Module 3

Study Methods: University Equalizers

TABLE OF CONTENTS

72
Section 1

Dos and don’ts 74

Grammar Focus: The Imperative Mood 77

Grammar Focus: Should 78

Section 2

Study Habits 83

Grammar Focus: Frequency Adverbs and Expressions 84

of Frequency

Grammar Focus: First Conditional 88

BTW: Modality 90

A logic deduction puzzle 90

Section 3

Fiction Time: Harrison Bergeron - Part III 92

Section 4

An Introduction to Academic Literacy: The Abstract 96

Speak your mind 99

Section 1- Dos and don’ts

73
1 Before you watch. Make predictions. Look at some scenes of the video and
answer.

1. 2.

3. 4.

1. Who do you think the characters are?

2. What situation do you expect to see in the video?

2 Watch to check your predictions. Watch the video to check your ideas on
exercise 1. Were you right or wrong?

3 Watch for details. Watch the video again and choose the correct options. True or
false?

1. The students had a month to complete the assignment. T F

2. The professor suggested doing it the night before the due date1. T F

74
 3. The student started working on the assignment right that night. T F
4. He could complete the task without any problem. T F
5. Finally, he thought that it was better to start working on the assignment earlier. T F
6. The moral is that you shouldn’t wait until the last day to do a task. T F
1
due date: deadline.

4 After you watch. Talking time.

-Do you feel identified with the student in the previous video? Why (not)?

-Are you an organized person or a procrastinator?

5 Let’s take a quiz to see… Vocabulary. Read and mark with a tick
the expressions that apply to you. Then, calculate your score and
read the results.

When you have an exam, or you need to meet a deadline of an assignment, do

you...

[Link] things ahead of time?…… b. leave things until the last

minute? ……

c. get started immediately? …… d. put off doing

something? ……

e. tend to get distracted f. use your

time wisely and
and waste your time easily? ……. get
things done? …….

g. write to-do lists and h. prefer to multitask? …….

prioritize tasks? …….

-generally do things ahead of time?

-leave things until the last minute?
-prefer to get started immediately?

75
-put off studying/working until later?
-tend to get distracted easily and waste time?
-use your time wisely and get things done?
-write to-do lists and prioritise tasks?
-prefer to multitask?
How to score:

Give 3 points for questions a, c, f, g and 1 point for questions b, d, e, h.

Is your score between 11 or more? Congratulations. You are extremely organized but try to be tolerant with people who are
not as organized as you are.

Is your score between 7 and 10? That’s okay. You are organized in some aspects, but less in others. Are you happy with the
result?

Is your score between 4 and 6? Well, you are a chronic procrastinator! Sometimes it’s good to be spontaneous, but you
definitely need to be more organized!

Do you agree with the result?

6 What would you probably say to a friend in each situation? Read, listen
and choose one option.

Your friend says… You say…

a. Organize your time and plan your days in
1. I find it difficult to finish a piece of work advance.
within the expected time. b. Take some time to re-read your work for
any errors or omissions.

a. Don’t go out with friends. It’s a waste of

2. I don’t want to do the assignment. I’m tired time.
and have low motivation. b. Take a break. Don’t be so hard on yourself
about the timing of a task. Reschedule and
get back on track later.

a. Make to-do lists and take action. They help

in your productivity.
3. I usually check my e-mails, watch videos, surf b. Eliminate distractions. Identify your
blogs and forums instead of doing my work.
browser bookmarks that take up a lot of your
time and put them into a separate folder that
is less accessible.

76
 a. Reward yourself for every step that allows
you to make progress.
4. I face my work only when it’s unavoidable. I b. Create a detailed timeline with specific
always leave things until the latest possible time. daily goals, they help you to keep motivated.

Now, look at the sentences on the right

column.

What do they have in common?

*GRAMMAR FOCUS*

The imperative mood

-It reflects the speaker’s perspective. We use the imperative in many different ways, for
example, to give instructions and orders, to make suggestions and requests, and to
give warnings or advice.

