Lab Report

Course Title: computer Network Lab

Course Code: EEE 331L
Experiment No.: 02

Experiment Name: Study on various Network equipment and the

development of Networking

Submitted by:
Name: Tanvir Al Radoen

ID: 2030625.

Submitted to:
Instructor: Emranul Haque
Designation: Lecturer
Contact Email: emran1612@[Link]
[Link] is an ISP? Who Provides Internet Service for your Internet Service Provider?

An ISP (Internet Service Provider) is a company that provides individuals, businesses, and other
organizations with access to the internet and related services. ISPs typically offer various types of
internet connections, including dial-up, DSL, cable, fiber-optic, satellite, and wireless
connections.

The infrastructure and connectivity for ISPs are provided by telecommunication companies, cable
companies, or other entities that own the physical infrastructure required for internet
connectivity. These infrastructure providers lay down cables, fiber-optic lines, or establish
wireless networks to enable the transmission of data across the internet. ISPs then lease or
purchase access to this infrastructure to deliver internet services to their customers.

So, while an ISP is the company that sells internet services to consumers and businesses, the
actual physical infrastructure enabling that service is typically owned and maintained by larger
telecommunication or cable companies

2. What is hostname and domain name of a website?

The hostname and domain name of a website are both components of its web address, also
known as a URL (Uniform Resource Locator).

A,Hostname: The hostname refers to the unique name that identifies a specific server on the
internet. It typically consists of a label followed by a domain name. For example, in the URL
"[Link] the hostname is "www". Hostnames are used to route requests
to the appropriate server within a domain.
[Link] Name: The domain name is the primary identifier for a website on the internet. It
consists of multiple labels separated by dots (periods). Each label represents a specific level
within the domain hierarchy, with the top-level domain (TLD) being the label farthest to the
right. In the URL "[Link] the domain name is "[Link]". Domain
names are registered through domain registrars and must be unique worldwide.

[Link] is Firewall?
A firewall is a network security device or software application that monitors and controls
incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. Its primary
purpose is to establish a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external
networks, such as the internet

4. what is url?

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is a reference or address used to locate resources
such as web pages, files, or any other resources on the internet. URLs are used to specify the
location of a resource and provide a means to access it

5. HTTP stands for what? What does it mean?

HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is an application protocol used for transferring
hypermedia documents, such as HTML files, over the World Wide Web.

The term "hypertext" refers to text that contains links to other texts, allowing users to navigate
between different pieces of information by clicking on those links. The "transfer protocol" aspect
of HTTP refers to the rules and conventions that govern how information is exchanged between
a client (such as a web browser) and a server (where web pages are hosted) over a network.

HTTP operates on a client-server model, where a client (usually a web browser) sends requests to
a server for resources, and the server responds with the requested resources, such as web pages,
images, or other types of data. This communication is typically done over TCP/IP, the
fundamental protocol of the Internet.

HTTP is a stateless protocol, meaning that each request from the client to the server is treated
independently, without any knowledge of previous requests. However, modern web applications
often use additional techniques, such as cookies and session management, to maintain state and
provide more interactive and personalized experiences for users.

Overall, HTTP is the foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web, enabling the
retrieval and display of web pages and other resources from remote servers.

6. What is DNS? What is the function of it?

DNS stands for Domain Name System. It is a hierarchical decentralized naming system for
computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. The main
function of DNS is to translate human-readable domain names into IP addresses and vice versa

7. Which two related organizations are responsible for managing the top-level domain name space

and the root Domain Name System (DNS) name servers on the Internet?

The two related organizations responsible for managing the top-level domain name space and
the root Domain Name System (DNS) name servers on the Internet are:

1. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN): ICANN is a

nonprofit organization responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of
several databases related to the namespaces and numerical spaces of the Internet,
 ensuring the network's stable and secure operation. ICANN oversees the assignment of
domain names and IP addresses, including the allocation of top-level domains (TLDs).
2. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA): IANA is a department operated by
ICANN that is responsible for coordinating the global IP address space, allocating IP
address blocks to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), managing the root zone of the DNS,
and overseeing the assignment of unique protocol parameters. In the context of DNS,
IANA manages changes to the root zone file, including the addition, modification, or
removal of top-level domains.

Together, ICANN and IANA play a crucial role in managing the domain name system and
ensuring the stable and secure operation of the Internet's DNS infrastructure.

[Link] Cerf is called one of main fathers of the Internet. What Internet organizations did he chair

or help found? What Internet technologies did he help to develop?

Vinton Cerf, often referred to as one of the "fathers of the Internet," has made significant
contributions to the development of the Internet and has been involved in several key
organizations and technologies.

9. When was the ISO founded and where are its headquarters located?

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was founded on February 23, 1947. Its
headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland. ISO is an independent, non-governmental
international organization that develops and publishes international standards to ensure the
quality, safety, and efficiency of products, services, and systems across various industries
worldwide

10. What is the IEEE standard for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) security protocol? Why is it
used?

The IEEE standard for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) security protocol is IEEE 802.11i.
WPA2 is a security protocol developed to secure wireless computer networks. It is the successor
to WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) and provides stronger security mechanisms for wireless
networks.
WPA2 is used to encrypt data transmitted over a wireless network to prevent unauthorized
access and protect the confidentiality and integrity of the information being transmitted. It
employs the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm, which is considered
highly secure, to encrypt data packets sent over the network.

WPA2 provides several key features and improvements over its predecessor, WPA, including:

1. Stronger Encryption: WPA2 uses AES encryption, which is more secure than the
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) used in WPA. AES encryption provides stronger
protection against eavesdropping and cryptographic attacks.
2. Authentication Enhancements: WPA2 supports more robust authentication methods,
including the IEEE 802.1X/EAP authentication framework, which allows for more secure
authentication mechanisms such as Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) and
Protected EAP (PEAP).
3. Key Management: WPA2 improves key management mechanisms, making it more
resistant to attacks targeting the key exchange process.
4. Backward Compatibility: WPA2 is designed to be backward compatible with devices
that support the earlier WPA standard, allowing for a smooth transition to the more
secure protocol without requiring hardware upgrades.

Overall, WPA2 is widely used to secure wireless networks in homes, businesses, and public Wi-Fi
hotspots due to its strong security features and compatibility with a wide range of devices.
However, it's worth noting that vulnerabilities such as the KRACK attack have been discovered in
WPA2, emphasizing the importance of keeping devices and network infrastructure updated with
the latest security patches and using additional security measures where necessary.