INTRODUCTION

Course Contents
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Thermodynamics and heat transfer
1.3 Application areas of heat transfer
1.4 Heat transfer mechanism
1.5 Conduction
1.6 Thermal conductivity
1.7 Convection
1.8 Radiation
1.9 References
1.1 Introduction

is transferred from a high temperature region to a low temperature one. An

understanding of this process and its different mechanisms are required to connect
principles of thermodynamics and fluid flow with those of heat transfer.

1.2 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes
a process from one equilibrium state to another, and it gives no indication about how
long the process will take. A thermodynamic analysis simply tells us how much heat must
be transferred to realize a specified change of state to satisfy the conservation of energy
principle.
In practice we are more concerned about the rate of heat transfer (heat transfer per
unit time) than we are with the amount of it. For example, we can determine the amount
of heat transferred from a thermos bottle as the hot coffee inside cools from 90°C to
80°C by a thermodynamic analysis alone.
But a typical user or designer of a thermos is primarily interested in how long it will be
before the hot coffee inside cools to 80°C, and a thermodynamic analysis cannot answer
this question. Determining the rates of heat transfer to or from a system and thus the
times of cooling or heating, as well as the variation of the temperature, is the subject of
heat transfer (Figure 1.1).

Fig. 1.1 Heat transfer from the thermos

Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states and changes from one equilibrium state
to another. Heat transfer, on the other hand, deals with systems that lack thermal
equilibrium, and thus it is a nonequilibrium phenomenon. Therefore, thestudy of heat
transfer cannot be based on the principles of thermodynamics alone.
However, the laws of thermodynamics lay the framework for the science of heat
transfer. The first law requires that the rate of energy transfer into a system be equal
 to the rate of increase of the energy of that system. The second law requires that heat
be transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature (Figure 1.2).

Fig. 1.2 Heat transfer from high temperature to low temperature

1.3 Application Areas of Heat Transfer

Many ordinary household appliances are designed, in whole or in part, by using the
principles of heat transfer. Some examples:
Design of the heating and air-conditioning system, the refrigerator and freezer, the
water heater, the iron, and even the computer, the TV, and the VCR
Energy-efficient homes are designed on the basis of minimizing heat loss in winter and
heat gain in summer.
Heat transfer plays a major role in the design of many other devices, such as car
radiators, solar collectors, various components of power plants, and even spacecraft.
The optimal insulation thickness in the walls and roofs of the houses, on hot water or
steam pipes, or on water heaters is again determined on the basis of a heat transfer
analysis with economic consideration (Figure 1.3)

Fig. 1.3 Application of heat transfer

Heisler Charts
II - UNIT
Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional analysis is a mathematical method
which makes use of the study of the dimensions
for solving several engineering problems.
This method can be applied to all types of fluid
resistances, heat flow problems and many other
problems in fluid mechanics and
thermodynamics.
In dimensional analysis, the various physical
quantities used in fluid phenomenon can be
expressed in terms of fundamental quantities.
These fundamental quantities are mass (M),
III - UNIT
Boiling and Condensation
Boiling Heat Transfer Phenomenon
Boiling is a liquid to vapor change process just
like evaporation.
Boiling is a phenomenon that occurs at a solid-
liquid interface when a liquid is brought in
contact with a surface maintained at a
temperature sufficiently above the saturation
temperature of the liquid.
As the heat is conducted to the liquid vapor
interface, bubbles are created by the
expansion of entrapped gas or vapor at small
cavities in the surface.
The bubbles grow to a certain size, depending
on the surface tension at the liquid-vapor
interface and temperature and pressure.
Boiling heat transfer is heat transferred by the
boiling of water.
Heat Transfer, Q = h ( Ts - Tsat )
where Tsat is the saturation temperature of the
liquid.
 Classification of Boiling
Pool Boiling
Flow Boiling
Sub cooled Boiling
Saturated Boiling
Pool Boiling:
Boiling is called pool boiling when bulk fluid
motion is absence.
Fluid motion is due to natural convection and
bubble-induced mixing.