-It has the same form as the infinitive without to and it is directed to the unnamed
subject “you”. Example:

Organize your time.

Re-clarify your goals.
Make to-do lists.

-We make the negative imperative with don’t/do not + infinitive. Examples:

Don’t lose your time.

Don’t go out with friends.
7 Procrastinating is a bad habit that prevents us from achieving greater goals.
Research indicates that more than 50% of student population procrastinate in a
problematic manner. In pairs, imagine that you are the authors of a blog which gives
tips to university students to avoid procrastinating. Write down dos and don’ts.

77
 Source: [Link]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......

...........................................................................................................................................................

…………………………………………………

Many students talk about their academic life on social media and get feedback from
others who are in a similar situation or just want to give them a piece of advice. Read
what Carl says and the comments posted. Which of the three pieces of advice do you
agree with? Why?

Comments

Graham
You should try to find a comfortable and quiet
place to study. It helps you to gain concentration.

Tracey
You shouldn’t waste your time if the exams are
near. You should try to find a motivation. It is
useful when you need to start studying.

1,500 likes Nick

Carl I’m having problems with my studies You should organize your time and design a study
at university. I have difficulty in getting plan. It’s very important to know the time you have
down to study and I can’t concentrate to study and the contents you must study.
on anything at the moment.

78
 How do Graham, Tracey and Nick introduce their
pieces of advice?

What difference/s do you notice with the imperative

form?

*GRAMMAR FOCUS*

SHOULD

We use SHOULD / SHOULDN’T + verb (infinitive without TO) to give somebody advice or
to say what we think is the right thing to do.

You should revise the contents before the exam.

You shouldn’t drink coffee when you study during the night.

You can also use: I think you should… or I don’t think you should… (NOT: I don’t think
you shouldn’t…)

8 What should these people do? Read the messages posted and give them a
short piece of advice. You can use should / shouldn’t or the imperative
form.

2,550 likes 1,800 likes

Max I’m falling behind my studies because Jane There are many students in my class
I often skip class to visit my best friend who are better than I am so I find it
who lives alone and is unemployed. difficult to keep up with them.

You You

……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………

79
 1,550 likes 2,770 likes
Simon I spend most of my time using social Rachel I’m not good at writing assignments
media instead of studying. I don’t know I usually put off doing them; as a
how to figure it out. consequence, I hand in my tasks late.

You You

……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………

9 Complete the definitions with the vocabulary from the box.

meet a deadline – do things ahead of time – tend to get distracted – get started –
put off doing something – multitask – use your time wisely – waste your time –
prioritize tasks – leave things until the last minute

1. ……………………………………………….: not pay attention to the things you are

supposed to be doing.
2. ……………………………………………….: delay (a job/a task).

3. ……………………………………………….: spend time doing things that aren’t important.

4. ……………………………………………….: arrange tasks in order of their importance.

5. ……………………………………………….: do lots of different tasks at the same time.

6. ……………………………………………….: do tasks just before the time they need to be

done.

7. ……………………………………………….: do things in advance.

8. ……………………………………………….: be careful with your time.

80
9. ………………………………………...……..: begin a job or a task.

10. ………………………………………….: finish something at the time it is meant to be

finished.

10 Put the words in order.

1. advance – your – organize – days – in

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. remove – to – your – distractions – focus – studies – on

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. completion – make – towards – progress – gradual

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. your – take – think – you – some – about – should – to – time – studies

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. a – planned – students – continue – as – should – problem – after

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. subjects – the – give – all – attention – your

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. unimportant – time – doing – waste – don’t – things – your

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

11 Choose the correct piece of advice for New University Students.

a. Don’t ignore or deny your personal and academic problems.

b. Break your large tasks down into manageable subtasks.
c. Take responsibility for yourself.
d. Try to understand.
e. Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today.

1. ………………………………………………………….…. You need to attempt to fully

comprehend what you need to know and be able to do as a result of your education.

81
2. …………………………………………………………... Work should come before pleasure.
Manage your time effectively; set aside adequate time for homework, study, sleep, etc.
You need not always finish every task all at once.

3. …………………………………………………………. Large jobs rarely can be completed at

one setting. Work on small parts of a large task each day. Remember; slow and steady
is often better.

4. ………………………………….…………………….. A small problem can get much worse. If

you do not try to solve them. Get help when you need it. Speak to your course
instructors, your advisor, or your classmates.

5.………………………………….……………………….. When some students begin college life

their sense of personal responsibility seems to disappear. Making certain that
everything is done correctly or on time is now the responsibility of the student.

12 As you are attending English level I, can you give future students pieces
of advice about what to do to pass the first mid-term? Write them down
and share your ideas with the class.

1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Log in for more practice.

82
 Section 2- Study habits

1 Work in pairs. Which applies to you? Choose yes or no. Discuss them with your
partner and then be ready to talk about you in class.

In the class… Outside the class…

Yes/No Yes/No
I always take down notes. I prefer a quiet
place to study.

It´s difficult for me to follow I organize my time and

design
the class because I talk a lot! a study planner.

I can’t focus on my reading. I am usually short

of self-control.

I often use my mobile phone while I can’t find an

effective
the professor is speaking. study technique.

I work in pairs or in groups. I listen to music

when I study.

83
 How does a person show the frequency of an
activity?

Look for examples in the notebook.

*GRAMMAR FOCUS*

Frequency adverbs
We use frequency adverbs to indicate the frequency of an action. Take a look at these
examples:

I/You/We/They always accept diversity.

I/You/We/They never discriminate (= anyone.

don’t discriminate)

He/She sometimes talks about his/her study habits in the

classroom.

The Welfare often has personal interviews with

Department (It) students.

Now take a look at the triangle below where the symbol + indicates the highest
frequency and the symbol – the lowest frequency:

84
When we use the verb be, the frequency adverb comes after it. When we use any other
verb, the adverb comes before it. Take a look at these examples:
- UNLaM’s professors and lecturers are always attentive to their students’ needs
in class.
- The students always have opportunities to work together in the classroom.

Expressions of frequency

There are other expressions that we can use to talk about frequency. These
expressions are longer (2 words or more) and always come at the end of a sentence.

…?

For example: I study in the library twice a week. I attend lessons at university every
two days.

How do we ask about frequency?

How often do you study in the library? Do you ever study in the library?

I never study in the library. No, never. / Well, sometimes. / Yes,

usually.

85
2 Use the information below to write true sentences about you and a
classmate. To know about him/her ask him/her questions using How often
do you…?

always – usually – often – sometimes – seldom – never – every

I – My
day – once a week – every … days – twice a week – every
classmate
morning/afternoon/evening

stereotype people – use the mobile phone in class – be critical of my / his /her peers’
differences – meet my / his / her classmates in the canteen – take down notes – be
helpful with my / his / her classmates – study in the library – use a study technique –
pay attention to the professor in class

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. Do you consider yourself an effective learner? Why (not)?

2. Do you know different study techniques? Which one(s)? Describe it / them.

3. Do you think the study techniques are great equalizers?

3 Read and listen tol the different study techniques A-D and complete the
blanks 1-4 with the correct one.
a. THE POMODORO TECHNIQUE c. THE SQ3R TECHNIQUE
b. THE RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUE d. THE SPACED TECHNIQUE

Getting something done on time can be

extremely satisfying. However, it can sometimes be 1. …………………………………………………….. is based
hard to get things done when you have trouble on the concept of remembering at a later time.
managing your time or feeling overwhelmed by the Recalling an answer to a question improves learning
amount of work you have to do. In that case, a more than looking for the answer in your textbook.
study technique may help you get started and How does it work? 1st: Use practice tests or
manage your time more efficiently. Here you have questions to quiz yourself, 2nd: create questions you
information about four study methods.

