Harmonic-

Voltage harmonics do not originate directly from non-linear loads. The current harmonics
(distorted waveform) flow through system impedance (source and line impedances)
and cause harmonic voltage drop across the impedances. This will distort the supply
voltage waveform. Thus voltage harmonics are generated.
The main effects of voltage and current harmonics in a power system are usually: The
potential amplification of some harmonics due to parallel or series resonance* Reduced
performance of energy generation, transport and usage systems. The premature
ageing of insulation on grid components, leading to energy reduction.
Harmonic Filter –
The main difference between active power filters and passive power filters is that APFs
mitigate harmonics by injecting active power with the same frequency but with reverse
phase to cancel that harmonic, where passive power filters use combinations of resistors
(R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C) and does not ..

PUE and how you can improve PUE? (Power usage effectiveness) & DCIE

How to Calculate your PUE and DCiE?

PUE represents the ratio of the total amount of energy used by a

computer datacenter facility to the energy delivered to computing equipment:

PUE = Total energy entering the datacenter / Energy used by IT

equipment inside the datacenter

DCiE is a metric used to evaluate the power or energy efficiency of a

datacenter. DCiE represents the ratio of the total amount of energy consumed

by all IT equipment and resources to the entire energy consumption of a data

center.

DCiE = 1 / PUE

The following table gives you an example of the relationship of PUE and DCiE

(the typical value of PUE lies between 1.2 and 2.5, and the DCiE is inversely

proportional to the PUE value).

‍

‍‍To be a meaningful benchmark, PUE/DCiE should be measured on a regular basis

and also on different days of the week and at different times of the day. In this

way, you will be able to check if adjustments you made to your datacenter

improved your energy efficiency or not (here are some examples of online PUE

calculators)

1.45 - 1.5

Majorly in DC there two major loads IT and 2nd is HVAC load

In HVAC-

Air losses need to be trapped / attended.

Proper isolation between hot and cold asile to be maintained

Grid Tiles & DC Racks placement also play major role.

Ambient temperature also contribute to PUE value

Maintaining better IKW, COP, COC

Loading pattern of UPS, Transformers also contribute to better efficiencies

Preventive Maintenance is must

Utility power reliability

1. Location of the data center

The two factors that have a bearing on PUE are cooling load factor and
power load factor, which can be significantly affected by the location you
opt for. For instance, a data center in the city of Delhi, where the ambient t
emperature is high, will require greater levels of cooling. Such data centers
will require a combination of free cooling and liquid cooling options.

In India, 24x7 power availability is yet another big issue. For better PUE,
you should narrow down on a feasible location that ensures constant power
supply — usually closer to a city.

2. Overall infrastructure

Architect your data center in adherence to the Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design (LEED) norms, as it can help you reduce overall
power consumption. Look at self-sustaining solutions, where the
architecture allows the ambient light to enter while keeping out the heat.
You can also opt for advanced technologies such as high density cooling
for particular zones in the data center, where you can place your high
performance equipment to improve PUE.

Consider building modular data centers during your search for better PUE.
Isolated mini data centers within the whole infrastructure, zoned across for
high density, medium density and normal density, can address your PUE
requirements.

3. Tweak your data center’s design

Typical data center equipment can be classified as top charged and bottom
charged. Hot air always rises, so better PUE can be achieved by changing
top-charged equipment to a bottom-charged model.
Design and positioning of racks has a direct impact on your data center’s
PUE. The hot-aisle/cold-aisle approach is a good model to enhance PUE
without too much investment. With a little bit of customization, you can
even place fans on the ceiling to suck out the air from the hot aisles. In-rack
cooling (racks with inbuilt cooling) is yet another power efficient method.

Figure 2. Datacenter designs (click to enlarge)

4. Need for insulation

During summer, the ambient temperature increases, thus creating the need
for better cooling. It is advisable to paint the data center walls with a
weather shield coating to improve PUE.

Building a terrace is one of the approaches you could use for better data
center PUE. In hotter areas, roofs are heated first. You can look at
nurturing vegetation on the roof/terrace, watering it every day, thus
ensuring an eco-friendly method of insulation for the data centers.
5. Achieving PUE at the server level

Check the efficiency of your servers, as well as the amount of power

consumed in standby mode or under high pressure circumstances. Set
benchmarks for the type of computing, cooling, temperature ranges and
power needs that the server has at different points.

Modular data centers are beneficial for higher PUE, where you segregate
high power servers and host them in a different location within the data
center. Virtualization can also work wonders for improving PUE.