Flow Boiling:
Boiling in the presence of bulk fluid motion is
called flow boiling (Forced Convection Boiling).
Fluid motion is induced by external means such
as pump, as well as by bubble-induced mixing.
Sub cooled Boiling:
When the temperature of the liquid is below
the saturation temperature.
The term sub cooling refers to a liquid existing
at a temperature below its normal boiling
point.
Saturated Boiling:
When the temperature of the liquid is equal
to the saturation temperature.
Sub cooled and saturated boiling can exist in
both nucleate and film boiling.
 The Boiling Curve
In a typical boiling curve, four different boiling
regimes are observed: natural convection
boiling, nucleate boiling, transition boiling,
and film boiling depending on the excess
temperature Tsat.
Natural Convection Boiling (to Point A)

Liquid is slightly superheated in this case (a

metastable condition) and evaporates when it
rises to the free surface.
Liquid motion is due to natural convection.
In region 1 called free convection zone ,the
excess temperature is very small.
Here the liquid near the surface is super
heated slightly, the convection currents
circulate the liquid and evaporation takes place
at the liquid surface.
Nucleate Boiling (between Points A and C)
Bubbles start forming at point A and increases
number of nucleation sites as we move towards
point C.
Region A B isolated bubbles are formed and
heat flux rise sharply with increasing Texcess.
This region is the beginning of nucleate boiling.
Region B C Increasing number of nucleation
sites causes bubble interactions and coalescence
into jets and column. Heat flux increases
at lower rate and maximum at point C. The
maximum heat flux known as critical heat flux
occurs at point C.
Critical Heat Flux - CHF, ( Te 30ºC)
Maximum attainable heat flux in nucleate
boiling.
q 1 MW/m for water at atmospheric
pressure.
Point C on the boiling curve is also called
the burnout point, and the heat flux at this
point the burnout heat flux.
Transition Boiling(between Points C and D)
When increases past point C, heat
flux decreases because a large fraction of the
heater surface is covered by a vapor film,
which acts as an insulation.

The transition boiling regime, which is also

called the unstable film boiling regime.
Film Boiling (beyond Point D)

At point D, where the heat flux reaches

a minimum is called the Leidenfrost point.
Heat transfer is by conduction and radiation
across the vapor blanket, therefore, heat
transfer rate increases with increasing excess
temperature.
The Leidenfrost effect is a physical
phenomenon in which a liquid, close to a
surface that is significantly hotter than the
liquid's boiling point.
The phenomenon of stable film boiling can be
observed when a drop of water falls on a red
hot stove. The drop does not evaporate
immediately but moves a few times on the
stove.
 Condensation
The process of condensation is the reverse of
boiling.
Condensation occurs when the temperature
of a vapor is reduced below its saturation
temperature.
Two forms of condensation:
Film condensation,
Drop wise condensation.
Film wise condensation generally occurs on
clean uncontaminated surfaces.
In this type of condensation the film covering
the entire surface grows in thickness as it
moves down the surface by gravity.
There exists a thermal gradient in the film and
so it acts as a resistance to heat transfer.
Ref = dH
dH = Hydraulic diameter

V = average velocity of flow

In drop wise condensation the vapur
condenses into small liquid droplets of various
sizes which fall down the surface in a random
fashion.
A large portion of the plate is directly exposed
to the vapor, making heat transfer rates much
larger than those in film condensation (5 to 10
times).
Drop wise condensation is achieved by-
Adding a promoting chemical into the
vapor (wax, fatty acid),
Treating the surface with a promoter chemical,
Coating the surface with a polymer such as
teflon or a noble metal such as Au, Ag, Rh, Pd, Pt
IV - UNIT
HEAT EXCHANGERS
 HEAT EXCHANGERS
A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat
between two or more fluids.
Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and
heating processes.
The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to
prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact.
They are widely used in space
heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power
stations, chemical plants, petrochemical
plants, petroleum refineries, natural-gas processing,
and sewage treatment.
Shell and Tube HE
One pass shell and tube HE
Two pass HE
V - UNIT
Radiation
Thermal radiation is an electromagnetic
phenomenon generated by the thermal
motion of particles in matter.
All matter with a temperature greater
than absolute zero emits thermal radiation.
All bodies emit radiation to their surroundings
through electromagnetic waves due to the
conversion of the internal energy of the body
into radiation.
Particle motion results in the charge
acceleration which produces electromagnetic
radiation.
Since electromagnetic waves can also travel
through a vacuum hence, in contrast to the
conduction and convection heat transfer, it
can take place through a perfect vacuum.
Thus, when no medium is present, radiation
becomes the only mode of heat transfer.
Common examples are the solar radiation
reaching the earth and the heat dissipation
from the filament of an incandescent lamp.
Thus heat is transferred between two bodies
over a great distance.
Waves falling in the range of 0.1 to 100 m
wave length are called thermal radiation
According to the quantum theory, the thermal
radiation propagates in the form of discrete
quanta, each quantum having an energy of
E=h
-34 J-s

= Frequency of quantum
 Reflection, Absorption, and
Transmission of Radiation
When radiation falls on a body, a part of it
may be absorbed, a part may be reflected and
the remaining may pass through the body.
The fraction of the incident radiation
absorbed by the body is transformed into
heat.
The reflectivity is defined as the fraction of
incident radiation reflected from the surface
of the body.
The transmissivity is defined as the fraction of
the incident radiation transmitted through the
body .
The absorptivity is defined as the fraction of
incident radiation absorbed by the body.
Bodies which do not transmit radiation are
called opaque.
A body with reflectivity of unity will reflect
whole of the incident radiation and is termed
as white body.
Concept of a Black body
No actual body is perfectly black, the concept of a
black body is an idealization with which the
radiation characteristics of real bodies can be
conveniently compared.
Real bodies do not emit as much as energy as
black body and hence their emissivity is less than
one.
A black body plays a role in thermal radiation
similar to the idealized Carnot cycle in
thermodynamics with which real cycles are
compared.
A black body is regarded as a perfect absorber of
incident radiation.
The total radiation emitted by a black body is
a function of temperature.
The emissivity of a substance is a measure of
its ability to emit radiation in comparison with
a black body.
A black body is a perfect emitter.
Intensity of radiation is defined as the
radiation emitted in any direction.
The radiation intensity of a surface is defined
as the rate of heat flux emitted by it per unit
area.
 Laws of Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation consists of flow of quanta or
particles and the energy content (E) of each quantum is
proportional to the frequency.
It is given by the following equation:
E = hv
Where, E = Energy content
-34 J.s

v = Frequency
It is clear that greater the frequency, shorter the wavelength
and greater is the energy content of the quantum. In other
words, shorter the wavelength greater is the energy of the
quantum. Therefore, quanta of ultraviolet light are more
energetic than are quanta of red light.
2. Law:
Kirchoffs law states that the absorptivity (a) of a
substance for radiation of a specific wavelength is
equal to its emissivity for the same wavelength
and is given by the following equation:

Any grey object (other than a perfect black body)

which receives radiation, disposes off a part of it
in reflection and transmission.
The absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity
are each less than or equal to unity.
 Monochromatic radiations are such radiations which
are characterized by a single frequency.
In practice, radiation of a very small range of
frequencies which can be described by stating a single
frequency.
 Wien's Displacement Law

When the temperature of a blackbody

radiator increases, the overall radiated energy
increases and the peak of the radiation curve
moves to shorter wavelengths.
When the maximum is evaluated from
the Planck radiation formula, the product of
the peak wavelength and the temperature is
found to be a constant.
 Wavelength ( max) of maximum intensity of
emission (µ) = b/T
Where,
max is the wavelength at which maximum
radiation is emitted. It decreases as the
temperature increases.
b is constant = 2897
T is the temperature of the surface in Kelvin
Hence, max (µ) = 2897 T-1
The temperature of the sun is 6000 °K for
which the value of maximum wave length is
0.5µ, and that of the earth the average
temperature is 300 °K for which the value of
maximum wavelength is 10µ.
Out of the total energy emitted by sun, 7 per
cent is with wavelength less than 0.4µ, 44 per
cent is with a wavelength ranging from 0.4
0.7µ and 49 per cent is having wavelength
greater than 0.7µ.
Stefan- Law:
This law states that the intensity of radiation
emitted by a radiating body is proportional to
the fourth power of the absolute temperature
of that body.
4

Where,
- constant =6.25*10-34 Js
< s > 1.0)
T = Absolute temperature of the surface in °K.
 Radiation Shape Factor
Radiation shape factor is defined as the fraction of
radiant energy that is diffused from one surface
element and strikes the other surface directly with
no intervening reflections.
It is also called view factor or configuration factor.
If A11 is the total area of radiating surface of body-1
having shape factor F12F12 w.r.t. receiver body-2
then the total radiant energy leaving surface-1 and
directly intercepted by surface-2 is =A1F12
Shape factor of a radiant body depends on the
1. Geometrical dimensions i.e. surface area
2. Configuration of radiating surface with
respect to receiver &
3. Inter-spatial distance of radiant body with
respect to receiver.
The shape factor of a radiating body is inversely
proportional to its surface area emitting radiant
energy i.e.
Shape factor 1/Surface area of emitter
The shape factor of a radiating body is directly
proportional to the surface area of receiving body
i.e.
Shape factor Surface area of receiver

The shape factor of a radiating body is inversely

proportional to inter-spatial distance between
emitter and receiver bodies i.e.
Shape factor 1 / Inter-spatial distance
For steady state condition of radiation heat
transfer,
Rate of radiant energy lost by body-1 = rate of
radiant energy received by body-2
A1F12=A2F21
Thank you
 R15
Code No: R15A0323
MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution UGC, Govt. of India)
III [Link] II Semester Regular/supplementary Examinations, April/May 2019
Heat Transfer
(ME)
Roll No

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 75

Note: This question paper contains two parts A and B
Part A is compulsory which carriers 25 marks and Answer all questions.
Part B Consists of 5 SECTIONS (One SECTION for each UNIT). Answer FIVE
Questions, Choosing ONE Question from each SECTION and each Question carries
10 marks.
Heat and mass transfer data books are permitted.
*******

PART A (25 Marks)

1. (a) State Fourier's law of heat conduction. Why negative sign is used? (2M)
(b) What is lumped heat capacity method? Explain. (3M)
(c) Differentiate between natural and forced convection (2M)
(d) What is the significance of non dimensional numbers (3M)
(e) (2M)
(f)) What are the various radiation properties (3M)
(g) What is NTU method of a heat exchanger. (2M)
(h) What are the differences between film wise and drop wise condensation. (3M)
(i) List some industrial and day-to-day applications of mass transfer (2M)
(j) (3M)
PART B (50 Marks)
SECTION I
2. A furnace wall is built up of two layers laid of fireclay 12cm thick and red brick 25 cm
thick while the annular space between the two is filled with diatomite brick (15cm).
What should be the thickness of the red brick layer if the wall is to be constructed
without diatomite brick, so that the heat flow through the wall remains constant? The
thermal conductivities of fireclay, diatomite and red brick being 0.929, 0.129 and
0.699 W/m0c respectively. (10M)
(OR)
3. Derive the general heat conduction equation in Spherical coordinates. (10M)
SECTION II

4. Determine the heat transfer rate by free convection from a plate 0.3m × 0.3m for which
one surface is insulated and the other surface is maintained at 110 0C and exposed to
atmosphere air at 300C for the following arrangements:
a) The plate is vertical
b) The plate is horizontal with the heating surface facing up
c) The plate is horizontal with the heating surface facing down. (10 M)
(OR)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5. Derive the expression for boundary layer thickness for free convection heat transfer on
a vertical flat plate. (10M)
SECTION III
6. (a). Explain what do you mean by absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity (5M)
|(b). Obtain the expression for blackbody radiation (5M)

(OR)
7. Two parallel plate 3m × 2m are spaced at 1m apart one plate is maintained at 500 0C
and other at 2000C. The emissivity of the plates are 0.3 and 0.5. The plates are
located in a large room and room walls are maintained at 40 0C. If the plates
exchange heat with each other and with the room, find the heat lost by the hotter
plate. (10M)
SECTION IV

8. (a) Derive an expression for effectiveness of counter flow heat exchanger. (5M)
(b) ketch. (5M)
(OR)
9. (a) Derive the expression for LMTD in a parallel flow double pipe heat exchanger
(5M)
(b) A hot fluid enters a heat exchanger at a temperature of 2000C at a flow rate of
2.8 kg/sec (sp. heat 2.0 kJ/kg-K) it is cooled by another fluid with a mass flow rate
of 0.7 kg/sec (Sp. heat 0.4 kJ/kg-K). The overall heat transfer coefficient based on
outside area of 20 m2 is 250 W/[Link] the exit temperature of hot fluid
when fluids are in parallel flow.(5M)

SECTION V
10. (a) Derive the equation for mass transfer coefficient. (5M)
(b) Derive an expression for Fick's law of diffusion. (5M)
(OR)
11. (a) Explain the various modes of mass transfer (5M)
(b) Define various concentrations, velocities and fluxes in mass trasnfer (5M)

*******

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 R15
Code No: R15A0323
MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution UGC, Govt. of India)
III [Link] II Semester supplementary Examinations, Nov/Dec 2018
Heat Transfer
(ME)
Roll No