86
think would be on a test and trade them with other paying attention to its most obvious elements, such
classmates. 3rd: Create flashcards with the answers. as headings, bolded text, etc. Question:
If you practice this technique, you will remember Formulate questions around the chapter’s content.
Read: Begin reading the full chapter and look for
the information later on.
answers to the questions you formulated. Recite:
Summarize in your own words what you just
2. …………………………………………………….. read. Try recalling and identifying major points and
encourages students to study over a longer period of answering any questions from the second step.
time instead of cramming the night before. Review Review: When you finish the chapter, it’s important
your material in spaced intervals similar to this to review the material to fully understand it.
schedule: Day 1: Learn the material in class, Day 2:
4.……………………………………………….. is a popular time-
Revisit and review, Day 3: Revisit and review, After
management method invented by Italian Francesco
one week: Revisit and review. It’s important to start Cirillo. The technique is easy to learn. 1st: Pick one
planning early at the beginning of the course. If your project or task you want to focus on. 2 nd: Set a timer
exams are months away, this will help you hold for 25-30 minutes and get to work. 3 rd: When the
yourself accountable. buzzer sounds, take a two-to-three-minute break.
4th: Repeat after four sessions, take a longer break.
3.…………………………………………………….. is a reading 5th: Record each session with a tick or X in your
comprehension technique that helps students notebook. This Technique will be useful if you get
identify important facts and retain information distracted while working on a project or want to
within their textbook. The acronym stands for the understand how long a task takes.
five steps of the reading comprehension process.
Survey: start by reviewing the assigned text by Remember! If you organize your time, you will have
better academic results.

Source: Adapted from [Link]

4 Complete the summaries with the words given, there is an extra one.
Then, join the ideas with the appropriate study technique.

TIME - STEPS - INTERVALS – BREAKS - QUESTIONS - TASK

This technique encourages students to engage with  THE POMODORO TECHNIQUE

the material in an active way. They use
…………………………… to study the information and
remember it later on.

Students take …………………………. after short periods  THE RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUE

of study time. This helps them to stay focused on
the ……………………….. and prevents them from
getting distracted.

Students organize their time in ………………………………  THE SQ3R TECHNIQUE

to revise the material. It is a helpful technique to
start planning from the beginning of the term.

87
Students work with a text following five different  THE SPACED TECHNIQUE
………………………… to understand and remember it.
This technique shows the students a simple way to
increase their understanding of a text.

5 Answer:

1. Do you use any of the previous techniques?

2. Would you like to try any of them? Why? Why not?
3. Complete this idea:
If I use the Pomodoro technique, it will help me

to…………………………………………….

Analyze the last sentence.

Is it about a past situation or

a future one?

What tense is the verb after If? What form

is the other verb?

*GRAMMAR FOCUS*

First conditional

-To make suppositions about the future, the first type conditional can be used.
Example:

If you organize your time, you’ll have better academic results.

IF clause Main clause
cause possible consequence

We use the present simple in the IF clause to talk about a possible situation, and the
simple future (WILL / WON’T + INFINITIVE) in the main clause to mention its
possible consequence.
The IF clause can come first or second. If the IF clause comes first, we usually put a
comma before the next clause as it is shown in the previous example. If it comes
second, we omit the comma.
You’ll have better academic results If you organize your time.
Main clause IF clause

88
Look for more examples in the previous text!! Write them down here:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6 Match the sentence halves.

a. If a student uses a study technique,

… 1. I won’t be able to concentrate.

b. If I listen to music when I study, … 2. if he/she follows the class.

c. A student will understand the topic 3. He/She will learn in a more effective
way.
…

d. Students won’t pay attention to the 4. if students have doubts.

professor …
e. The professors will repeat the 5. if they use the mobile phone in class.
explanations …

7 Complete the following conditional sentences type 1.

1. If a student finds it difficult to get down to study, …………………………………….

…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. If you are short of study time,

………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Students will improve their performance

if………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

89
 4. A fresher will know how to prepare for an exam if

…………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8 Put the words in order. Then, complete with the missing clause.

1. If – , – has – study technique – student – a – a

If a student has a study technique,………...……………..…………….………………..

………

2. If – academic performance – have – ‘ll – a – I – good

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. study planner – I – , – If – design – a

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. class – I – distracted – in – get – If – ,

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. my – fall – I – classmates – ‘ll – if – behind

……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

6. If – student – , – a – a – to – to – quiet – doesn’t

– get down – study – have – place

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

By the way …

MODALITY
Modal verbs are used to communicate a personal attitude towards the message. They

90
 are always the first word in a verb group and are written before the subject in
questions.

They do not normally indicate the time when something happens. Below there are
two

modal verbs and their primary meanings.

MAY: possibility WOULD: hypothetical situation

9 Extract sentences with modal verbs from the text about study techniques
and from the second part of Harrison Bergeron. Let’s look at other modal
verbs. Remember those worked in Module 1 page 21.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10 Let’s have fun with a logic deduction puzzle!

Read the clues to discover what study problem each student has and what
study technique they have chosen to deal with it.

CLUES: 1. Adam’s and Linda’s study techniques are the Spaced technique and the
Pomodoro technique, not necessarily in that order.
[Link] student who uses the SQ3R technique is a procrastinator.
3. Dominic isn’t organized with his subject material.
4. Adam doesn’t need motivation.
5. The student who has bad academic results didn’t choose the Pomodoro technique.

91
Log in for more practice.

92
 Section 3 – Fiction time: Harrison Bergeron

1 Revise part 2 and put the events in the correct order.

With law breakers, society would return to its previous competitive ways.

Another noise interrupted George’s thoughts, now he was thinking of his

son.

When a noise interrupted their conversation, they stopped talking.

The dancers weren’t very good because they had been handicapped for the
audience.

1 The couple were watching a dance on TV.

As George was reflecting on the dancers, a noise interrupted his thoughts.

Hazel suggested George taking weights out of his handicap bag.

Hazel would like to be a Handicapper General because she knew what

“normality” and “equality” were.

Why did Hazel hate the old

competitive ways of society?

Now, listen and check the order.

2 Read and listen to Part 3 of the story “Harrison Bergeron”.

On TV, an announcer with a speech impediment tried to read a news report. He couldn’t control
his impediment, so he gave it to a ballerina to read. Hazel admired the announcer for working with
his natural abilities and said he should get a better salary for trying so hard. The ballerina began
reading in her natural, beautiful voice, then apologized and switched to an awful voice. The news
report said that Harrison had escaped from prison.
A photo of Harrison appeared on the screen. He was wearing the handicaps to reduce his
strength, intelligence, and good looks. The photo showed that he was seven feet tall and covered in
300 pounds of metal. He was wearing huge earphones, not a small radio, and big glasses to blind

93
him and give him headaches. He was also wearing a red rubber nose and black caps over his teeth.
His eyebrows were shaved off.

3 Vocabulary. Label the picture with the words from the box.

a red rubber nose – black caps – big glasses – 300 pounds of metal – huge earphones – shaved eyebrows

1……………………………………………………

2…………………………………………... 3……………………………….

4…………………………………

5……………………………………

6……………………

94
4 Answer.

1. Why couldn’t the announcer read the news report?

2. What happened when the ballerina started to read?

3. What type of handicaps did Harrison have? Why?

5 Watch the video and circle where the information appears.

1. The ballet was interrupted for important breaking news. text video

2. Hazel wanted to continue watching the National Ballet. text video

3. The announcer had a speech impediment. text video

4. A ballerina read the announcement. text video

5. Hazel went to the kitchen to do the washing-up. text video

6. The new announcer was wearing handicaps. text video

7. The news report said that Harrison had escaped from text video

prison.

