fudagr® r: oekqu -3       fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka

fkdjk wjia:dj, tkï l%Ekala tl .%hskaâ l, úg kshñ; wkavr®

ihsia tlg fnhd˙ka fh†h hq;=h' ksoiqkla f,i l%Ekala tl ñ'ó'
0'25 lska tkï tys uq,au wkavr® ihsia tlg .%hskaâ lr we;akï
fhdok fnhd˙ka tlo tu wkavr® ihsia [Link] úh hq;=h' fuf,i
wkavr® ihsia 0'25 fnhd˙ul th i|ykaj we;s whqre fmr
19 jk m˙Éf√oh
igyfka olajd we;' fuh fjk;a wdldrj,go i|ykaj ;sìh yel'
■ fnhd˙ka Ths,a la,shrkaia m¯CId ls¯u
tka‚ka l%Ekala tllg iújk fnhd˙ka iy l%Ekala cr®k,a
lfklaáka frdâ fnhd˙ka mska w;r ysvei tkï la,shrkaia b;d jeo.;a jkafka fnhd˙u u;
l%Ekala Id*aÜ tl mdùug wjYH f;,a mg,h mSvkhlska hq;=j
fiajdjka ;nd .ekqug fuu jdish kshñ; [Link] mej;sh hq;= neúks' tu
mSvkh fjkia jqjfyd;a fnhd˙u iy l%Ekala Id*aÜ tl tlg .eà
blaukska f.ù hk whqre tka‚ka iafkaykh ms<sn|j wOHhkfha°
tka‚ka wΩ;ajeähdjl° oÛr l| m¯CId lrk wdldrh wjfndaO lr .;suq' ;jo fuu jdish jeä jqjfyd;a ta yryd f;,a
iy th f.ù we;akï .%hskaâ lr wkavr® ihsia fnhd˙ka fhdok mSvkh ldka≥ù uQ,sl f;,a mSvk w.h wvqùfuka uqΩ tka‚fïu
wdldrh" fnhd˙u iy l%Ekala cr®k,a w;r we;sjk mSvk f;,a iafkayk moaO;sh ≥r®j, ù fldgia rdYshlg ydks we;súh yelsh'
mg,h [Link] l%Ekala cr®k,a iy fnhd˙ka mΩ f.ùhdu j<lajk tka‚ul fnhd˙ï iúl, miq l%Ekala Id*aÜ tl iy
wdldrh jeks lreKq m˙Éf√o lsysmhlskau wms wOHhkh lf,uq' fnhd˙ka w;r ;sìh hq;= mr;rh ksj/†oehs m¯CId ls¯ug
tka‚ka wΩ;ajeähdjl° .%hskaâ lrk ,o l%Ekala cr®k,a j,g iq≥iq l%uhla fkdue;' l%Ekala iy fnhd˙ka fjk fjku uek .ekSfukao
fnhd˙ka f;dard .kakd wdldrh iy tajd iú lrk ms<sfj, ms<sn|j fuh mejish fkdyelafla fnhd˙ka iy l%Ekala mska w;r fuu jdish
fuys° oekqj;a fjuq' fï w;r oÛr lf|a fïka fnhd˙ka ms<sn|j we;sjkafka fnhd˙ka j, we;s spread iy crush hkqfjka
14 jk m˙Éf√ofhka oekqj;a jQ ksid lfklaáka frdâ uy fldKg y∫kajk yev ;, fnhd˙ka fndarh ;=, hï muKlg ñ˙lSfuka
iújk fnhd˙ka ms<sn|j fuys° jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lruq' miq neúks' fï wkqj fuh uek .ekqug úfYaI ñkqï WmlrKhla
fhdod .efkk w;r th y∫kajkq ,nkafka ma,diaáf.a–
(Plastigauge) hkqfjks'
iafla,a
ma,diaáf.a–

fnhd˙ka ihsia y∫kd .ekqu

tka‚ulg wΩ;ska fhdok fnhd˙ka w;sYhska ksj/† ma,diaá[Link] [Link] fnhd˙ka f;,a jdish ñkSu
ñkqï j,g iy kshñ; yevfhka hq;=j imhkq ,nk w;r tys lsisu ma,diaáf.a– hkqfjka y∫kajkafka úfYaI uD≥ ma,diaála
fjkia ls¯ula iú ls¯fï° l< hq;= fkdfõ' iagEkavâ msiagka Ndú;d úfYaIhlska ;kk ,o isyska máhls' fnhd˙ka f;,a jdish ñkSug
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu -3       fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka

by; A igyk whqre fnhd˙ka lema tl u; ma,diaáf.a– m;=rla fuu fnhd˙ka iafm%â yevh ksid lema mΩj,g fnhd˙u
;ekam;a l, hq;=h' fuys° fnhd˙ka mΩj fukau l%Ekala mska tlo iú ls¯fï° w;g ;o .;shla oefkk w;r th fnhd˙ka j,
f;,a iy fjk;a wm øjH j,ska f;dr úh hq;=h' ó<Ûg fuu fodaIhla fkdjk nj wjfndaO lr.; hq;=h' fï w;r fnhd˙ka
fnhd˙ka lema tl lfklaáka frdâ tlg iúlr kshñ; fgdala l%Ia tl ksid fnhd˙u iúl, miq fnhd˙ka fldka fol lema mΩfõ
(Torque) tlg ;o l, hq;=h' fufia ;o lr ;sìh° oÛr l| u;=msáka by<g msysgk w;r tho mS¯ .Efuka iu;,d ls¯ug
iqΩ jYfhka fyda lerlùulg ,la fkdúh hq;=h' bkamiq W;aidy fkd.; hq;=h' lfklaáka frdâ tl l%Ekala mska tlg iúl,
m%fõYfuka fnhd˙ka mΩj kej; .,jd ma,diaá[Link] iuÛ miq fuu yev;, iy l%Ia tl ksid fnhd˙u ñ¯lS tys kshñ;
iemfhk ñkqï iafla,a tl [Link] me;e,s jQ ma,diaá[Link] m<, jD;a;dldr yevh ,efnk w;ru b;d fyd¢ka lema mΩ;=,g
B igyk whqre ñksh hq;= w;r th fnhd˙u iy l%Ekala mska tl fya;a;=ù iú ùuo is≥fjhs'
w;r mj;sk Ths,a la,shrkaia [Link]' fnhd˙u
fnhd˙u
■ lfklaáka frdâ fnhd˙ka iú ls¯u
lfklaáka frdâ fnhd˙ka wjYHjdg jvd f.ù we;akï
fyda mΩ≥ ù we;akï wΩ;ska udrel, hq;= fjhs' tfy;a fuys°
l%Ekala mska tlo m¯CId l, hq;=fjhs' uhsfl%dógrhlska th
uekSfï° kshñ; [Link] jvd ñ'ó 0'04 olajd fjkila iyk jdish
f,i ,nd° we;s w;r th blaujd we;akï fyda me;a;la f.ù ´j,a
yevhla f.k we;akï l%Ekala mska ó<Û wkavr® ihsia tl olajd
lema mΩj
wvq lr thg i˙,k fnhd˙ka lÜg,hla wΩ;ska fh†h hq;=fjhs'
ta ms<sn|j miqj úia;r flfrkq we;'
lfklaáka frdâ
lfklaáka frdâ fnhd˙ka iú ls¯u
A a a lfklaáka frdâ fnhd˙ka iú ls¯fï°o uq,skau ;u
B w;afol fukau jev fïih iy iú flfrk tka‚ka fldgia b;d
fnhd˙u
fyd¢ka ms˙is≥j ;nd.; hq;=h' kj fnhd˙ka mΩ iúls¯ug .kakd
f;la tajdfha wdjrK nydÆ j,ska bj;g fkd.; hq;=h' iú ls¯ug
fmro fï ishΩ fldgia ms˙is≥ fr† lvlska fyd|ska msiod by;
A. fnhd˙ka iafm%â mr;rh a. fnhd˙ka wu;r Wi (crush) igyk whqre lfklaáka frdâ lema mΩ folg m%fõYfuka iú l<
B. lema fyda fndar® mr;rh hq;=h' tfia iú ls¯ug fmr isyska f;,a
mg,hla wdf,am ls¯uo l< hq;=h' fnhd˙ka
fnhd˙ul iafm%â yevh iy l%Ia jdish
mΩ lema j,g iúl, miq th l%Ekala mska
fnhd˙ka [Link] oÛr l|g ,efnk úYd, n,h ord †j
tl iuÛ lerlSu je<elaùug;a th
isàug;a" fnhd˙fï we;sfjk ;dmh fnhd˙ka lema j,g ikakhk
kshñ; whqre iú ùug;a igyk whqre
lr ye¯ug;a fnhd˙u;a fnhd˙ka lema tl;a ;ks fldgila f,iska
fnhd˙ka mΩj, l=vd †jla (tongue) we;s
iúùug ksIamdolhska úiska fnhd˙ka iafm%â (spread) iy fnhd˙ka
fnhd˙u w;r th ksj/† f,i lema mΩj, we;s
l%Ia (crush) hk fjkia lï fnhd˙ka mΩ j,g ,nd ° ;sfnhs'
lÜghg iïnkaO úh hq;=h' bkamiq lema
fuys° fnhd˙fï úys°u fnhd˙ka iafm%â f,i;a tys wu;r Wi
fnda,aÜ iúls¯u ksIamdolhska úiska ,nd°
fnhd˙ka l%Ia f,i;a ye¢kafjhs' 14 jk m˙Éf√ofhka wjfndaO fnhd˙u isrls¯ug
fhd∞ we;s †j we;s fgdala [Link] is≥úh hq;=h'
lr.;a fuu úfYaIdx. kej;;a by; igyka foflka olajd we;'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu -3       fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka

■ fnhd˙ka [Link] tka‚ka fodaI y∫kd .ekqu f.ùhdulg ,lafjhs' tfy;a fnhd˙ka yjqisu iy fnhd˙u w;r
tka‚ul fïka fnhd˙ka fukau lfklaáka frdâ fnhd˙kao we;s ≥r®j, iïnkaOh ksid fuu f.ùhdu iqug whq˙ka is≥jk
tajdfha fiajdjkao fï jkúg wms wOHhkh lr we;af;uq' w;r tys m%;sM,h tf,i f.ù.sh fldgia °ma;su;aj mej;Suhs'
wΩ;ajeähdjl° bj;g .,jd.;a fnhd˙ula f.ù we;s wdldrh ■ fnhd˙ka fldKlaa mΩ≥ ùu
wkqj tka‚fï we;sj ;snQ fodaI iuyrla y∫kd.; yels w;r ta
ms<sn|jo fuys° oekqj;a fjuq'
wΩ;ajeähdjla i|yd .,jk ,o tka‚ul fldgia [Link] fr®ähia yevh
tka‚fï meje;s fodaI wjfndaO lr .ekqu ldr®ñlfhl= yg idr®:l
wΩ;ajeähdjla i|yd Wmld¯ fjhs' fuys° .,jk ,o msiagka [Link]
fodaI ;SrKh lrk ,o wdldrh msiagka ms<sn|j wOHhkfha° mΩ≥ jQ fnhd˙ka fldK
(A) (B)
úia;r jQ w;r ta wdldrhgu .,jk ,o fnhd˙ka [Link] tka‚u
wΩ;ajeähdjg fya;= jQ fnhd˙ka fodaI ;SrKh l, yelsfjhs' tjka cr®k,a fr®ähia yevh jeäùfuka fnhd˙ka mΩ≥jk whqre
wjia:d lsysmhla my; oelafõ' l%Ekala fjí folla w;r l%Ekala mska tl iúj we;af;a
■ tka‚fï f;,a wvq ùfuka is≥jk fnhd˙ka ydksh tu fjí tlla iy mska tl iújk ;ek wv rjqï tkï fr®ähia
tka‚ka iïma tfla f;,a yevhla .kakd f,igh' by; A igyfkka olajd we;s oÛr lf|a
u;=msg we;s,a,S ;sîu
uÜgu wvqùu" f;,a fmdïmh fodaIhla B;, [Link] th fmkakqï lr we;' tfy;a l%Ekala .%hskaâ ls¯fï°
we;sùu" *s,agrh fyda f;,a udr®.hla fuu fr®ähia yevh jeä jYfhka ;enqjfyd;a th fnhd˙ka fldka
íf,dlaùu" m%Ir® ˙,S*a jE,ajh fodaI yd iamr®Y ùfuka tu fnhd˙ka fldka ;†ka WKqiqïj fuu B
iys; ùu jeks lreKq /ila hgf;a igyfkka oelafjk whqre fnhd˙ka fldka mΩ≥ùu is≥fõ'
fnhd˙ka j,g ,efnk f;,a wvqùu
u; fuys olajk wdldrhg fnhd˙ula ■ fnhd˙u u; f,daâ tl jvd;a jeäùfuka jk ydks
iafkayk f;,a wvqùfuka f.ùhdu is≥úh yelsh' fnhd˙u iy tka ‚ ka l% E ka l a fnhd˙ka
fnhd˙ka mΩ≥jk whqre l%Ekala mska tl w;r mSvk f;,a l=yr ksru
® dKh lr we;af;a úYd, n,hlg
mg,h wvqùu ksid fnhd˙u iy l%Ekala mska tl ms˙ue°fuka Tfrd;a;= fok f,ig jqj;a we;eï
fuf,i fnhd˙ka f,ahrh bj;aj tys jdfka mΩj u;=j ;sfnhs' ;;aj hgf;a fuh wkjYH f,i
fuys° l%Ekala Id*aÜ tlg ydks meñfKk w;r th udre ls¯u fyda jeäjk wjia:d we;' ´j,a yevhg
wkavr® ihsia [Link] .%hskaâ lr wkavr® ihsia fnhd˙ka fh°u f.ù.sh l%Ekala mska [Link] fuu
l, hq;= fjhs' ;;ajh we;s ls¯u bka tla wjia:djls'
■ fnhd˙u yd fndarh ;=, iïnkaOh ≥r®j, ùu
fnhd˙ka u; wêl nrla [Link] iEu tka‚ka jghlg tla
fnhd˙ka yjqiska fndarh iy ls%hd ls¯u jrla ;o f;rmqula fnhd˙ula u;
fnhd˙u b;d fyd¢ka ;ks fldgila we;s lrhs' ;j;a wjia:djla kï *q,a f;%dg,a hgf;a tka‚u wvq
f,i iïnkaO ùfuka fnhd˙ug jeä fõ.hlska ls%hdlrk wjia:djhs' tys° by< l%Ekala mΩjg fuu
n,hla ord isàfï yelshdj ,efí' ;;ajh we;s fjhs' fuf,i we;sfjk ±ä f;rmqu hgf;a f;,a
fnhd˙fï WKqiquo yjqisug fyd¢ka mg,h bj;aj l%Ekala mska fnhd˙fï uOH m%foaYfha we;s,a,Sfuka
ika k hkh flfr® ' tfy;a tu igyfka olajd we;s whqre fnhd˙ka f,ahrfha fldgia leãhdu iy
[Link] fldgila °ma;su;a ùu
iïnkaOh ≥r®j, jqjfyd;a fnhd˙ka levqkq tu fldgia [Link] fnhd˙u is≥reùuo is≥úh yel'
f.ù.sh fnhd˙ka
fldgia °ma;su;a ùu la,shrkaia wvqù fnhd˙ka jeä
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu -3       fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka

■ wmøjH [Link] fnhd˙ug ydks we;s ùu

f;,a iuÛ tl;= jQ l=vd
wm øjH ;ekam;aùu wm øjH (dirt) igyk whqre fnhd˙fï
[Link] fldgfia ;†ka ;ekam;aùu
iy tu úYd, wm øjH fldgia [Link]
fnhd˙u iS¯ulg ,laùuo we;eï
tka‚kaj, fodaIhla f,i oelsh yels
w;r thg fya;=j fnhd˙ka iú
ls¯fï° fyd¢ka ms˙is≥ fkdls¯u"
fnhd˙u u; wmøjH ;†ka
ne£ ;sîu fhdok ,o f;,a wmú;%j mej;Su
fyda fodaI iys; Ths,a *s,agr ksid úh yel' fuu igyfkka olajd
we;af;a by; i|yka fya;= u; mΩ≥j we;s fnhd˙ka mΩjls'

■ fÜmr® yevfha cr®k,a [Link] is≥jk ydks'

l%Ekala mska tlla hï
fya;=jla u; widudkH f,i f.ù
[Link] fÜmr® yevhla .;fyd;a
fnhd˙fï tla me;a;lg jeä n,hla
ks;r fhfoa' tys m%;sM,h fuf,i
f.ù.sh jeä fCIa;%h
jeä n,hla fhfok fldgi jvd;a
r;aù fuu igyfka oelafjk whqre
u;=msg f,ahrh me;a;lska fnhd˙fïo tu me;af;a fnhd˙ka
jeä jYfhka f.ùhdu
f,ahrh jeä jYfhka f.ùhduhs'
fuys úia;r lrk ,oafoa fnhd˙ka f.ùhdu u; tka‚fï
meje;s fodaI ;SrKh l< yels wdldrhhs' l%Ekala Id*aÜ iy th
wkavr® ihsia fnhd˙ka i|yd ms<sfh, lrk wdldrh ms<sn|j
b†˙fha° úia;r flfrk w;r tys° fuu fnhd˙ka fiajdjka
ms<sn|j ;j ≥rg;a úia;r flfrkq we;'

fuu .%ka:fha 287-293 olajd jQ msgq ;=,ska

Wmqgd .;a lreKq weiq˙ka fuu fjí msgq fm<
iïmdokh ù we;'

ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk