HIGH VOLTAGE

ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

1
 PRACTICAL CONTENTS

S. NO EXPERIMENTS

01 EARTH GROUND TEST

02 INTRODUCTION TO HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY

03 GENERATION & MEASUREMENT OF AC VOLTAGE

04 GENERATION & MEASUREMENT OF AC VOLTAGE – SPHERE GAP

05 GENERATION & MEASUREMENT OF DC VOLTAGE

06 GREINACHER VOLTAGE DOUBLER CIRCUIT

07 GENERATION & MEASUREMENT OF IMPULSE VOLTAGE

08 BREAKDOWN TEST ON TRANSFORMER OIL

09 BREAKDOWN TEST ON SOLID INSULATING MATERIALS

10 MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE OF UNDERGRUND CABLE USING

MEGGER
11 PARTIAL DISCHARGE ANALYSIS OF SOLID DIELECTRIC

12 SINGLE & MULTI-STAGE IMPULSE VOLTAGE GENERATION

13 LINE VOLTAGE REGULATION

14 FINDING ABCD PARAMETERS OF A MODEL OF TRANSMISSION LINE

15 OPEN-ENDED LAB

2
 Lab Experiment # 01
EARTH GROUND TEST
Name: Roll no:
Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

To Conduct the Earth ground Testing

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 To Demonstrate the earth ground
 To Demonstrate the earth ground test meter.
 To Demonstrate ground resistance test method
PERSONAL SAFETY:
Care must be exercised at any time when connecting or disconnecting a made ground at any
part of a grounding system. Discharge or leakage through surge protectors, induced or lighting
surges. or apparatus connected to the ac supply could cause the voltage on the disconnected
part of the grounding system to reach dangerous levels.
EQUIPMENT:
 Earth ground test meter
 Ground conductor
 Ground Electrodes
 Connecting wires
DISCUSSION:
The term -ground" is defined as a conducting connection by which a circuit or equipment is
connected to the earth. The connection is used to establish and maintain, as closely as possible,
the potential of the earth on the circuit or equipment connected to it. A "ground" consists of a
grounding conductor, a bonding connector, its grounding electrodes, and the soil in contact
with the electrode.
The US National Electrical Code (NEC) Article 100 defines a ground as:
“a conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental, between an electrical circuit or
equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth”.
Grounding has several protection applications. For natural phenomena such as lighting,
grounds are used to discharge the system of current before personnel can be injured or system
components damaged. For foreign potentials due to faults in electric power systems with
ground returns. grounds help ensure rapid protection by providing low resistance fault paths.
This provides the removal of the foreign potential before personnel are injured and the power
or communications system is damaged.

3
The US National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) recommend a ground resistance value of 5Ω or less. The goal in ground
resistance is to achieve the lowest ground resistance value possible that makes sense
economically and physically.
The measurement of ground resistance for an earth electrode system should be done when the
electrode is first installed, and then at periodic intervals thereafter. This ensures that the
resistance-to-ground does not increase over time. Poor grounding not only increases the risk of
equipment failure; it is dangerous too. Facilities need to have adequately grounded electrical
systems so in the event of a lightning strike, or utility overvoltage, current will find a safe path
to earth. Although the ground system when initially installed had low earth ground resistance
values, the resistance of the grounding system can increase if the ground rods are eaten away
by corrosive soils with high moisture content, high salt content, and high temperatures.
Earth Resistance Testing Methods:
o Four Point Method (Wenner Method)
o Three-terminal Method (Fall-of-potential Method)
o Two-point Method (Dead Earth Method)
o Clamp-on test method
o Slope Method
o Star-Delta Method

Earth Ground Testing Procedure:

o Check the battery of the test meter by push button.
o Inject the electrode in ground at a distance of 5-10 m from the earth grounded area.
o Inject another electrode in ground at a distance of 5-10 m from the earth grounded area.
o Connect the leads of one electrode in the terminal C.
o Connect the lead of another electrode in terminal P.
o Now connect the earthed electrode lead with the terminal E.
o Now press the push button on meter and observe the reading that should be zero volt.
If the meter needle is away from 0V, make it zero by increasing or decreasing the
resistance with the help variable resistance knob.
o When the test meter shows zero volt at that time the actual earth ground resistance can
be observed on the earth test meter.

4
 REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q1: What is the purpose of Grounding?

Q2: What is the importance of Earth Ground Resistance?

Q3: Why is it preferable to have a ground resistance of less than 5Ω?

5
 Lab Experiment # 02
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY
Name: Roll no:
Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

To try and understand the components of HVE Lab

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 To try the understand the component and their ratings of HV LAB
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS!!!
 It is important and essential that all participants familiarize themselves and strictly follow
all safety precautions before commencing experiments.
 For experiments during working hours one should try, in the interest of personal safety, to
make sure that a second person is present in the testing room. If this is not possible, then at
least the times of the beginning and ending of an experiment should be communicated to a
second person.
 If several persons are working with the same setup, they must all know who is to perform
the switching operations for a particular experiment. Before switching on high-voltage
setups, warning should be given either by short horn signals or by the call "Attention!
Switching-on!". This is especially important during loud experiments, so that people
standing by may cover their ears. If necessary, the completion of the experiment can be
announced when the equipment is de-energized either by a single long tone or by the call
"Switched off".
 In experiments with oil and other highly flammable materials, special care is necessary
owing to the danger of explosion and fire. In each room where work is carried out with
these materials, suitable fire extinguishers must be close to hand and ready for use. Highly
flammable waste products, e.g. paper or used cotton waste, should always be disposed of
immediately in metal bins.
Mode of action in case of an electrical accident:
o Switch off the setup on all poles. So long as this has not been done, the victim of the
accident should not be touched under any circumstances.
o If the victim is unconscious, notify the emergency service at once.
o Telephone Number: 022-271351
o Make immediate attempts to restore respiration by artificial respiration or chest
massage!
o These measures must be continued, if necessary, up to the beginning of an operation.
(Only 6 to 8 min time before direct heart massage!).
o Even during accidents with no unconsciousness, it is recommended that the victim
lies quietly and a doctor's advice is sought.

6
AC VOLTAGE - TEST SET-UP

Technical Specification

SINGLE-STAGE
RATED NO LOAD 100 kV
VOLTAGE (rms)
OUTPUT:
CONTINUOUS 5 kVA
1 HR. ON 10 kVA
RATED CURRENT 50 mA
100 mA
IMPEDANCE 4%
VOLTAGE approx.
FREQUENCY 50/60 Hz

DC VOLTAGE TEST SET-UP

Technical Specification

SINGLE-STAGE
RATED NO LOAD 140 kV
VOLTAGE
RATED CURRENT 13 mA

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IMPULSE VOLTAGE - TEST SET-UP

Technical Specification
SINGLE-STAGE
Rated DC charging voltage 140 kV

Maximum stored energy with:

1. HV9112 (25 nF) 245 J
Voltage efficiency (approx.) 92 %

HV9105 TEST TRANSFORMER

Technical Data
Number of phases: Single
Frequency: 50/60 Hz
Rated voltage: 100kV
Rated capacity: 10kVA
Rated current: 0.1 A
Short circuit impedance: ≤ 10%
PD under rated voltage: ≤ 5 pC
Dimensions (height x diam.): 845 x 550 mm
Weight: 220 kg

8
 HV9103 CONTROL DESK

Technical Data
Supply voltage 230 V
Frequency 50/60 Hz
Regulating Transformer 5 kVA
Regulating voltage 220V/0-230V
Output 5 kVA
Size 1220x105x800
mm
BASIC ELEMENTS FOR AC/DC/IMPULSE SET-UPS

9
10
11
MEASURING & CONTROL EQUIPMENTS

12
 Lab Experiment # 03
GENERATION & MEASUREMENT OF AC VOLTAGE
Name: Roll no:
Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

GENERATION OF AC HIGH VOLTAGE USING TEST TRANSFORMER AND

MEASUREMENT OF AC VOLTAGE
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Examine the generation of AC high voltage
 Measure AC voltage using primary voltage & transformation ratio
 Measure AC voltage using peak voltmeter in conjunction with AC measuring
capacitor
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS!!!
 It is important and essential that all participants familiarize themselves and strictly follow
all safety precautions before commencing experiments.
 Extra care is essential in direct voltage experiments, since the high voltage capacitors in
many circuits retain their full voltage, for a long time even after disconnection. Earthing
regulations are to be strictly observed. Even unused capacitors can acquire dangerous
charges!
 After switch off the supply of HV lab, always use the earthing rod on entering the cage to
discharge any potential live power sources.
 On leaving the HV cage, place the HV 9107 earthing-rod across the door opening in a way
that anyone entering must first pick it up. This is good practice and very important for the
continued safety of participants as it serves as a reminder to discharge any component
which may hold a charge on entering the HV lab area.
 Before switching off the transformer from the Control Desk, remember to decrease the
regulated voltage down to zero.
EQUIPMENTS TO BE USED:
Sr No. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION TYPE No. QUANTITY
1 Control Desk HV9103 1
2 HV Test Transformer HV9105 1
3 Earthing Rod HV9107 1
4 Connecting Rod HV9108 1
5 Connecting Cup HV9109 1
6 Floor Pedestal HV9110 1
7 Measuring Capacitor HV9141 1
8 AC Peak Voltmeter HV9150 1

13
TEST SETUP:
The test setup consists of the transformer, a measuring capacitor, a connecting cup and a floor
pedestal, the electrical relationship of which is presented below:

HV 9105 HV 9108
HV 9109

HV 9141

From Control Desk

Regulated Voltage Output HV 9110

To Control Desk
AC measurement Input

Fig. 3.1 Circuit for AC Voltage Measurement via Control Desk Instrumentation.

DICSUSSION:
High Voltage AC is generated in the Laboratory using the 220V/100kV Test Transformer
(HV9105). This is fed and controlled from the Control Desk. The high voltage experiments
must be carried out in dedicated HV experimental areas enclosed with metal barriers. Control
desks with power supply installations, safety circuits and the measuring instruments constitute
the standard equipment. For voltage measurement, one instrument for measuring the primary
voltage of the transformer and one AC peak voltmeter (HV9150) are provided at each desk.
Participants should study the circuit of the Control Desk (HV9103) and familiarize themselves
with its operation before commencing the experiment. This experiment assumes that power is
supplied to the control desk and the door contact has been connected.
Methods of Measuring High Alternating Voltages:
Voltages High AC Voltages can be measured by different methods:
 Measurement of Urms using primary input voltage and Transformer Ratio
 Measurement of Û with the peak voltmeter (HV9150) via an AC Measuring Capacitor
(HV9141)
 Determination by using the breakdown voltage Ûd of a sphere gap. (Not covered in this
experiment)
 Determination of Û using a circuit after Chubb and Fortescue. (Not covered in this
experiment)
This experiment focuses on the first two methods of measurements, the results of which are
then used for comparison.
Transformer Ratio:
To calculate Urms from the transformer primary input voltage and the transformer ratio, these
values must first be established.

14
The HV 9103 Control Desk provides a user-regulated output voltage of 0 - 220/230 VAC. This
is fed to the primary side of the HV 9105 transformer.

Control HV 9105 Transformer

Desk
Primary Secondary
Side Side

0V U in Transformer U out
Ratio = 450

Fig. 3.2 Simplified Transformer Circuit

Uout is found by simply multiplying Uin by the transformer ratio:

Uout = 450 x Uin

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
o A circuit as shown in fig. 3.3 should be set up. The detail of set up is given as under:

HV 9108
Connecting Rod

HV 9109
Connecting Cup HV 9105
High Voltage
Transformer
HV 9141
Measuring Transformer
Capacitor Connection
Cable

HV 9108
Floor Pedestal Earthing
Plates
Fig. 3.3 AC Voltage Measurement Component Placement

o Perform an Analysis. With the equipment ready to start, calculate the following
expected AC values using the transformer ratio method and enter the results in the
results table.
o Prepare for measurement. With the key, unlock the Control Desk and turn it on by the
mains switch. See Fig 3.4.

15
 HV 9150
AC voltmeter

Regulated Voltage Display

Transformer primary

A.

B. C.

Fig 3.4 Control Desk

o At this point, make sure the AC voltmeter is set to the desired measurement position.
Reset using the reset button if required.
o Begin measurement. Switch on the primary side by pressing the corresponding button
(B). Next, do the same for the secondary side (B).
o Gradually increase the voltage using the controllers (C). At each primary voltage level
in the results table, record the displayed value.
o Decrease the voltage back to zero.
o Switch off the Control Desk.

Note!! On entering the cage, always use the earthing rod to discharge any potential live power
sources.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Results Table

Calculated Secondary
Primary (regulated) Voltage Voltage (kV) = Primary Indicated Secondary Voltage
voltage × Transformer ratio (kV)
50 V

100 V

125 V

150 V

175 V

200 V

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 Lab Experiment # 04
GENERATION & MEASUREMENT OF AC VOLTAGE –
SPHERE GAP
Name: Roll no:
Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

TO EXAMINE THE GENERATION OF AC HIGH VOLTAGE USING A TEST

TRANSFORMER & MEASUREMENT OF SUCH BY WAY OF A MEASURING
SPHERE GAP
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Examine the generation of AC high voltage
 Measure AC voltage using sphere gap
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS!!!
 It is important and essential that all participants familiarize themselves and strictly follow
all safety precautions before commencing experiments.
 Extra care is essential in direct voltage experiments, since the high voltage capacitors in
many circuits retain their full voltage, for a long time even after disconnection. Earthing
regulations are to be strictly observed. Even unused capacitors can acquire dangerous
charges!
 After switch off the supply of HV lab, always use the earthing rod on entering the cage to
discharge any potential live power sources.
 On leaving the HV cage, place the HV 9107 earthing-rod across the door opening in a way
that anyone entering must first pick it up. This is good practice and very important for the
continued safety of participants as it serves as a reminder to discharge any component
which may hold a charge on entering the HV lab area.
 Before switching off the transformer from the Control Desk, remember to decrease the
regulated voltage down to zero.
EQUIPMENTS TO BE USED:
Sr No. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION TYPE No. QUANTITY
1 Control Desk HV9103 1
2 HV Test Transformer HV9105 1
3 Earthing Rod HV9107 1
4 Connecting Rod HV9108 2
5 Connecting Cup HV9109 2
6 Floor Pedestal HV9110 2
7 Space Bar HV9119 1
8 Charging Resistor HV9121 1
9 Sphere Gap HV9125 1
10 Drive for Sphere Gap HV9156 1
11 Measuring Capacitor HV9141 1
12 AC Peak Voltmeter HV9150 1

17
TEST SETUP:
The test setup builds on the previous setup with the addition of the HV 9121 Charging Resistor
and the HV 9133 Measuring Sphere Gap. Two connecting cups are required.