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 75

Note: This question paper contains two parts A and B
Part A is compulsory which carriers 25 marks and Answer all questions.
Part B Consists of 5 SECTIONS (One SECTION for each UNIT). Answer FIVE
Questions, Choosing ONE Question from each SECTION and each Question carries
10 marks.
******
PART A (25 Marks)
1. (a) Describe the mechanism of heat transfer by convection (2M)
(b) A metallic plate of 3 cm thick is maintained at 400 0C on one side and 100 0C on the
other. How much heat is transferred through the plate per unit area? If thermal
conductivity of the plate is (K) = 370 W/mK (3M)
(c) Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flow (2M)
(d) Explain about hydro thermal boundary layer concept (3M)
(e)
(f)) what is a black body? How does it differ from a grey body? (3M)
(g) How are the heat exchangers classified? (2M)
(h) What are fouling factors? Explain their effect in heat exchanger design. (3M)
(i) Explain briefly the term mass transfer. (2M)
(j) List the various modes of mas transfer and briefly explain about any one type of mass
transfer. (3M)
PART B (50 Marks)
SECTION I
2. What is the critical thickness of insulation on a small diameter wire or pipe? Explain
its physical significance and derive an expression for the same. (10M)
(OR)

SECTION II
4. An air stream at 0 oC is flowing along a heated plate at 90 oC at a speed of 75 m/sec
the plate is 45 cm long and 60 cm wide. Assuming the transition of the boundary layer
to take place at Recx = 5X105 calculate the average values of friction coefficient and
heat transfer coefficient for the full length of the plate. Hence calculate the rate of
energy dissipation from the plate (10M)
(OR)
5. Air stream at 27 C is moving at 0.3m/sec across a 100 W electric bulb at 127 0C. if
0

the bulb is approximated by a 60 mm diameter sphere, estimate the heat transfer rate
and the percentage of power loss due to convection (10M)
SECTION III
6. Two parallel plates of size 1.0 mX1.0 m spaced 0.5 m apart are located in a large
room, the walls of which are maintained at a temperature of 27 0C. One plate is
maintained at a temperature of 900 0C and the other at 400 0C and their emissivities

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 are 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. If the plates exchange heat between themselves and
surroundings, find the net heat transferred to each plate and the room. Consider only
the plate surfaces facing each other. (10M)
(OR)
7. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per m2 area for two large parallel plates at
temperature of 427 0C and 27 0C res
0.6. If a polished aluminum shield is placed between them, find the percentage

SECTION IV
8. Hot oil with a capacity rate of 2500 W/K flows through a double pipe heat exchanger.
It enters at 360 0C and leaves at 300 0C. Cold fluid enters at 30 0C and leaves at 200
0
C. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 800W/m2K. Determine the heat exchanger
area required for a) parallel flow and b) counter flow.(10M)
(OR)
9. Distinguish between film wise and drop wise condensation. Which of the two gives a
higher heat transfer heat transfer coefficient? Why? (10M)
SECTION V
10. .Derive the general mass transfer equation in Cartesian coordinates. (10M)
(OR)
11. The molecular weights of the two components A and B of the gas mixture are 24 and
28 respectively. The molecular weight of gas mixture found to be 30. If the mass
concentration of the mixture is 1.2 kgm3, determine the following. i). Molar fractions,
ii).mass fractions and iii). Total pressure if the temperature of the mixture is 290K.
(10M)

*******

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 R15
Code No: R15A0323
MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution UGC, Govt. of India)
III [Link] II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May 2018
Heat Transfer
(ME)
Roll No

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 75

Note: This question paper contains two parts A and B
Part A is compulsory which carriers 25 marks and Answer all questions.
Part B Consists of 5 SECTIONS (One SECTION for each UNIT). Answer FIVE
Questions, Choosing ONE Question from each SECTION and each Question carries
10 marks.
*******

PART A (25 Marks)

1. (a) Describe the mechanism of heat transfer by conduction (2M)
(b) What are the assumptions for lumped capacity analysis? (3M)
(c) Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flow (2M)
(d) Explain about thermal boundary layer concept (3M)
(e)
(f)) State and prove the K
(g) Sketch the temperature variations in parallel flow and counter flow heat
exchangers. (2M)
(h) What are fouling factors? Explain their effect in heat exchanger design. (3M)
(i) Enumerate applications of mass transfer (2M)
(j) (3M)

PART B (50 Marks)

SECTION I

2. (a) What are Biot and Fourier Numbers? Explain their physical significance. (3M)

(b) A door of a cold storage plant is made from 6mm thick glass sheet separated by a
uniform air gap of 2mm. The temperature of the air inside the room is -200 C and the
ambient air temperature is 30 0C. Assuming that the heat transfer coefficient between
glass and the air 23.26 W/m2K. Determine the rate of heat leaking in the room per unit
area of the door. Neglect the convection effects in the air gap. Kglass = 0.75 W/mK,
Kair = 0.02W/mK. (7M).

(OR)

3. Derive the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates. (10M)

SECTION II

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4. Assuming that the man can be represented by a cylinder 30 cm in diameter and 1.7 m
high with the surface temperature of 30 0C, Calculate the heat he would lose while
standing in a 36 Kmph wind at 10 0C. (10 M)

(OR)
5. Air stream at 27 C is moving at 0.3 m/sec across a 100 W electric bulb at 127 0C. If
0

the bulb is approximated by a 60 mm diameter sphere, estimate the heat transfer rate and
the percentage of power loss due to convection (10M)
SECTION III

6. (a). Explain the concept of black body and gray body (5M)
|(b). Write a short notes on radiation shields (5M)
(OR)

7. The radiation shape factor of the circular surface of a thin hollow cylinder of 10 cm
diameter and 10 cm length is 0.1716. What is the shape factor of the curved surface of the
cylinder with respect to itself? (10M)
SECTION IV

8. (a) Why a counter flow heat exchanger is more effective than a parallel flow heat
exchanger.(4M)

(b) (6M)

(OR)
9. In a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger; water is heated from 25 0C to 65 0C by
oil with a specific heat of 1.45 kJ/kg K and mass flow rate of 0.9kg/sec. the oil is
cooled from 230 0C to 160 0C. if the overall heat transfer coefficient is 420 W/m2K,
calculate i) the rate of heat transfer ii) mass flow rate of water iii) the surface area of
heat exchanger. (10M)

SECTION V

10. (a) Derive the equation for mass transfer coefficient. (6M)
(b) Write a short notes on Equi molal diffusion and Isothermal equimass. (4M)
(OR)
11. A vessel contains a binary mixture of o2 and n2 with partial pressures in the ratio of
0.21 and 0.79 at 15C. The total pressure of the mixture is 1.1 bar. Calculate the
following i). Molar concentrations, ii) .Mass densities, iii). Mass fractions, iv). Molar
fractions of each species. (10M)

*******

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Code No: 136CA
R16
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
B. Tech III Year II Semester Examinations, May - 2019
HEAT TRANSFER
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 75

Note: This question paper contains two parts A and B.

Part A is compulsory which carries 25 marks. Answer all questions in Part A. Part B
consists of 5 Units. Answer any one full question from each unit. Each question carries
10 marks and may have a, b, c as sub questions.

PART - A
(25 Marks)

1.a) Define Newton's law of cooling. [2]

b) Explain the term boundary conditions. [3]
c) Discuss the physical interpretation of thermal diffusivity. [2]
d) How does the fin efficiency differ from fin effectiveness? [3]
e) What is the difference between local and average convection heat transfer? [2]
f) Draw a neat sketch showing laminar and turbulent regions of the boundary layer during
flow over a flat plate. [3]
g) Define Reynolds analogy. [2]
h) List out the assumptions made during derivation of expression for LMTD. [3]
i) State and explain the Wien Displacement Law. [2]
j) Differentiate between film wise and drop wise condensation. [3]

PART - B
(50 Marks)

2.a) What is meant by thermal resistance? Explain the electrical analogy for solving heat
transfer problem.
b) A mild steel tank of wall thickness 10mm contains water at 900C. Calculate the rate of
heat loss per m2 of tank surface area when the atmospheric temperature is 150C. The
thermal conductivity of mild steel is 50 W/m K and the heat transfer co-efficient
efficient for
inside and outside the tank is 2800 and 11 W/m2K respectively. Calculate also the
temperature of the outside surface of the tank. [5+5]
OR
3.a) What is the critical thickness of insulation on a small diameter wire or pipe. Explain its
physical significance and derive the expression for same.
b) The wall of a cold room is composed of three layers. The outer layer is brick 30cm
thick. The middle layer is cork 20 cm thick, the inside layer is cement 15 cm thick. The
temperatures of the outside air is 250C and on the inside air is -200C. The film co-
efficient for outside air and brick is 55.4 W/m2K. Film co-efficient for inside air and
cement is 17 W/m2K. Find heat flow rate. [5+5]
Assume
k for brick = 2.5 W/mK
k for cork = 0.05 W/mK
k for cement = 0.28 W/mK
4. A 12 cm diameter cylindrical bar initially at a uniform temperature of 400C is placed in
a medium at 6500C with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 22 w/m2 K.
Determine the time required for centre to reach 2550C. Also calculate the temp of the
surface. Take k=0.2 w/mK; P = 580 kg/m3, Cp = 1050 kJ/kg. [10]
OR
55.a)
.a)
a) Develop an expression for temperature distribution in a slab made of single material.
b) Sheets of brass and steel, each of thickness 1cm, are placed in contact. The outer
surface of brass is kept at 1000C and the outer surface of steel is kept at 00C. What is
the temperature of the common interface? The thermal conductivities of brass and steel
are in the ratio of 2:1. [5+5]

6.a) iving an example.

b) How do you determine Grasshof number? State its physical significance. [5+5]
OR
7.a) What do you understand by hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers? Illustrate with
reference to flow over a heated flat plate. How is the boundary layer thickness defined?
b) A water heater is fabricated by a resistance wire wound uniformly over a 10 mm
diameter and 4m long tube. The resistance element maintains a uniform heat flux of
1000W/m2. The mass flow rate of water is 12kg/hr and its inlet temperature is 10 0C.
Estimate the surface temperature of tube at the exit. [5+5]

8.a) Discuss how the geometric parameter of the pipe, physical properties of the fluid and
its velocity influence the heat transfer coefficient in the fluid flow in a pipe.
b) Water at 300C is flowing through a pipe of 25 mm mm inner diameter at a rate of 1 m3/hr.
Find the heat transfer coefficient in water if the
he length
length of the pipe is 50 cm. The thermal
conductivity, density and kinematic viscosity of water are 0.63 W/m0K, 980 Kg/m3, and
0.6 × 10 6 m2/s respectively. [5+5]
OR
9. In a heat exchanger, water flows through a 0.02 m inner diameter copper tube at a a
0
velocity of 1.5 m/s. The water entering the tube at 15 C is heated by steam condensing
at 1000C on the outside surface of the tube. What would be heat transfer coefficient for
water if it is to leave the pipe at 450C? The physical properties of water at the bulk
temperature 300C are as follows. Thermal conductivity is 0.6172 W/(m.K)
Kinematic Viscosity 0.805 10-6 m2/s
Density 995 kg/m3.
Specific heat 4171 J/(kg.K). [[10]
10]]
10

10.a) A black body is kept at a temperature of 1000k. Determine the fraction of thermal

b) Estimate the rate of solar radiation on a plate normal to the sun rays. Assume the sun to
be a black body at a temperature of 55270C. The diameter of the sun is 1.39 × 106km
and its distance from the earth is 1.5 × 108 km. [5+5]
OR
11.a) Define the terms
i) Absorptivity
ii) Reflectivity and
iii) Transmissivity.
b) Differentiate between specular and diffuse reactions.
c) Derive Stefan-Boltzmann's law from Plank's law. [10]

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Code No: 136CA R16
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
B. Tech III Year II Semester Examinations, November/December - 2020
HEAT TRANSFER
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 75
Answer any five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---

1.a) Derive general heat conduction equation in radial coordinates and state the assumption
made.
b) A pipe carrying steam at 250 0C has an internal diameter of 12 cm and the pipe
thickness is 7.5 mm. The conductivity of the pipe material is 49 W/m K the convective
heat transfer coefficient on the inside is 85 W/m2 K. The pipe is insulated by two layers
of insulation one of 5 cm thickne
thickness of conductivity 0.15 W/m K and over it another
5 cm thickness of conductivity 0.48 W/m K. The outside is exposed to air at 35 0C with
a convection coefficient of 18 W/m2 K. Determine the heat loss for 5 m length. Also
determine the interface temperatures
emperatures and the overall heat transfer coefficient based on
inside and outside areas. [8+7]

2. A truncated cone like solid has its circumferential surface insulated. The base is at
300 0C and the area along the flow direction at x is given by A = 1.3 (1 1.5x). Where
x is measured from the base in the direction of flow in m and A is in m 2. If the thermal
conductivity is 2.6 W/m K and the plane at x = 0.2 m is maintained at 100 0C,
determine the heat flow and also the temperature at x = 0.1 m. Calculate the
temperature gradients at the three sections. [15]

3. Derive an expression forr heat dissipation in a straight triangular fin. [15]

4. A cylinder of radius 0.2 m generates heat uniformly at 2 × 106 W/m3. If the thermal
conductivity of the material has a value of 200 00 W/m K, determine the maximum
temperature gradient. Also find the centre temperature if the surface is at 100 0C. What
is the value of heat flux at the surface and heat flux per m length? [15
[15]

