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syllabus. Official Lecture Notes : Adam Calculus

MIT course material
open

*
x 3x 4
5223x
-

X
-

x29X
(X -
1) (X 2) (X 3) (x 4)0
- - -
.
. .

X (x 9)
10112 +
3/
-

T 2x
- -

X = 0x = 9
2215X

#
-

Px +
+
x);
22 SS = &El ,
0 Ea , sh
S
* - 10x2 +9 = 0 xt
X2x - 4 = 0
x2 +X =
f2 107 9 0 = 3
Fu
- + =

D 4 4 =
20

E +
-
=
t
.

= 9 X -
3
=
=

X,
=roz
= 1 t 1 = X= 1

x= -1
S S . =
G1 -55 ,
1+
53 (x + 61 =
12x = 3)

(X -
21 + 1x -
5) = 9
X+ 6 = 2x -
3X 6 -
= 2X -
3
X 1)0- X -
>
5 0 X =
9
3x = 3 -

X >2 X > 5 x= -
1

X42 2(X15 E SS .
=

2 -
1
, 94
-x -

R - x +5 = x -
X X -
2 +X 5 - =
9
2x = 2
-
2x = 16

E X=8

(3x +8134
m
=
3x + 834 3x + 844
3x + 3
(x =b2y
=

b3
x) y
X -
Y =
+

6 = 3 +2b
-
b=
3
= perpendicular-dik
5x b
y y =
+
=

3 b
=
-

-
+

*
- 6 = 5 + 2b d

-"
y =

52 b=
t

- 6x-5 Vertex Point Tlr , b) -I

y
= -

-X 5x = 5 r
=
- -
=

X + 1x = -
1 T( -
3 ,
ul
R = + 18 -
5 = 4
 Ike
I S I
x+
y 8x
10y IX-12110
O
=
-
+

ble
x2- 8x + 16
X -
12)10 O
X) 22
y2 -

10y +25

(x2 42- -
16 +
(y - 52 -

25 + k = 0
X-R
-k + 16 + 25 = 49

b & O
=x
IX-5) = -
3-
impossible) y = 2x + = 3 y
b = -
1

Indrizontal
3y
⑤
L
12

M
2x

I
+ =

y
2 4
-
=
+

y-intercept is 4
-2
slope =

I
IABI = -Yal
y ye
+
,
-

16x +
Fy2 = 112 #
General
equation of ellips -

16x2 +
Fyz
+
= 112

2 T

af a = b 16= b = 4

I
b. (x & ((y 12

-
+
+
-
=
54

# 6
i

3
(( 3 -

, 1) a=

b = 56
 S = Du If a
f(x
fixe
A

fix-
x

4 7x40 R
Df
-

20 d
Rf = 1 - 0
,
n] Rf =
,

F
yx 5yx by
- + - 1 =

(2 33 5y( (6y (y)

Pf R A 1 y 1)
-
-
- = .
-
.
= ,

D=
25yz zky 4y +
-

Rf =

y 4y30 +
ylythk o ,
Re =
(-0,4] +10 ,
01
0 -
4

f(x) (x) Odd

f(x
= X -
1
.

= x4+ 3x + 1 = Even 2 =

f
X)0
(X 2) (x 3)
fix)
-
. -

fix = x2 -x = x + 12 = neither
-

x2
-
5x +6

#
#
y
= -

2 f(x + 1)+ 1

- yeste

-
+
x 1 + ux 1
y y
= - = -
f(x) = g(x)
= x 2 f +
g
= k+ x
20 ol
Af = ,

Df = 2 a),
Df = [0 0)n[2 d)
, ,
= 22, 0
g
+

20
Rf =
,
a)
Rf = 20 ,
0)
Rf + = [E d)
g
,

f g k.z = to 0 usa 6) fix =+ =

Pag gi
. = = ,
2 x
,

7 X30
-

x2 -2x, 0 X (X-213 0
Re g 20 0) fogix 1x+ 2 X47
,

=
9 X
02
-
= =
.
,

7]
i P+
# + -
Dg = ( - 0 ,

Da = R
f(x = g(x) =x
-x

R n( 0 7) 1 7)
Dfog
= -
0 ,
-
,
+ =

R G 1133 Ext
Af R 503
Dg gof(x 5-*30x25-FX
-
-
-
= =
=

Da = R
De =
Ef ,]
fogi
= Dgof = [-5 ,]

R-Eris]
Dig =

fix -2 x1
g(x
= =

Dresult
= R X32
x2 130 x4 1 , x, 1 x

R 5-53 Df 22 0
Dg R (1 1)
Dfog
= ,
-

- =
= ,

gof(x =
1) =
X fog(x = 2
132 * -
12

X
,

=
4
3
,
5

Dresult R-(-f , 5)
Dr = R -

203 =
XI x

R
Dresut
Dogtat , se
#
=

R-503
Dgof =

#
*
(x| 1
(y)
+ = + x

X> 0

Fam
(y) =
1

XL0

1 + 2x
(y) =

W
=-

=
 E

#
-I InY
n
Free

I-
4-2logy(x)
x-
Dfix = R + =

* .
2
I sin 105 -cos15

Rf(x = [2 o, * cos (45 -

BO)

(* 112 0
-

· I
-

sin2x
cos2X = X
=
e 34=
t
tan2x =
1

u
-
-

1-3x =
In

I
sin
logzix + 1) =
log22 +
logzx 3
10) Sin (15)
-

x +1
2x2x
=
-
x - 1 =0 COS45=2005 (4) -1 cosso = 1-2 sin
sin
E # E = 1-2sin15
=
2cOS 2
2

-
~ cost

I
(1 tan 23) t 1
(1 + tan22) .
+ =

-
tax kox =axcox (cotxta

tazz
+ .

tan

Lose f(x

I
costo .