8. The announcer mentioned the reasons for Harrison’s arrest. text video

9. There appeared a photo of Harrison on the screen. text video

95
 [Link] announcer said that Harrison was extremely dangerous. text video

6 Complete the imaginary dialogue.

Hazel: ………………………………………………………………………………(Why / interrupt the

ballet)?1
George: Because they want to tell us breaking news!
Hazel: Oh, poor man, he is trying hard to read. …………………….………………………..
………
(Why / can’t do it)?2
George: Because he has an impediment.
Hazel: ……………………………………………………………………….(What impediment /
have)?3
George:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Hazel: He should get a better salary!
George: Darling, …………………………………………………………………….. (buy/ beer/
yesterday?)4
Hazel: Sorry, I didn’t go to the supermarket.
George: Didn’t you? ………………………………………………………… (Where/be/yesterday
afternoon?5
Hazel: I went to the Handicaps Office to ask about Harrison.

Log in for more practice.

96
 Section 4 – Introduction to Academic Literacy: The Abstract

1 Let’s remember… circle the correct option.

a. According to Swales (1996), research abstracts are usually written following an

inner pattern which is always / usually / never the same.

b. That inner pattern is organized into what Swales called stages / moments /

moves.

c. Every move of the abstract accomplishes a general / specific purpose.

d. The usual order of moves is background - aim - method - conclusion – results

/ background – method – aim – results – conclusion / background – aim –

method – results – conclusion.

e. All / Not all the moves appear in abstracts and their order can / can’t vary.

f. There is / isn’t a connection between the moves and the number of sentences in

each one of them.

2 Focus on the title of the abstracts below and anticipate their content.

3 Read and identify the moves that appear in them. Then, highlight the

sentences in each move.

97
 Abstracts 5 and 6

Source: Published Online January 2012 in SciRes ([Link]

98
 Source: [Link]

4 What are the differences between them? Explain.

5 Explain these studies to the class in Spanish.

Log in for more practice.

99
 SPEAK YOUR MIND

TIP TO IMPROVE YOUR SPEAKING

When we give opinions about something, it’s
a good idea to vary the phrases that we use
to introduce those opinions. In that way, we
avoid repetitions and improve our
vocabulary. Have a go!

More Expressions to show agreement and disagreement with your peer’s

opinions.

Useful words to express your agreement:

That’s right. I think the same.
I agree with this idea. I couldn’t agree more.

Useful words to express your disagreement:

I can’t support this idea. I’m afraid that is not quite true.
I take a different view. I don’t agree with this idea.

1 Listen and complete the opinions with the expression according to the
point of view given.

1. Study techniques are great equalizers.

a. ……………………………….; good study techniques are important but there are
other factors that can make a difference.
b. …………………………….… . Good study techniques don't help everyone
equally. I have dyslexia, so I struggle with a lot of traditional study
techniques.
c. ………………………………..; I come from a poor background, but as I had good
study techniques in high school, I have been able to succeed and now I'm in
college on a scholarship.

100
 2. Students at university are almost always helpful to disabled students.
a. ………………………………. ; a lot of students are indifferent to disabled
students or even act negatively towards them.
b. ……………………………….. . When I was at college, I had a friend with a hearing
impairment and the other students and professors were so helpful to her.
c. ……………………………….. ; I’m disabled and this topic really gets me
emotional. It's difficult, and I often felt isolated and ignored by other students.

3. At university, there is no difference between a procrastinator and an organized

student.
a. ……………………………….. . I realized it in my last semester when I had to put
all-nighters before my exam just because I wasted my time earlier, whereas
my friend scored better grades than me because he was focused.
b. ………………………………..; there is no difference as long as a procrastinator
can manage time before their deadlines. I am a procrastinator myself, and I
always submit my assignments on time.
c. ………………………………..; being a chronic procrastinator has ruined my
university life, and now I'm struggling to get good grades. People who say
that organized students and procrastinators are the same probably have
everything planned out for them every day.

2 Choose one of the following ideas and give your opinion.

1. Students get easily distracted using social media in class.

2. I consider myself a procrastinator.

3. Students don’t always accept age diversity in the classroom because they prefer

to work with peers of their generation.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

101
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

102