5.a) Air flows over a flat plate of 80 m × 0.5 m at a velocity of 2 m/s. The temperature of air
is 50 0C, calculate i) the boundary layer thickness, ii)) the drag coefficient both at a
distance of 0.8 m from the leading edge of the plate, and iii)) the drag force on the plate
over the entire length. Take = 1.003 kg/m3 and =17.95 × 10-6 m 2 /s for air at 50 0C.
b) Define (i) boundary layer thickness, (ii) velocity and momentum displacement
thickness, and (iii) enthalpy and conduction thicknesses. [8+7]

6. Wind blows at 20 kmph parallel to the wall of adjacent rooms. The first room extends
to 10 m and the next one to 5 m. The wall is 3.2 m high. The room inside is at 20 0C
and the ambient air is at 40 0C. The walls are 25 cm thick and the conductivity or the
material is 1.2 W/m K. On the inside convection coefficient has a value of 6 W/m2 K.
Determine the heat gain through the walls of each room. [15]
7.a) Derive equation of LMTD for counter flow heat exchanger.
b) A cross flow heat exchanger with both fluids unmixed is used to heat water flowing at a
rate of 20 kg/s from 25 0C to 75 0C using gases available at 300 0C to be cooled to
180 0C. The overall heat transfer coefficient has a value of 95 W/m2 K. Determine the
area required. For gas Cp = 1005 J/kg K. [8+7]

88. A vertical tube, 1.2 m long and having 50 mm outer diameter is exposed to steam at
1.2 bar. If the tube surface is maintained at 85 0C by flowing cooling water through it,
determine the rate of heat transfer to the cooling water and the rate of cocondensation of
steam. If the tube is held in horizontal position, estimate the condensation rate. [15]

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Code No: 136CA R16
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
B. Tech III Year II Semester (Special) Examinations, January/February - 2021
HEAT TRANSFER
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 75
Answer any five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
1. A long Cylindrical rod of radius 5 cm and K = 10 W/m K contains radio active material
cylinder at a constant rate of 3 MW/m3. The
which generates heat uniformly with in the cyl
rod is cooled by convection from its cylindrical surface into ambient air at 50 0C with
heat transfer coefficient of 60 W/m2 K. Calculate the temperature at the centre and
outer surface of the cylindrical rod. [15]

2. A 0.75 m high and 1.25 m wide double pane window consists of two 3 mm thick layers
of glass (85 W/m K) separated by a 10 mm wide stagnant air space (0.022 W/m K).
Determine the rate of heat transfer through this window and the temperature of tthe
inner surface, when the room is maintained at 240C. Take the convective heat transfer
coefficients on the inside and the outside surfaces of the window as 15 and 50 W/m 2K
respectively. [15]

3. An thin copper rod (K= 95 W/m K) is 12 mm in diameter and spans between two plates
150 mm apart. Air flows over the plates providing the convective heat transfer
coefficient equal to 50 W/m2 K. If the surface temperature of the plates exceeds the air
temperature by 450C, calculate excess temperature at mid length of the rod over that of
air and the heat loss from the rod. [15]

4. State and explain Buckingham Pi theorem and apply the same for natural convection
heat transfer. [15]

5.a) What is the significance of Reynolds number and Nusselt number in forced convection
heat transfer? Explain.
b) Air at 2 bar and 400C is heated as it flows through a 30 mm diameter tube at a velocity
of 10 m/sec. If the wall temperature is maintained at 1000C all along the length of tube,
make calculations for the heat transfer per unit length of the tube. [8+7]

6. Draw the velocity profile on vertical flat plate for natural convection and discuss the
importance in evaluating the heat transfer coefficient. [15]

7. In a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger water is heated from 250C to 650C by oil
with a specific heat of 1.45 kJ/kg K and the mean flow rate of 0.9 kg/s. The oil is
cooled from 230C to 160C. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 420 W/m2 K.
Calculate a) rate of heat transfer, b) mean flow rate of water and c) surface area of the
heat exchanger. [15]

8.a) A square room 4 m × 4 m and height 3 m has all its walls perfectly insulated. The floor
and ceiling are maintained at 300 K and 280 K respectively. Assuming an emissivity
value 0.75 for all surfaces, determine the wall temperature and the net heat interchange
between the floor and the ceiling. Take floor to ceiling shape factor as 0.28.
b) What is the need of radiation shields? Explain the significance and their applications.
[7+8]
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