6. UPS level changes to help PUE

Match the UPS load to the system load for better PUE. If your UPS is only
loaded to 30% capacity, efficiency will be much lower. Modular data
centers will help you plug in UPS as and when required. If you have a 500
KVA UPS and your requirements increase, you can plug in another 100
KVA UPS instead of buying another system.

More PUE resources

Free cooling: Is it a viable option for Indian enterprises?

Gartner identifies 4 data center architecture trends

Best practices for accurately measuring data center power consumption

Green Grid hones PUE data center efficiency metric

Measuring and reporting data center PUE

7. Storage level efforts for better PUE

Storage is highly dependent on the benchmarks you set for the different
types of storage.
  Storage for data that is static in nature and is not required for real time
transactions.

 High-performance storage for data that is constantly accessed and

processed.

As for servers, you could also look at placing high-performance storage in a

different location within the data center and design it to suit cooling and
power requirements to match PUE levels.

8. Management tools

Monitoring the facility and measuring efficiency requires stringent

management. A simple Excel spreadsheet may help in this regard.
Designing your own tools help you manage your facility better and regular
audits help compare the efficiency figures for continual improvements.
Measuring on a real time basis, minute by minute or hour by hour, can
make a huge difference to PUE.

You can benchmark your current performance using the Datacenter

Maturity Model (DCMM) Equalizer developed by Green Grid for improving
PUE. DCMM touches upon the major components of the data center:
power, cooling, network, storage and compute.

DC Tier -1,2,3,4

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 Data Center Standards (Tiers I-IV)

Data Center
Standards (Tiers I-IV)
If you're in the data center business and not familiar with The
Uptime Institute's tier ratings, then you're probably not a very good
data center company. Their Tier Standards have been working on
data center classification and sorting the good data centers from the
beefed-up, great ones for over twenty years. But what exactly are
Data Center Tier Standards and why do they matter so much?

What Is the Uptime Institute's Tier Standard System?

Data center standards exist to evaluate the quality and reliability of
a data center’s server hosting ability. The Uptime Institute uses a
somewhat mysterious four-tier ranking system as a benchmark for
determining the reliability of a data center. This proprietary rating
system begins with Tier I data centers, which are warehouses with
power, and ends with Tier IV data centers, which offer 2N
redundant power and cooling in addition to a 99.99% uptime
guarantee.
 Photo Credit: Uptime Institute
A Tier III data center is concurrently maintainable, allowing for any
planned maintenance activity of power and cooling systems to take
place without disrupting the operation of computer hardware located
in the data center. In terms of redundancy, Tier III offers N+1
availability. Any unplanned activity such as operational errors or
spontaneous failures of infrastructure components can still cause
an outage. In other words, Tier III isn’t entirely fault tolerant. A Tier
4 data center is fault-tolerant, allowing for the occurrence of any
unplanned activity while still maintaining operations. Tier 4 facilities
have no single points of failure. The basic concept is that a Tier 4
design requires double the infrastructure of a Tier III design. Note
that both Tier III and Tier 4 data center specifications need IT
equipment to have dual power inputs to permit maintenance of
power distribution components between the UPS and IT equipment
Now that you know a little about what the different data
center standards are let's dive into a bit more detail of the data
center tier definitions:

What Is a Tier 1 data center?

Tier 1 data center requirements are generally utilized by small
businesses and feature:
 99.671% Uptime
 no redundancy
 28.8 Hours of downtime per year.

What Is a Tier 2 Data Center?

The benefits of a Tier 2 facility include:
 99.749% Uptime
 Partial redundancy in power and cooling
 Experience 22 hours of downtime per year

What Is a Tier 3 Data Center?

Tier 3 data center specifications are utilized by larger businesses
and feature:
 99.982% uptime (Tier 3 uptime)
 No more than 1.6 hours of downtime per year
 N+1 fault tolerant providing at least 72-hour power outage
protection
What Constitutes Tier 4 Data Center Ratings?

Tier 4 data center certification typically serve enterprise

corporations and provide the following:
 99.995% uptime per year (Tier 4 uptime)
 2N+1 fully redundant infrastructure (the main difference between
tier 3 and tier 4 data centers)
 96-hour power outage protection
 26.3 minutes of annual downtime.

