and second set
✓ Subset: This is a set that is found in another set.
✓ Universal Set: Example. All sets constitute a subset in the universal set.
I. Display the following on a Venn diagram:
If U = {numbers 1 to 10}
G = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8,}
P = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8,}
R = {3, 5, 6, 9,}
II. Show the relation of the following sets on a Venn diagram:
U = {numbers 1 to 12}
N = {4, 6, 12} and
S = {2, 4, 9,}
✓ Complement of Set: The complement of a set are the elements present in universal
set but not in that set itself.
Application of Set:
1. There are 1,200 students, out of which 600 had purchased Coke, 400 had
purchased Maltina and 150 had purchased both
(a) How many students purchased Coke only?
(b) How many students purchased Maltina only?
(c) How many students purchased both?
2. A class contains 81 students, 55 of whom are girls, 42 students including all the
boys are day students.
(a) How many boys are boarding in the class?
(b) How many girls are day students in the class?
(c) How many students are day in the class?
3. 20 people apply for a job, 12 have SSCE and 10 have diploma. If 2 have no
qualifications.
(a) Use a Venn diagram to this relationship
(b) How many have both SSCE and Diploma?

Common questions

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You determine the number of girls who are day students by subtracting the number of boys who are day students from the total day students. Given that there are 42 day students and all boys (26 students) are day, there are 16 girls who are day students (42 - 26 = 16).

To construct this Venn Diagram, create two overlapping circles representing SSCE and Diploma holders. Add 10 to SSCE, 8 to Diploma, and 4 in the intersection for both qualifications, based on the total of 20 applicants minus 2 without qualifications. This setup models more complex relationships and helps in deriving insights like simultaneous qualifications .

The universal set guides what remains when subtracting elements of other sets for their complements. For instance, given U = {1 to 10}, the complement of set G = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8} would be elements in U not in G, which are {2, 4, 6, 9, 10}. Thus, the universal set ensures completeness in set analysis .

By using intersections, you can determine students who purchased both items. Unions help calculate total purchases when students buy either or both items. This separation allows accurate allocation of purchases, key to solving distribution or preference problems .

Venn Diagrams are graphical tools that represent mathematical or logical relationships between sets. They are effective because they visually display intersection, union, and complements of sets, making complex set relationships easier to understand and analyze .

The number of elements in a set is determined by counting the individual, distinct items within that set. An empty set, also known as a null set, is characterized by having no elements. It is symbolized by {} or 'ф' .

A finite set contains a specific number of elements that can be counted, such as the set of prime numbers between 1 and 30. An infinite set, like the set of all natural numbers, has elements that extend indefinitely, making them uncountable within the context of standard arithmetic operations .

Disjoint sets are sets that share no common elements, whereas equal sets contain precisely the same elements, though not necessarily in the same order. Hence, equal sets are a strict form of similarity while disjoint sets involve complete lack of intersection .

A subset is any set where all its members are also members of another set, known as the universal set. The complement of a set contains all elements of the universal set that are not in the subset. Therefore, the complement represents the 'unclaimed' portion of the universal set when a subset is defined .

To determine the number of students who purchased only Coke, we subtract the number of students who purchased both Coke and Maltina from the total number of students who purchased Coke. Thus, 600 (students who purchased Coke) - 150 (students who purchased both) results in 450 students who purchased only Coke .

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