Fig. 4.1 Circuit for Sphere Gap AC Voltage Measurement via Control Desk Instrumentation

DISCUSSION:
At high voltage, almost anything can become a conductor of electricity - even air. Proof of this
is seen in an everyday lightning strike. The point at which a gas or material stops being as
insulator and becomes conductive is known as its ‘Dielectric Breakdown’ point. The voltage
which must be applied for dielectric breakdown to occur is referred to as ‘Breakdown Voltage’.
Paschen’s Law
Paschen's law describes how the breakdown voltage of a spark gap depends on electrode
separation and the pressure of the surrounding gas.
It states that the voltage required to spark a specific gas is constant, if the same is true for the
product of pressure and separation.
Breakdown voltage in a gas:

 V is the breakdown voltage in volts

 p is the pressure in atmospheres
 d is the gap distance in meters
The constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ depend upon the composition of the gas. For air at standard
atmospheric pressure, a = 43600000 and b = 12.8. In reality, this relationship breaks down
completely at low pressures and very short distances (less than 5.7mm).
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
o A circuit as shown in fig. 3.3 should be set up. The detail of set up is given as under:

18
 Connecting
Cup here

Fig. 4.2 (a) Fig. 4.2 (b) Fig. 4.2 (c)

o After double-checking all connections and earthing, ensure that everybody has exited
the HV cage. On exiting, the last person should position the HV 9107 Earthing Rod
across the entrance before closing and locking the gate.
o Adjust the sphere gap to the desired distance using the controller switches indicated
by the red ring, Fig. 4.3 below.

Fig 4.3 Sphere Gap Adjustment Switches

o Make sure the AC voltmeter is set to measure peak voltage, reset if necessary.
o Increase the voltage slowly and record the breakdown voltage indicated on the AC peak
voltmeter for each distance in the results table. Repeat each distance a few times for
improved accuracy.
o Once the breakdown occurs, decrease the voltage until the spark is extinguished.
o Cause a breakdown once again but this time, instead of decreasing the voltage, increase
the gap.
Note!! On entering the cage, always use the earthing rod to discharge any potential live power
sources.

19
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Results Table

Theoretical Observed
Sr. No. Sphere Gap Distance (m) Breakdown Breakdown
Voltage (kV) Voltage (kV)
1. 0.01
2. 0.02
3. 0.03
4. 0.04
5. 0.05

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 Lab Experiment # 05
GENERATION & MEASUREMENT OF DC VOLTAGE
Name: Roll no:
Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

TO INVESTIGATE HIGH VOLTAGE DC GENERATION & MEASUREMENT

USING TERCO HV EQUIPMENT
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Investigate the generation of DC High Voltage
 Measure DC voltage using TERCO HV equipment
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS!!!
 It is important and essential that all participants familiarize themselves and strictly follow
all safety precautions before commencing experiments.
 Extra care is essential in direct voltage experiments, since the high voltage capacitors in
many circuits retain their full voltage, for a long time even after disconnection. Earthing
regulations are to be strictly observed. Even unused capacitors can acquire dangerous
charges!
 After switch off the supply of HV lab, always use the earthing rod on entering the cage to
discharge any potential live power sources.
 On leaving the HV cage, place the HV 9107 earthing-rod across the door opening in a way
that anyone entering must first pick it up. This is good practice and very important for the
continued safety of participants as it serves as a reminder to discharge any component
which may hold a charge on entering the HV lab area.
 Before switching off the transformer from the Control Desk, remember to decrease the
regulated voltage down to zero.
EQUIPMENTS TO BE USED:
Sr No. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION TYPE No. QUANTITY
1 HV Test Transformer HV9105 1
2 Control Desk HV9103 1
3 Measuring Capacitor HV9141 1
4 Rectifier HV9111 2
5 Smoothing capacitor HV9112 1
6 Measuring Resistor HV9113 1
7 Insulating Rod HV9124 1
8 Connecting cup HV9109 5
9 Floor Pedestal HV9110 5
10 Connecting Rod HV9108 3
11 Spacer Bar HV9119 4
12 Electrode HV9138 1
13 Earthing Switch HV9114 1

21
 14 Earthing Rod HV9107 1
15 AC peak voltmeter HV9150 1
16 DC Voltmeter HV9151 1
17 Resistor HV9121 1
18 Load Capacitor HV9120 1

TEST SETUP:

Fig. 5.1 Direct Voltage Measurement Setup Diagram

DISCUSSION:
High direct voltages required for testing purposes are mostly produced from high alternating
voltages by rectification and wherever necessary, subsequent multiplication. Multiplication can
be performed by way of a Greinacher Doubler Circuit which is outside the scope of this
Beginners Experiments manual but discussed further in the High Voltage Experiments manual.
In this setup, the alternating high voltage is rectified with 2 HV 9111 rectifiers, placed in series.
The HV 9112 capacitor then smoothes the half-wave rectified voltage. Atop the smoothing
capacitor, an electrode is placed to provide a good contact surface for the HV 9114 Grounding
Switch.
The Grounding Switch makes contact with the electrode on loss of supply current to the
transformer, subsequently discharging the capacitor. This can occur when the transformer
supply current is switched off via the control panel or if the HV cage door is opened while an
experiment is in progress.
Note! Because of the potentially lethal voltages involved, the HV 9107 earthing rod should
always be used when entering the HV area.
The smoothed direct voltage is measured by voltage division in the HV9113 measuring resistor
and the value displayed on the HV9151 DC voltmeter, situated on the front panel of the HV
9103 control desk.

22
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
o A circuit as shown in fig. 5.2 should be set up. The detail of set up is given as under:

HV 9111
Rectifiers HV 9138
Electrode
HV 9124 HV 9112
Isolator Smoothing Capacitor
HV 9114 HV 9113
Grounding Measuring Resistor
Switch

HV 9107
Earthing Rod

o Place the Positioning Ring of the HV 9114 Earthing Switch over the second floor
pedestal. The Smoothing Capacitor will then hold this in place when mounted.
o Erect the HV 9124 Isolator first and place a Connecting Cup on top.
o Secure the first section in place by adding the first HV 9111 Rectifier. It is good practice
to continue constructing each section until it is secure before moving on to the next.
This prevents any components being damaged from being accidentally knocked over.
o Resist picking the HV 9112 smoothing capacitor up by the ends, maneuver the bottom
connector through the Earthing-Switch Positioning-Ring and into the Floor Pedestal.
o Place the HV 9138 Electrode atop the capacitor, making sure not to trap the Earthing
Switch Rod underneath (the rod should be able to drop away without hindrance).
o Add the Connecting Cup and position the second rectifier to secure the section.
o Construct the next section including the HV 9113 Measuring Resistor, a Connecting
Rod, Floor Pedestal and Connecting Cup.
o Double-check all connections and exit the cage, leaving the Earthing Rod positioned
across the doorway, as usual.
o Switch on the Control Desk. Make sure the regulated voltage is at minimum before
applying any power to the transformer.
o Reset the AC voltmeter if desired; check that the correct stage level is set on both
instruments.
o After sounding the horn, power may be provided to the transformer primary and
secondary sides.
o At several levels, note the measured AC voltage levels and calculate the expected DC
voltage level. Compare with the rectified DC voltage level displayed.
Note! Do not pick up the capacitor by the ends as a substantial charge may have accumulated
while at rest. It is good practice to always discharge a capacitor before handling it. This is
done easily by short-circuiting the ends with any electrical laboratory cable.

23
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Results Table

Sr. No. Peak Alternating Voltage (kV) Displayed DC Voltage (kV)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

24
 Lab Experiment # 06
GREINACHER VOLTAGE DOUBLER CIRCUIT
Name: Roll no:
Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

TO CONSTRUCT THE GREINACHER VOLTAGE DOUBLER CIRCUIT IN HV

LAB TO INVESTIGATE HIGH DC VOLTAGE
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Construct the Greinacher voltage doubler circuit for generating high voltage DC
 Measure DC voltage in voltage doubler circuit
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS!!!
 It is important and essential that all participants familiarize themselves and strictly follow
all safety precautions before commencing experiments.
 Extra care is essential in direct voltage experiments, since the high voltage capacitors in
many circuits retain their full voltage, for a long time even after disconnection. Earthing
regulations are to be strictly observed. Even unused capacitors can acquire dangerous
charges!
 After switch off the supply of HV lab, always use the earthing rod on entering the cage to
discharge any potential live power sources.
 On leaving the HV cage, place the HV 9107 earthing-rod across the door opening in a way
that anyone entering must first pick it up. This is good practice and very important for the
continued safety of participants as it serves as a reminder to discharge any component
which may hold a charge on entering the HV lab area.
 Before switching off the transformer from the Control Desk, remember to decrease the
regulated voltage down to zero.
EQUIPMENTS TO BE USED:
Sr No. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION TYPE No. QUANTITY
1 HV Test Transformer HV9105 1
2 Control Desk HV9103 1
3 Rectifier HV9111 2
4 Smoothing capacitor HV9112 2
5 Measuring Resistor HV9113 1
6 Measuring Sphere-gap HV9133 1
7 Connecting Rod HV9108 1
8 Connecting cup HV9109 4
9 Floor Pedestal HV9110 3
10 Spacer Bar HV9119 3
11 Electrode HV9138 1
12 Earthing Switch HV9114 1
13 Earthing Rod HV9107 1

25
 14 DC Voltmeter HV9151 1
15 Load Resistor 10 MΩ HV 9127 1

TEST SETUP:

Fig. 6.1 Experimental setup for Greinacher Voltage Doubler Circuit

DISCUSSION:
High direct voltages required for testing purposes are mostly produced from high alternating
voltages by rectification and, wherever necessary, subsequent multiplication. The Voltage
Multiplier, however is a special type of diode rectifier circuit which can potentially produce an
output voltage many times greater than that of the applied input voltage. An important basic
circuit for this purpose is the Greinacher doubler-circuit of Fig. 6.2a which can at the same
time be considered as the basic unit of the Greinacher cascade. During the negative cycle of
the sinusoidal input voltage waveform diode V1 is forward biased and conducts charging up
the capacitor, C1 to the peak value of the input voltage. Because there is no return path for
capacitor C1 to discharge into, it remains fully charged acting as a storage device in series with
the voltage supply. During the positive half cycle, diode V1 is reverse biased blocking the
discharging of C1 while diode V2 is forward biased charging up capacitor C2. But because there
is a voltage across capacitor C1 already equal to the peak input voltage, capacitor C2 charges to
twice the peak value of the input voltage.

26
 Fig. 6.2(a) Basic Circuit Diagram of Greinacher Doubler-Circuit

The transient performance of this circuit when switched on can be observed in the voltage
curves of Fig.2.2b; after switching the transformer on, the potential of nodes “a” and “b”
increase in accordance with the capacitive voltage division, since V2 conducts. At time t1, V2
stops conducting and the potential of node “b” remains constant. The potential of node “a” now
follows the transformer voltage at node “c”, reduced by the constant voltage on capacitor C1,
which is indicated by the vertical hatching. At t2, the diode V1 prevents the potential of node
“a” from falling below zero. Within the time t2 to t3 a current flow through V1 which reverses
the charge on capacitor C1. At t4, voltage division takes place once more and the entire process
is repeated until steady-state condition is reached.

Fig. 6.2(b) Voltage curves in a Greinacher Doubler-Circuit

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
o The circuit in Fig. 6.1 should be set up.
o With the key, unlock the control desk and turn it on by mains switch.
o Make sure the AC voltmeter is set to measure peak voltage, reset if necessary.
o Sound the horn (connected in control desk) to warn others that loud noise may occur.
o Begin measurement. Switch on the primary side by pressing the corresponding button
(B). Next, do the same for the secondary side (B).
o Gradually increase the voltage using the controllers (C).
o The variation in potential at point b with respect to earth is to be recorded.
o The amplitude of the direct voltage at b, as well as the primary voltage of the
transformer, should also be measured.

27
Note! Extra care is essential in direct voltage experiments, since the high-voltage capacitors
in many circuits retain their full voltage, for a long time even after disconnection. Earthing
regulations are to be strictly observed. Even unused capacitors can acquire dangerous
charges!
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Results Table

Sr. No. Primary (regulated) Calculated Secondary Measured Output

Voltage Voltage (kV) applied to Voltage of doubler
doubler circuit = Uin × 450 circuit (kV)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

28
 Lab Experiment # 07
GENERATION & MEASUREMENT OF IMPULSE VOLTAGE
Name: Roll no:
Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

TO INVESTIGATE IMPULSE VOLTAGE GENERATION

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Construct the Greinacher voltage doubler circuit for generating high voltage DC
 Measure DC voltage in voltage doubler circuit
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS!!!
 It is important and essential that all participants familiarize themselves and strictly follow
all safety precautions before commencing experiments.
 Extra care is essential in direct voltage experiments, since the high voltage capacitors in
many circuits retain their full voltage, for a long time even after disconnection. Earthing
regulations are to be strictly observed. Even unused capacitors can acquire dangerous
charges!
 After switch off the supply of HV lab, always use the earthing rod on entering the cage to
discharge any potential live power sources.
 On leaving the HV cage, place the HV 9107 earthing-rod across the door opening in a way
that anyone entering must first pick it up. This is good practice and very important for the
continued safety of participants as it serves as a reminder to discharge any component
which may hold a charge on entering the HV lab area.
 Before switching off the transformer from the Control Desk, remember to decrease the
regulated voltage down to zero.
EQUIPMENTS TO BE USED:
Sr No. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION TYPE No. QUANTITY
1. HV Test Transformer HV9105 1
2. Control Desk HV9103 1
3. Smoothing Capacitor HV9112 1
4. Load Capacitor HV9120 1
5. Silicon Rectifier HV9111 2
6. Measuring Resistor HV9113 1
7. Charging Resistor HV9121 1
8. Wavefront Resistor HV9122 1
9. Wavetail Resistor HV9123 1
10. Sphere Gap HV9125 1
11. Drive for sphere gap HV9126 1
12. Insulating Rod HV9124 2
13. Connecting Rod HV9108 2
14. Connecting cup HV9109 7

29
 15. Floor Pedestal HV9110 6
16. Spacer Bar HV9119 4
17. Electrode HV9138 1
18. Earthing Switch HV9114 1
19. Earthing Rod HV9107 1
20. DC Voltmeter HV9151 1
21. Impulse Peak voltmeter HV9152 1
22. Low Voltage Divider HV9130 1
23. Measuring Spark Gap HV9133 1
24. Spacer Bar (for HV9133) HV9118 1

TEST SETUP:
The test setup is based on the DC measurement setup from the preceding experiment with the
addition of a HV 9121 Resistor. To accommodate the extra space needed for the extended
setup, the HV 9113 DC Measuring Resistor is positioned at a 90° angle from the line of the
rectifiers. It is still connected to the HV 9112 Smoothing Capacitor.
The HV 9114 Earthing Switch has been moved to the left of the Smoothing Capacitor to make
room for the extra components to be added.

Fig. 7.1 Impulse Voltage Measurement Setup Diagram Part 1

The figure below shows the continuation from points A and B in the slightly adjusted DC
measurement setup above. The components below complete the Impulse measuring setup.

30
 Fig. 7.2 Impulse Voltage Measurement Setup Diagram Continued
DISCUSSION:
The identifying time characteristics of impulse voltages are given in Fig. 7.3. In this experiment
lightning impulse voltages with a front time T1 = 1.2 μs and a time to half value T2 = 50 μs are
mostly used. This 1.2/50 μs form is the one commonly chosen for impulse testing purposes.

Fig. 7.3 Characteristic parameters of standard test impulse voltages

a) lightning impulse voltage b) Switching impulse voltage

As a rule, impulse voltages are generated in either of the two basic circuits shown in Fig. 7.4
The relationships between the values of the circuit elements and the characteristic quantities
describing the time-dependent curve are given by the time constants:
τ1 ≈ Re(Cs+Cb) τ2 ≈ Rd{CsCb)/(Cs+Cb)}
where Cs – Impulse capacitor, Cb- Load Capacitor, Rd- Front Resistor and Re - tail resistor.
For lightning impulse voltages of the standard form 1.2/50 the time constants are
τ1 = 68.22 μs τ2 = 0.405 μs

31
 Fig. 7.4 Basic Impulse voltage circuits

When designing impulse voltage circuits, one should bear in mind that the capacitance of the
test object is connected parallel to Cb, hence the front time and the efficiency η in particular can
be affected. This has been allowed for in the standards by way of comparatively large
tolerances on T1.
Investigation of Single-Stage Impulse Generator:
To ascertain the correct measurement of Impulses, the value displayed on the HV 9152 Impulse
Voltmeter is compared with the level of DC voltage required to cause the breakdown. in order
to create sustained flashovers in a more controlled fashion, the HV 9121 Charging Resistor has
been added. This will lengthen the charging time, creating a delay between flashovers, thus,
allowing for more accurate observations.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
o Construct the AC and DC voltage measurement setup as below, note the position of the
additional HV 9121 Charging Resistor, the HV 9114 Grounding Switch and the HV
9113 DC Measuring Resistor.

HV 9124 HV 9121
Isolators Charging Resistor

HV 9114 HV 9113
Grounding Switch Measuring Resistor
fig. 7.5 Impulse Voltage Measurement Setup step 1

32
o Building to the right of the HV 9112 Smoothing Capacitor, Insert a HV 9119 spacer
bar into the Floor Pedestal. At the other end of the Spacer Bar, add another Floor
Pedestal. The HV 9126 Sphere Gap Drive Unit will be mounted to this Spacer Bar.
o Position the Sphere Gap Drive box near the right side Floor Pedestal. The connector for
the Drive Shaft should also be to the right as shown below. Fasten the Drive to the
Spacer bar using the Mounting Bracket Screws (this may need to be adjusted later)

HV 9126
Sphere Gap
Drive Shaft
HV 9126
Sphere Gap
HV 9119 Drive
Spacer Bar
Mounting
HV 9125 Brackets
Signal Input
Fig. 7.6 HV9126 Sphere Gap Drive Placement

o Stand the HV 9123 Wavetail Resistor upright on the free Floor Pedestal and add a
Connecting Cup.
o The HV 9125 Spark Gap can now be mounted on the Connection Cups between the
Smoothing Capacitor and the Wavetail Resistor. The Sphere Gap Drive Shaft Needs to
be positioned while the Spark gap is lowered into place. Loosen the Drive if required
to allow for better maneuverability. Tighten when finished. The Drive Shaft should
rotate freely and the closest sphere should move to the left or right when doing so.

Fig. 7.7 HV9125 Sphere Gap & Drive

o Connect the HV 9126 Drive Signal cable to the HV 9125 Input at the rear of the Control
Desk.
o Erect the HV 9120 Load capacitor on the last Floor pedestal. This can be done at a
right-angle to save space if required. Place a Connecting Cup on top.

33
 HV9120 Load
Capacitor

HV9130 Low
Voltage Divider

Fig. 7.8 HV 9120 & HV 9130 placement

Note! Position the contact for the Low Voltage Divider nearest the floor.
o Screw the HV 9130 Low Voltage Divider into place on the HV 9120 Load capacitor.
o If more than one HV 9130 Low Voltage Divider is available, check that the divider and
capacitor have corresponding numbers.
o Secure the last section in place by adding the HV 9122 Wavefront Resistor.

Fig 7.9 Impulse Setup almost complete - Cables to be organized

o The setup should now resemble the picture above. It is important for safety and for the
lifetime of the equipment to ensure all cables are neatly organized and if possible, any
excess cableage hung out of the way.
o Double-check all connections and exit the cage, leaving the Earthing Rod positioned
across the doorway, as usual.
o Switch on the Control Desk. Make sure the regulated voltage is at minimum before
applying any power to the transformer.
o Test the Sphere Gap Drive Control switches to ensure operation

34
 Fig 7.10 Sphere Gap Control Switches

o Reset the voltmeters if desired; check that the correct stage level is set on all
instruments.
o Note! Before starting the experiment, sound the warning horn to inform people close
by that an experiment is in progress and sudden loud noises can occur.
o After sounding the horn, power may be provided to the transformer primary and
secondary sides.
o At several Sphere Gap distances, note the DC voltage levels at which breakdown occurs
and observe and compare the resulting Impulse peak levels. Use the results table to
record this information if desired.
Note! Before switching off the transformer from the Control Desk, remember to decrease the
regulated voltage down to zero.
Note! On entering the HV cage be sure to use the earthing rod to discharge any possible
sources of remaining voltage.
Note! Extra care is essential in direct voltage experiments, since the high-voltage capacitors
in many circuits retain their full voltage, for a long time even after disconnection. Earthing
regulations are to be strictly observed. Even unused capacitors can acquire dangerous
charges!
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Results Table

Sr. No. Sphere Gap Distance Direct Voltage Displayed Peak

(mm) Breakdown (kV) Impulse Voltage (kV)

1. 10

2. 20

3. 30

4. 40

5. 50

35
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q1: What time characteristics are desirable for Impulse voltage creation?

Q2: What are some practical examples of Impulse voltage testing applications?

36
 Lab Experiment # 08
BREAKDOWN TEST ON TRANSFORMER OIL
Name: Roll no:
Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

TO PERFORM THE BREAKDOWN TEST ON TRANSFORMER OIL

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Perform the breakdown test on transformer oil
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS!!!
 It is important and essential that all participants familiarize themselves and strictly follow
all safety precautions before commencing experiments.
 Extra care is essential in direct voltage experiments, since the high voltage capacitors in
many circuits retain their full voltage, for a long time even after disconnection. Earthing
regulations are to be strictly observed. Even unused capacitors can acquire dangerous
charges!
 After switch off the supply of HV lab, always use the earthing rod on entering the cage to
discharge any potential live power sources.
 On leaving the HV cage, place the HV 9107 earthing-rod across the door opening in a way
that anyone entering must first pick it up. This is good practice and very important for the
continued safety of participants as it serves as a reminder to discharge any component
which may hold a charge on entering the HV lab area.
 Before switching off the transformer from the Control Desk, remember to decrease the
regulated voltage down to zero.
EQUIPMENTS TO BE USED:
Sr No. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION TYPE No. QUANTITY
1. HV Test Transformer HV9105 1
2. Control Desk HV9103 1
3. Connecting Rod HV9108 1
4. Connecting Cup HV9109 1
5. Floor Pedestal HV9110 1
6. Oil Test Cup HV9137 1
7. Measuring Capacitor HV9141 1
8. AC Peak Voltmeter HV9150 1

37
TEST SETUP:

Fig. 8.1 Test setup for Breakdown Test on Transformer Oil

DISCUSSION:
Power transformers for high voltages contain quantities of insulating oil for insulation and
cooling. Good dielectric properties of the insulating oil are therefore an important prerequisite
for perfect insulation of these transformers. Since the breakdown strength of an insulating oil
depends appreciably upon its composition, preparation and ageing conditions, its determination
is an important part of the high-voltage testing of transformers.
In IEC60296 valid for insulating oils, a minimum quality is prescribed for new or used oils
under exactly specified testing procedures. The complete testing program covers, viscosity,
breakdown voltage, dielectric dissipation factor and specific volume resistivity. The
breakdown voltage should be measured using a standard testing vessel and alternating voltages
of supply frequency. The spherical caps with spacing s = 2.5 mm shown in Fig. 8.2 should be
chosen as electrodes. The test voltage should be increased from zero at a rate of about 2 kV/s
up to breakdown. Six breakdown experiments should be conducted for each 2nd to the 6th
measurement may not be less than certain minimum values. These values are 60 kV for new
oils in transformers and instrument transformers and up to 30 kV for switchgear; lower values
are permissible for equipment in service.

Fig. 8.2 Electrodes for the Measurement of Breakdown Voltage of Insulating oils

38
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
o A circuit as shown in Fig. 8.1 should be set up.
o An oil sample is taken from the transformer to be tested. The oil to be investigated
should be poured slowly into the testing vessel, avoiding bubble formation (by allowing
it to run along a glass rod), and then left to stand for about 10 min before the voltage is
applied.
o With the key, unlock the control desk and turn it on by mains switch.
o Make sure the AC voltmeter is set to measure peak voltage, reset if necessary.
o Sound the horn (connected in control desk) to warn others that loud noise may occur.
o Begin measurement. Switch on the primary side by pressing the corresponding button
(B). Next, do the same for the secondary side (B).
o Gradually increase the voltage using the controllers (C).
o The voltage should be switched off at the instant of breakdown.
o An interval of about 2 min should be maintained after each breakdown and the
breakdown path between the electrodes flushed with new oil by carefully passing a
stirring rod through the gap.
o Record the breakdown voltage results after every test in the observation table.
Note! Before switching off the transformer from the Control Desk, remember to decrease the
regulated voltage down to zero.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Results Table

Sr. No. Spherical caps with spacing (S) Breakdown Voltage (kV)

1. 2.5 mm

2. 2.5 mm

3. 2.5 mm

4. 2.5 mm

5. 2.5 mm

39
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q1: What are two main types of transformer oil used in transformers?

Q2: What are some desirable properties of transformer oil?

Q3: Why is transformer oil testing important?

40
 Lab Experiment # 09
BREAKDOWN TEST ON SOLID INSULATING MATERIALS
Name: Roll no:
Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

TO PERFORM THE BREAKDOWN TEST ON SOLID INSULATING MATERIALS

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Find the breakdown voltage of Solid Insulating materials
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS!!!
 It is important and essential that all participants familiarize themselves and strictly follow
all safety precautions before commencing experiments.
 Extra care is essential in direct voltage experiments, since the high voltage capacitors in
many circuits retain their full voltage, for a long time even after disconnection. Earthing
regulations are to be strictly observed. Even unused capacitors can acquire dangerous
charges!
 After switch off the supply of HV lab, always use the earthing rod on entering the cage to
discharge any potential live power sources.
 On leaving the HV cage, place the HV 9107 earthing-rod across the door opening in a way
that anyone entering must first pick it up. This is good practice and very important for the
continued safety of participants as it serves as a reminder to discharge any component
which may hold a charge on entering the HV lab area.
 Before switching off the transformer from the Control Desk, remember to decrease the
regulated voltage down to zero.
EQUIPMENTS TO BE USED:
Sr No. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION TYPE No. QUANTITY
1. HV Test Transformer HV9105 1
2. Control Desk HV9103 1
3. Measuring capacitor HV9141 1
4. AC Peak Voltmeter HV9150 1
5. Connecting Rod HV9108 2
6. Connecting Cup HV9109 2
7. Floor pedestal HV9110 2
8. Oil Testing Cup HV9126 1
9. Earthing Rod HV9107 1
10. Measuring Sphere Gap HV9125 1
11. Spacer bar HV9119 1

41
TEST SETUP:

Fig. 9.1 Test setup for determination of Breakdown Voltage of solid insulating materials

DISCUSSION:
Insulation arrangements for high voltages usually contain liquid or solid insulating materials
whose breakdown strength is many times that of atmospheric air. For practical application of
these materials not only their physical properties but also their technological and constructional
features must be taken into account. The experimentally determined values of the breakdown
strength of a solid insulating material, owing to the many possible breakdown mechanisms,
strongly depend upon the electrode configuration in which they have been measured. A
particular problem is the fact that the solid insulating material generally has an appreciably
higher breakdown strength than the materials in the vicinity of the testing arrangement, so that
there is the risk of a flashover. Some simple test configurations are shown in Fig. 9.2.

Fig. 9.2 Practical test object configurations for breakdown investigations of solid insulating materials

a) plate electrodes applied to foil type specimen

b) spherical electrodes inserted in a plate type specimen
c) spherical electrodes cast in an epoxy resin specimen

42
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
o A circuit as shown in Fig. 9.1 should be set up.
o Setting up the HV experiment High Voltage AC is generated in the laboratory using the
220V/100kV Test Transformer (HV9105). This is fed and controlled from the Control Desk.
o Stand the HV 9141 Measuring Capacitor on a Floor Pedestal and position a connecting
cup on top. Connect the measuring Capacitor to the Control Desk.
o Place the HV 9121 Charging Resistor between the Transformer and the measuring
Capacitor.
o Now position the Measuring Sphere Gap. This will be connected via the Connecting
cup on top of the Measuring Capacitor by a HV 9108 Connecting Rod so the distance
should reflect this. Fastened the insulating material between Sphere Gap.
o After double-checking all connections and earthing, ensure that everybody has exited
the HV cage. On exiting, the last person should position the HV 9107 Earthing Rod
across the entrance before closing and locking the gate.
o Prepare for measurement. With the key, unlock the control desk and turn it on by mains
switch.
o Make sure the AC voltmeter is set to measure peak voltage, reset if necessary.
o Sound the horn (connected in control desk) to warn others that loud noise may occur.
o Begin measurement. Switch on the primary side by pressing the corresponding button
(B). Next, do the same for the secondary side (B).
o Gradually increase the voltage using the controllers (C).
o Increase the voltage slowly and record the breakdown voltage.
o Once the breakdown occurs, decrease the voltage until the spark is extinguished.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Results Table

Sr. No. Type of insulating Sphere Gap Observed Breakdown

material distance/thickness of Voltage (kV)
insulating material (mm)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

43
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q1: What are types of breakdown in solid insulation?

Q2: Define Dielectric breakdown?

Q3: What is breakdown due to Treeing & Tracking in solid insulations?

44
 Lab Experiment # 10
MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE OF
UNDERGROUND CABLE USING MEGGER
Name: Roll no:
Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

TO MEASURE INSULATION RESISTANCE OF UNDERGROUND CABLE USING

MEGGER
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Understand the Insulation Resistance.
 Measure underground cable insulation resistance using Megger
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS!!!
While using a megger test, you could be injured or damage equipment you are working on if
the following MINIMUM safety precautions are not observed.
 Use megger test on high-resistance measurements only, such as insulation measurements
or to check two separate conductors on a cable.
 Never touch the test leads while the handle is being cranked.
 De-energize and discharge the circuit completely before connecting a megger test.
 Disconnect the item being checked from other circuitry, if possible, before using a megger
test.
DISCUSSION:
Insulation resistance of an electrical system degrades with time, environment condition i.e.
temperature, humidity, moisture and dust particles. It also gets impacted negatively due to the
presence of electrical and mechanical stress, so it’s become very necessary to check the IR
(Insulation resistance) of equipment at a constant regular interval. The equipment basically
uses for verifying the electrical insulation level of any device such as motor, cable, generator
winding, etc.
Megger testing works to ensure that electrical insulation is in good operating condition. The
Megger insulation tester is essentially a high-range resistance meter (ohmmeter) with a built-
in direct-current generator. This meter is of special construction with current and voltage coils,
enabling true ohms to be read directly, independent of the actual voltage applied. The generator
can be hand-cranked or line operated to develop a high DC voltage which causes a small current
through and over surfaces of the insulation being tested. Megger test is a method of testing an
insulation resistance that will help to verify the condition of electrical insulation. This is
certainly not a new test, and has been in use for a number of years. The test has a limit of
between 500 and 1000 volts. Two types of megger can be used for measuring insulation
resistance.

45
 Fig. 10.1 Megger (Hand Operated)

Insulation Resistance (IR) Test:

An insulation resistance (IR) test measures the total resistance between any two points
separated by electrical insulation. The test, therefore, determines how effective the dielectric
(insulation) is in resisting the flow of electrical current. Such tests are useful for checking the
quality of insulation, not only when a product is first manufactured but also over time as the
product is used.
Insulation Resistance or IR Test is carried out by maintenance engineers to ensure the
healthiness of overall insulation system of an electrical power transformer. It reflects the
presence or absence of harmful contamination, dirt, moisture and gross degradation. IR will be
usually high (several hundred Mega ohms) for a dry insulation system. Maintenance engineers
use this parameter as an index of dryness of the insulation system.
This test is performed at or above rated voltage to determine if there are low resistance paths
to ground or between winding to winding as a result of winding insulation deterioration. The
test measurement values are affected by variables such as temperature, humidity, test voltage,
and size of transformer. This test should be conducted before and after repair or when
maintenance is performed. The test data should be recorded for future comparative
purposes. The test values should be normalized to 20°C for comparison purposes.
The general rule of thumb that is used for acceptable values for safe energization is 1 MΩ per
1000 V of applied test voltage plus 1 MΩ.

46
TEST SETUP:

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
o A Mega-ohmmeter (Megger) usually is equipped with three terminals. The "LINE" (or
"L") terminal is connected to the conductor whose insulation resistance is to be
measured.
Remember! These tests are performed with the circuit de-energized.
o The "EARTH" (or "E") terminal is connected to the other side of the insulation, the
ground conductor.
o The "GUARD" (or "G") terminal provides a return path that bypasses the meter. For
example, if you are measuring a circuit having a current that you do not want to include,
you connect that part of the circuit to the "GUARD" terminal.
o Connect L and G terminals of Mega ohmmeter with the cable to check the insulation
resistance between them. If Mega ohmmeter shows 0Ω resistance it means the
insulation level is not good between two conductors and if it shows ∞Ω resistance it
means insulation level is very good.

47
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q1: What is Insulation Resistance?

Q2: What is a Megger?

Q3: Why we need to conduct insulation test of underground cable?

48
 Lab Experiment # 11
PARTIAL DISCHARGE ANALYSIS OF SOLID DIELECTRIC

Name: Roll no:

Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

TO INVESTIGATE MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL FOR A PARTIAL DISCHARGE

MEASURING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Develop a simulation model for analyzing Partial Discharges
 Measure Partial Discharge in a Solid Dielectric
DISCUSSION:
Insulation plays an important role in the high voltage power equipment. Various types of
insulators/insulations are used in high voltage (HV) electrical power system to protect the
power equipment. For the purpose of safety and better efficiency, insulators should be kept in
a healthy condition during its operation.
Failures in high voltage equipment are often caused due to internal faults which cause a local
electrical stress concentration in the insulation, called as Partial Discharge. Therefore, partial
discharge detection is highly important for an early detection of insulation failure.
According to IEC standard
“Partial discharge is a localized electrical discharge that only partially bridges the
insulation between conductors and which may or may not occur adjacent to the conductor.”
PD can occur in a gaseous, liquid or solid insulating medium. It often starts within gas voids; such as
voids in solid epoxy insulation or bubbles in transformer oil. Protracted partial discharge can erode solid
insulation and eventually lead to breakdown of insulation.

Fig. 11.1 Partial Discharge Breakdown

49
Partial Discharge Mechanism:

PD usually begins within voids, cracks, or inclusions within a solid dielectric, at conductor-
dielectric interfaces within solid or liquid dielectrics, or in bubbles within liquid dielectrics.
Since PDs are limited to only a portion of the insulation, the discharges only partially bridge
the distance between electrodes. PD can also occur along the boundary between different
insulating materials.
Partial discharges within an insulating material are usually initiated within gas-filled voids
within the dielectric. Because the dielectric constant of the void is considerably less than the
surrounding dielectric, the electric field across the void is significantly higher than that across
an equivalent distance of dielectric. If the voltage stress across the void is increased above
the corona inception voltage (CIV) for the gas within the void, PD activity will start within the
void.
The equivalent circuit of a dielectric incorporating a cavity can be modeled as a
capacitive voltage divider in parallel with another capacitor. The upper capacitor of the divider
represents the parallel combination of the capacitances in series with the void and the lower
capacitor represents the capacitance of the void. The parallel capacitor represents the remaining
unvoided capacitance of the sample.

Fig. 11.2 Partial Discharge within solid insulation

PD can also occur along the surface of solid insulating materials if the surface tangential
electric field is high enough to cause a breakdown along the insulator surface. This
phenomenon commonly manifests itself on overhead line insulators, particularly on
contaminated insulators during days of high humidity. Overhead lines use air as their insulation
medium.
Sample Preparation:
An epoxy resin insulator with void inside is considered having dimensions 100mm, 40mm and
50mm. The void having dimensions of 20mm and 10mm.

50
 Fig. 11.4 Void model of Epoxy Resin insulator

As the electrical circuit model consists of three capacitors the values of these capacitors are
calculated by following equations:
𝜀𝑜 × 𝜀𝑟 × (𝑎 − 2𝑏) × 𝑏
𝐶𝑎 =
𝐶
𝜀𝑜 × 𝜀𝑟 × 𝑟 2 × 𝜋
𝐶𝑏 =
𝐶−ℎ
𝜀𝑜 × 𝑟 2 × 𝜋
𝐶𝑐 =
ℎ
Where,
𝜀𝑜 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜀𝑟 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐶𝑎 = 4.9582 × 10−13 𝐹
𝐶𝑏 = 3.2451 × 10−13 𝐹
𝐶𝑐 = 1.3907 × 10−13 𝐹
The calculated capacitance values are required to get desire partial discharge characteristics.
Here an equivalent circuit of solid insulator having a cylindrical shape void is taken to evaluate
the partial discharge characteristics. (Ca>>Cb>>Cc). The Simulink model for detecting partial
discharge characteristics is shown in Fig. 11.3. Ca, Cb and Cc together constitutes test object.
Where capacitor Cc represents capacitance of the void in the test object. Capacitor Cb
represents capacitance of the healthy part connected in series with the void. Capacitor C a
represents the capacitance of the healthy part leaving Cc and Cb. Cm refers to the measuring
capacitor and Ck refers to the coupling capacitor.
The value of void model and the other HV equipment for the measurement of PD inside the
solid insulation is taken as depicted in table below:
S. No Parameter Symbol Value Dimension

1 HV measuring capacitor Cm 1000 pF

2 Coupling capacitor Ck 1000 µF
3 Permittivity εo 8.85×10-12 F/m
4 Relative permittivity εr 3.5 -
5 Resistance R 50 Ω

51
 6 Inductance L 0.60 mH
7 Capacitance C 0.45 µF

TEST SETUP:

Fig. 11.3 Matlab Simulink model for Partial Discharge measurement

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
o Draw the model in Matlab Simulink as shown in Fig. 11.3.
o Simulate and run the model using Matlab.
o When high voltage is applied across the test object, voltage across the dielectric Va is
increased thereby the voltage Vc across the cavity also increases. When Vc reaches
breakdown voltage, discharge in the void occurs.
o the partial discharge pulses in µv are seen in scope 2 which is connected through
voltage measurement 1 across matching impedance.
o The applied input voltage is measured through voltage measurement 2 and witnessed
in scope 1.

52
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

Fig. 11.4 Input supply voltage 5kV (scope 1), Partial Discharge pulse at 5kV (scope 2)

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Results Table

S. No Applied Voltage in kV Max. PD amplitude in μv

1. 1

2. 2

3. 3

4. 4

5. 5 3.2818

6. 6

7. 7

8. 8

9. 9

10. 10

53
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q1: What is Partial Discharge Breakdown?

Q2: What is the importance of Partial Discharge measurement?

Q3: What is Inception voltage?

54
 Lab Experiment # 12
SINGLE & MULTI-STAGE IMPULSE VOLTAGE
GENERATOR
Name: Roll no:
Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

TO INVESTIGATE MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL OF SINGLE & MULTI-STAGE

IMPULSE VOLTAGE GENERATOR
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Develop a simulation model for analyzing Impulse Voltages
 Measure Impulse Voltage in a single & multi-stage model
DISCUSSION:
According to International Electro Technical Commission (IEC), the insulation level of the
whole power system and its equipment must be able to withstand the standard lightning impulse
voltage of wave shape 1.2/50 μs, and for higher voltages having a wave shape of 250/2500 μs.
The important factors in the study of an impulse voltage wave include the wave rise time, wave
tail time and the peak voltage of the wave. For the system to be acceptable, the range of
fluctuation in the system waveform is 0-5%. In practical, transmission and distribution of
electricity involve various electrical components, the major being transformer, switchgear,
power cables etc. which are out in the open. Being exposed to high over voltage and transient
currents, the reliability and strength of the equipment are thus required to be tested under
artificial overvoltage or the impulse voltage. The advantage of simulating an actual system is
the simple and smooth analysis of the impulse wave form than in lab experiment which is bulky
and have safety issues too. By utilizing various software/tools, the impulse wave can be
analyzed. In the design or use of impulse voltage generators for research or testing, it is required
to evaluate the time variation of output voltage, the nominal front and tail times and the voltage
efficiency for given circuit parameters. Also, it needs to predict circuit parameters for
producing a given wave shape, with a given source and loading conditions. The loading can be
inductive or capacitive. The wave shapes to be produced may be standard impulse, steep
fronted impulse, short tailed impulse or steep front short tailed impulse.
The test standards used to check the dielectric strength of electrical equipment are specified in
IEC 60060-1 “High voltage test techniques Part 1” [1] governed by IEC TC42 “High-voltage
and high-current test techniques”. In these standards, the standard lightning-impulse voltage is
defined as follows:
“The standard lightning-impulse voltage is a smooth full lightning-impulse voltage having a
front time of 1.2 μs and a time to half-value of 50 μs”

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 Fig. 12.1 Standard Impulse Voltage waveform

TEST SETUP:

Fig. 12.2 Single-stage Impulse Voltage generator

Fig. 12.3 Multi-stage Impulse Voltage generator

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
o Draw the model in Matlab Simulink as shown in Fig. 12.2 & Fig. 12.3
o Simulate and run the model using Matlab.
o The working principle of the impulse generator is applying variable DC voltage to the
capacitor which charges up to its limit.
o The capacitor is charged till the spark gap breaks down. At the breakdown the
charged capacitor is discharged through the tested equipment
o The resistances present at the end of the network representing the tail resistances can
be controlled to get desired wave shape.
o It is important to measure the wave-front time, wave tail time and the peak impulse
voltage. As per IEC, the ideal waveform has 1.2 μs of front time and tail time 50 μs;
usually represented by 1.2/50 μs with ±20 % of tolerance.

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 o The single stage model as well as a multistage model have been simulated for time in
μs, such that a full single impulse wave can be observed.
o For the simulated system, the spark gap has been represented by the ideal switch or
breaker whereas the test equipment block represents cable or a capacitor.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

Fig. 12.4 Single-stage Impulse generator output waveform

Fig. 12.5 Multi-stage Impulse voltage waveform at 100kV

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Results Table

S. No Applied Voltage (kV) Peak Impulse Voltage (kV)

Single-stage Multi-stage
1. 100

2. 200

3. 300

4. 400

5. 500

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REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q1: Define Impulse Voltage waveform?

Q2: What will be the effect of variation in wave tail resistance on Impulse Voltage waveform?

Q3: What will be the effect of variation in wave front resistance on Impulse Voltage
waveform?

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 Lab Experiment # 13
LINE VOLTAGE REGULATION

Name: Roll no:

Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

VOLTAGE REGULATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE BY USING SERIES

CAPACITOR
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 To calculate voltage, drop by increasing resistive and reactive load
 Understand voltage regulation when capacitor is connected in series with transmission
line
DISCUSSION:
A series capacitor has a negative (capacitive) reactance in series with the positive (inductive)
reactance with the effect of compensating for part or all of it, therefore the primary effect of
the series capacitor is to minimize, or even suppress the voltage drop caused by the inductive
reactance in the circuit. A series capacitor can be considered as a voltage regulator that provides
a voltage boost to the magnitude.
EQUIPMENT:
 3 – Φ Power Supply.
 Line model 11kV, 5 km,400V,2A MV 2222.
 Load resistor3.3kW MV 1100
 Load reactor 2.5/2.0kVAR MV 1101
 Load capacitor2.8kVAR MV 1102
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
o Switch on the power and adjust supply voltage 400 (L – L) V.
o Increase the load on feeder (line model) with the help of load resistor and load inductor
up to
o 2.00A.
o Read the voltmeter reading (Line voltage) at the supply side (sending end) and load
side (receiving end), and observe decrease in voltage at receiving end.
o Now connect the capacitive load in series with the feeder (line model).
o Increase the Capacitance in step and adjust the voltage up to supply side (sending end)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Results Table

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Without Load Capacitors:
S. N Supply voltage Load current Load side voltage
(Sending End) Amps (A2) (Receiving End)
(V) (A) (V)

1. 400 0.5

2. 400 1

3. 400 1.5
4. 400 2

With Load Capacitors:

S. N Supply voltage Load current Load side voltage
(Sending End) Amps (A2) (Receiving End)
(V) (A) (V)

1. 400 0.5

2. 400 1

3. 400 1.5
4. 400 2

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q1: Why we need to control the voltage drop in transmission line?

Q2: Why capacitor compensation is preferable to control the voltage drop?

Q3: How series capacitors compensate the voltage drop of line?

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 Lab Experiment # 14
FINDING ABCD PARAMETERS OF A MODEL OF
TRANSMISSION LINE
Name: Roll no:
Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

TO PRACTICE THE ABCD PARAMETERS OF A MODEL OF TRANSMISSION

LINE
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 To Try the understand the concept of transmission line parameters.
 To Try the understand ABCD parameters of short transmission line.
DISCUSSION
ABCD parameters are generalized parameters of transmission line. These parameters are quite
helpful for calculation and analysis of transmission line. In any four terminal network, the input
voltage and current can be expressed in terms of output voltage and current provided the
network should be passive, linear and bilateral. Fortunately, a transmission line is a four
terminal network and above all it is a passive, linear and bilateral network. Therefore, input
voltage and current of transmission line can be expressed in terms of output voltage and current.
For a transmission line, it is better to call input voltage and current as Sending end voltage and
current. Similarly, the output voltage as receiving end voltage and current.
Let
Receiving end voltage = Sending end voltage
Sending end current
Thus we can write,
= A+B…………………. (1)

= C + D…………………… (2)

Here A, B, C and D are constants and known as Generalized Circuit Constants of

transmission line. The values of constants can easily be calculated from the above
equations. For calculating the values of the ABCD parameters, we will consider
two cases.

Case (1): When Receiving end is open.

As the receiving end is open, therefore load current through the line will be zero.
Thus = 0.

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A, this constant is called voltage ratio and it is unitless.
B, this constant is known as open circuit admittance; the unit of C is Mho

Case (2): When receiving end is shorted.

As the receiving end is shorted, therefore load end voltage will be zero. Thus= 0.
B is impedance, unit of B is ohm.
D is known as current ratio and it is unit less
For short transmission line:
A=1, B=Z, C=0, D=1

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q1: Why we need to calculate ABCD parameters?

Q2: Write down the formulas for ABCD parameters in case of medium transmission line?

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 Lab Experiment # 15
OPEN-ENDED LAB

Name: Roll no:

Score: _ Signature of Lab Tutor: Date:

OPEN-ENDED LAB

 To design and construct voltage multiplier circuit

 To reproduce Marx Generator
 Disruptive discharge voltage test with AC
 Disruptive discharge voltage test with DC
 Lightning impulse disruptive discharge test
 Polarity effect and insulation screen
 Voltage Doubler and Tripler circuit
 Direct and Indirect testing of circuit breakers
 Dielectric loss measurement using schering bridge

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