What Tier Standard are Colocation America's Data

Centers?
Unfortunately, the Uptime Institute has chosen not to fully publish
the evaluation criteria for these different data center levels. Few
data centers have tier certifications from the Uptime Institute. Only
38 facilities or design documents for facilities have official tier
certifications at this point; these are primarily enterprise data
centers. The result is that the Uptime Institute’s definitions have
been misused by the industry, ignorantly in many cases. Facility
builders, designers and owners have tried to tweak the terminology
slightly to give it their own unique flavor. Enterprises should
question any Tier IV claims by data center providers because it is
difficult to get customers to pay the rates necessary to monetize the
level 4 data center investment of roughly double that of a Tier III
facility. Tier I Research has established a bi-level data center tiers
quality rating system, with the following criteria. Data center tier
standards objectify the design features of a particular facility based
upon infrastructure design, capacities, functionalities and
operational sustainability. Therefore, we classify our data
centers as meeting Tier 3 data center standards.
However, in the summer of 2015, the Uptime Institute has given a
bit more detail into how they will rank data centers moving forward.

What Changed in the Uptime Institute's Data Center

Certification Revisal in the Summer of 2015
In July 2015 The Uptime Institute revised their data center
standards to try and stop some disreputable data centers from
fudging their rankings.

Photo Credit: Uptime Institute

The majority of data centers are given the Tier III ranking, but with a
little bit of savviness these ranking documents "could be used to
substantiate a data center that is designed to one Tier level and
constructed and commissioned to another Tier level." Uptime has
said:
"This amendment is made in response to increased scrutiny from industry
groups, oversight mechanisms, and legal bodies in North America into the
validity of Tier Certification of Design Documents in the commercial
marketplace."
What does all of this mean, though?
"Uptime Institute is addressing the concern that a Tier Certification of Design
Documents could be used to substantiate a data center that is designed to
one Tier level and constructed and commissioned to another Tier level."
Basically, if your data center ranking was based on design alone,
that particular data center won't be listed on the Uptime Institute's
website and therefore there hopefully won't be any confusion about
the rankings of a particular data center ever again. You can read
more about the new ranking system here.

Why Data Centers Are Now Rewarded for Efficient IT

Way back in May of 2015 The Uptime Institute has added Efficient
IT to their rankings for data center tier classification. In their press
release Chief Operating Office of The Uptime Institute stated that:
"Uptime Institute Efficient IT is about better use of resources to better enable
the business ... Uptime Institute Efficient IT Stamp of Approval codifies the
management processes and leadership behaviors that ensure sustained cost
savings and resource agility."
Basically what this means is that rather than what they call
"prescriptive requirements" like the cooling, power, etc. listed
above, the Efficient IT Stamp of Approval is more or less based on
how the data center operates day-to-day and what kind of
outcomes they are producing based on certain situations.

The Two Levels of Efficient IT

A data center can be officially stamped for approval by meeting two
award levels for Efficient IT:
 Approved
 Activated

Photo Credit: [Link]

To be approved, a data center has to already have been
entrenched in meeting the Uptime Institute's integrity standards for
industry excellence. The approval stamp lasts for two years upon
when another evaluation will be performed and another stamp will
be stamped. To call yourself activated, your data center must be
efficiently working towards meeting the standards of excellence.
The activated stamp is valid for a year upon when another
evaluation will be performed where you can be upgraded to
approved, or given another year of activated. Efficient IT is quite
similar to the Management and Operations (M&O) Stamp of
Approval the Uptime Institute delivered back in 2011. They love
their stamps—and customers love to see that a data center has
these stamps.
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Power factor improvement concept –

Methods of Power Factor Improvement

There are three main ways to improve power factor:

 Capacitor Banks
 Synchronous Condensers
 Phase Advancers
Capacitor Banks
Improving power factor means reducing the phase difference
between voltage and current. Since the majority of loads are of
inductive nature, they require some amount of reactive power for
them to function.

A capacitor or bank of capacitors installed parallel to the load

provides this reactive power. They act as a source of local
reactive power, and thus less reactive power flows through the
line.
Capacitor banks reduce the phase difference between the
voltage and current.
Synchronous Condensers
Synchronous condensers are 3 phase synchronous motors with
no load attached to their shaft.

The synchronous motor has the characteristics of operating

under any power factor leading, lagging, or unity depending
upon the excitation. For inductive loads, a synchronous
condenser is connected towards the load side and is overexcited.
Synchronous condensers make it behave like a capacitor. It
draws the lagging current from the supply or supplies the
reactive power.

Phase Advancers
This is an AC exciter mainly used to improve the PF of an
induction motor.
They are mounted on the shaft of the motor and are connected to
the rotor circuit of the motor. It improves the power factor by
providing the exciting ampere turns to produce the required flux
at the given slip frequency.
Further, if ampere-turns increase, it can be made to operate at
the leading power factor.

Power Factor Calculation

In power factor calculation, we measure the source voltage
and current drawn using a voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
A wattmeter is used to get the active power.
Now, we know P = VIcosφ watt

Hence, we can get the electrical power factor.

