Republic of Yemen

University of Saba Region

Faculty of IT&CS
Course: Electrical Circuits analysis

Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Dr. Abdullah Yahia Alamri

 Course content
week topics
1.2,3 Series and Parallel DC Circuits
Series-Parallel DC Networks (introduction-applications- computer analysis)
4,5,6 DC Network Theorems (source conversions-superposition theorem- Thévenin’s and Norton’s
theorems, and the maximum power theorem).
7 Introduction to Alternating Current and Voltage
Alternating Current Basics , RLC Circuit Analysis –Power
8 Introduction to Semiconductors
P-N Junction Diode
9,10 Some Uses Of Diodes – Part 1
Some Uses Of Diodes – Part 2
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) – Part 1
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) – Part 2

Text books ▪ Floyd, “Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications".

▪ Boylestad,, introductory Circuit analysis.

2
Ch4-Series circuits
 Outline
1 Resistors in Series
2 Total Series Resistance
3 Current in a Series Circuit
4 Application of Ohm’s Law
5 Voltage Sources in Series
6 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
7 Voltage Dividers
8 Power in Series Circuits
9 Voltage Measurements
RESISTORS IN SERIES
TOTAL SERIES RESISTANCE
 Example
• Connect the resistors on the protoboard in Figure in series, and determine the total resistance, RT, from the color
codes.
CURRENT IN A SERIES CIRCUIT
 Example
• Determine the value of R4 in the circuit of Figure
 APPLICATION OF OHM’S LAW
1. Current through any of the series resistors is the same as the total current.
2. If you know the total applied voltage and the total resistance, you can determine the total current
by Ohm’s law.

3. If you know the voltage drop across one of the series resistors, you can determine the total current
by Ohm’s law.

[Link] you know the total current, you can find the voltage drop across any of the series
resistors by Ohm’s law.
 Example
➢ Find the current in the circuit
of Figure
➢ Calculate the voltage drop across each resistor in Figure 20, and find the value of. To what
value can VS be raised if the current is to be limited to 5 mA?
VOLTAGE SOURCES IN SERIES
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
Find the value of R4 in Figure
VOLTAGE DIVIDERS
Example
 Example
Calculate the voltage drop across each resistor in the circuit of Figure
Example
The Potentiometer as an Adjustable Voltage Divider
 Applications
A variable voltage divider used for volume control in a radio receiver.
• The volume control of a radio receiver is a common application of a potentiometer used as a voltage
divider.
• Since the loudness of the sound is dependent on the amount of voltage associated with the audio
signal, you can increase or decrease the volume by adjusting the potentiometer, that is, by turning the
knob of the volume control on the set.
 POWER IN SERIES CIRCUITS

EXAMPLE: Determine the total amount of power in the series circuit in Figure
 Open Circuit
• An open in a series circuit prevents current.
 Short Circuit
• A short in a series circuit causes more current.
 Summary
• The total series resistance is the sum of all resistors in the series circuit.
• The total resistance between any two points in a series circuit is equal to the sum of all resistors connected in series between
those two points.
• If all of the resistors in a series circuit are of equal value, the total resistance is the number of resistors multiplied by the
resistance value of one resistor.
• The current is the same at all points in a series circuit.
• Voltage sources in series add algebraically.
• Kirchhoff ’s voltage law: The sum of the voltage drops in a series circuit equals the total source voltage.
• Kirchhoff ’s voltage law: the algebraic sum of all the voltages around a closed single path is zero.
• The voltage drops in a circuit are always opposite in polarity to the total source voltage.
• Current is defined to be out of the negative side of a source and into the positive side.
• Current is defined to be into the negative side of each resistor and out of the positive side.
• A voltage divider is a series arrangement of resistors connected to a voltage source.
• A voltage divider is so named because the voltage drop across any resistor in the series circuit is divided down from the total
voltage by an amount proportional to that resistance value in relation to the total resistance.
• A potentiometer can be used as an adjustable voltage divider.
• The total power in a resistive circuit is the sum of all the individual powers of the resistors making up the series circuit.
• The voltage across an open component always equals the source voltage.
• The voltage across a shorted component is always 0 V.
Ch5-Parallel Circuits
 Outline
1 Resistors in Parallel
2 Total Parallel Resistance
3 Current in a Parallel Circuit
4 Application of Ohm’s Law
5 Voltage Sources in Series
6 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
7 Voltage Dividers
8 Power in Parallel Circuits
9 Voltage Measurements
Resistors in Parallel
Formula for Total Parallel Resistance, RT
Ex: Calculate the total parallel resistance between points A and B of the circuit
 The Case of Two Resistors in Parallel

EXAMPLE:Calculate the total resistance connected to the voltage

source of the circuit
 The Case of Equal-Value Resistors in Parallel

EXAMPLE Find the total resistance between points A and B in

VOLTAGE IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

EXAMPLE 7 Determine the voltage across each resistor in Figure

EXAMPLE: Determine the current through each resistor in the parallel circuit of Figure
EXAMPLE : Find the voltage across the parallel circuit shown in Figure
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
• Kirchhoff’s current law, often abbreviated KCL, can be stated as follows: The sum of the currents
into a node (total current in) is equal to the sum of the currents out of that node (total current
out).
EXAMPLE : Determine the current through R2 in Figure

EXAMPLE : Use Kirchhoff’s current law to find the current measured by ammeters A3 and A5 in
 Current Dividers
Current-Divider Formula
 Current Dividers
EXAMPLE : Determine the current through each resistor in the circuit of Figure
 Current-Divider Formulas for Two Branches

EXAMPLE : Find I1 and I2 in Figure

 POWER IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS

EXAMPLE : Determine the total amount of power in the parallel circuit in Figure
Series-parallel Circuits
CH.6
 CHAPTER OUTLINE

• 1 Identifying Series-Parallel Relationships

• 2 Analysis of Series-Parallel Resistive Circuits
• 3 Voltage Dividers with Resistive Loads
• 4 Loading Effect of a Voltmeter
• 5 The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
• 6 The Superposition Theorem
Determine RT between terminals A and C
of the circuit in Figure
Determine RT between terminals A and B of the circuit in Figure
Determine RT between terminals A and C of the circuit in Figure
RAB=
 Determine RT

RT=
Determine RT between terminals A and B
of the circuit in Figure
Verify that the voltmeter readings in Figure are correct.
Find the indicated currents and voltages for the network of Figure.