Now we can calculate the reactive power Q = VIsinφ VAR

This reactive power can now be supplied from the capacitor

installed in parallel with the load in local. The reactive power of a
capacitor can be calculated using the following formula:

IMPORTANT: In power factor improvement, the reactive

power requirement by the load does not change. It is just
supplied by other devices, thus reducing the burden on the
source to provide the required reactive power.

What is IGBT
An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor
device primarily used as an electronic switch, which, as it was developed, came to
combine high efficiency and fast switching

Four ways to save money in your data center

When the cost of data center downtime averages nearly $9,000 per minute, avoiding
such an event is the first and most obvious way to save money. However, here are
four ways to save that help your organization avoid downtime while also optimizing
performance.

Commission your facility

Increasingly complex systems and assemblies mean more opportunities for

problems that could lead to costly outages for your facility. Commissioning (Cx)
helps identify and correct the major culprits behind failures such as design,
installation, and start-up deficiencies. To further maximize availability, Cx verifies and
documents that all critical systems — power, cooling, and building automation —
function together as a fully integrated system.

Cx also helps to reduce the lifecycle costs of the facility. The Cx process improves
system operation while providing benchmarking data that can be used to maintain
optimal performance. When systems are optimized, they’re not only more reliable;
they are more efficient, too. Cx activities can verify proper functionality of specific
efficiency features that are part of the system design.

A commissioned data center often experiences fewer delays than seen with
traditional deployment, making it more likely to be delivered on time and on budget.
You will not only be able to see returns on your capital investment faster, you’ll also
see lower operation and maintenance costs throughout the lifecycle of your facility.

Optimize electrical system performance

Assessing your electrical system can uncover areas for improvement that can help
you manage significant challenges in your data center such as inreased availability
expectations, moves or consolidations, increased power and heat density, and
regulatory compliance.

By evaluating your full electrical equipment inventory, you can identify defective
components and connections before they cause business disruption, as well as
identify gaps in equipment maintenance. Additionally, engineering services such as
short circuit and coordination studies or arc flash studies can be used to improve
workplace safety and ensure compliance.

A work environment that complies with all applicable standards not only helps you
avoid fines and penalties but it minimizes threats that can lead to costly equipment
damage and productivity losses.

Ultimately, electrical system assessments allow for detailed analysis that leads to
recommended corrective actions and risk mitigation strategies, which help you cost-
effectively improve the reliability and availability of your data center.

Improve thermal efficiency

An updated approach to thermal management can cut energy costs and improve
efficiency. In a typical data center, cooling accounts for 38 percent of total energy
consumption. So if you want to make an impact on energy usage, focusing on your
cooling system can provide a speedy return on investment.

By pinpointing and correcting issues like hot spots and airflow problems, you take an
important first step in reducing your energy draw. From there, you can implement
variable speed technologies and intelligent controls to realize further efficiency
improvements. These technologies are available as upgrades to your existing
equipment.

With variable speed technologies, such as electrically commutated (EC) fans and
variable speed drives (VSDs), you can vary the speed of your existing cooling unit
fans to better match cooling to IT load. When you reduce fan speed, you stop
spending energy on overcooling that your IT equipment doesn’t need. By adding
intelligent controls, you can network your cooling units to work together as a team.
This eliminates situations where units “fight” each other, with one unit cooling while
another reheats.

Correcting situations that waste energy and using only the energy you need to
ensure critical system availability can dramatically reduce your energy costs without
impacting availability.
Safeguard your emergency power system

The impact of a power system failure is far reaching when considering potential
damage to data and equipment, business disruption, remediation costs, legal
ramifications, and damage to your brand and reputation. In a 2016 study conducted
by Ponemon Institute, the average cost of a data center outage was more than
$740,000 with the maximum cost rising to more than $2.4 million. Avoiding these
significant costs is a simple matter of prevention.

A regular preventive maintenance program performed by expert technicians is the

key to ensuring maximum reliability of data center equipment including batteries,
uninterruptible power supply (UPS) units, and power distribution. In fact, in a study
that included analysis of more than 185 million UPS operating hours, reliability of the
unit as measured by mean time between failures (MTBF) increased as the number of
annual preventive maintenance visits increased.

System issues that are just beginning to appear are detected through regular
preventive maintenance. This systematic inspection and analysis allows you to
correct these issues, ensuring you have emergency power when you need it and
helping you avoid costly, unplanned downtime.

Tom Nation, is vice president and general manager of Power System Services
at Vertiv North America

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