2
+ 2ex 1=0
2(e
- -

*
ex
-

e =

1= 0
=
-

X 1x
y yx
+
E 2t y
=

~
- -

*+x =

F
y
yy
-

= D = 8 tret = 1FE
Arcosx
gM x(y + 1) = 1 -

fog(x) = arc
cos(x)
*
e =
1+ 12 ex = 1 -
E *
)
(x
+ 1
Ink +
=
-11 R 20 it]
=
,

-
x2
-
1 x22x(1+
-
I S
x22x

so
- 1 -

x2ex +130 f(x =

=xX(1g(x) 72x0 =

got
~
[1 8)
,

10 , 1)
by = 10 ,
-

H
S
fix Df
=
X10
R
22
=

x I
sinx X3π
Rf El 2)=
,

Pf R 3 1 33
Rf R 503
=

I
Osinx
-

112
- -

OXH
, = +

-
1) Sinx + 1 -
-

O
lim
3

-
im fix

·
lim
X >
-
0

-11

iFx[sin() . I ex
sink)1*,O
·

sin) =

I
*P
grows faster
=
Y

=o e3x

a -

X =
- 1

-In10e
= 10

-
Olim sinc .:O -
X+ 0

fia =

22

f() E
1211
= 14 .. 2
+ -
=
y 128
+ =

2
1
 I I
·
fi ,
3
mini s
= 3

fix) = 2ax + b

fin-ea + b =

a+b = 1

=G
lim x41 1

-
-
2(X(0

f(ul
=

g(1) fix
f 5 continious
r(1)
fix 1
= = = lim
0 = X(2
X -
>4-
exa =

X-
> 4

)4
=** =

**
*+ =

-fo-flo lim

↑
#
D

-
I X =2
I
f(x) = (x + x
-
)2 = x2+ 2

lim
n+

lim
n ->
0h

0
+ x
-

fixx
-
2

flah-fial

+
I
fin
f(x +

+
y)

5xh
= f(x) f(y)

fix /yo

-f(
=
+

-
+

F(0
fo

(y
5xy

+
0
O

+
3x0

73f( -t
I
17
f(x) =

ft) -
3+ =
-

↓ sex
=

m
limoSX-cosX cosh + sinx sinh

-
f(x)
·
.

18
5(x
2
+
=
-

=
X h) 20SX +N . .

-
-

h- O(cosX . cosh-sinx sinhl .

. COSX

site
n

sinxth) ·
sinx . h -

2050 = 1 sinQ = O

"oicoxicosi
-
-
-
ex =

[ lim E-X=
X= 0

is continos is

E
X12 lim x +5 9

3
=

x 2 d is continious
= -

X >2 real value

lim exte + in
every
=

x- 2t

j(x-

( (x) = sin2x + cos2X

g(x) =54 +2

>
xbxgx

gu
= a XX0

1x x2 -
x2
1
=

x4x + 3, 1 hi(x) = 4x3 + 1 a = 4 +1

2x 2x
-

I
·
ex =

eX e = e

fix I
T
lin
limfix 0 im 2
= =
=

= lim - -

X 2
-

X+ 0x= 0
x- 0 x -
15
 I
fix
continio
[Ox
a =a a

fix =

Chain Rule

· y = u3

- s 3
* DA

2xy x
y
+
yz x(zyy)
+ 0
y(x 2xy)
+
2xy yz
- -

+ = =

xy 2xyy 2xy yu
+ = -
-

= I~ 3[Insint1] + (t3 + 51
.
#Titanky = 9) =

-a y(x hy)
+
+

xy hyy
= 2x
+

y
=

0y

j= =
- y
=

4y
u
=X
=

6
+

3x + 4b

+
b

4bb
=

singhe
=

I
xsinx y x
=

(n( +)
y
X +
y
= = -

Inxsiux
(Iny Inx(

-
= = Sinx .

= (sinxi Inx
.
+ Unx" siny

Sinx
= + cosx .
Inx +
* .

x =

y+ 2
=
x +z
y If "I =

5 1621 .

If "x X2 =3
+
1
==
 I I -2
↓ carctanx Sinx X
y siny
= =

- y
= Y

I
arctanx
tanyl cosy y' y cy
=
(X - =

y
= =

secy
cosy My
I
j
= =

* Et

·)
0(x +
ky
2x k) 0
+
2(y 2(y
- = - =

2x + 2x -
2k = 0

cit a
x
=

I sin
-

coosin

I
=
sinxy =
sin2012
y
= -
1 . (cos20 + . )-2sin28 + 2 cos20
cos(xy) [xy y)
.
+ = 2x -

y
-

y cos(xy)
.
+
cos(Xy) -

xy = 2x -

1
(2 5x)
y
-

5xT:75) 5x)- 1)
y = 2) .
12 -
= 2 . 5 .
12 -

j(x cos(xy)
. + = 2x -

cos(xy)y
( 2 + 51 73) (2 5x1 ! ( 5) 5x52
=
2 3 5 ?. (2
y"
-
=

Y
-
= .
-
.
-
. .
.

5
5x55 H513
-

y (21 ( 3) 1 7512 (2 5x)

n =
.
-
.
-
4) . .
75) . (2 -
-
-

2 3 4
. . .
.
-

- 2

y(n) (n 1) !. (5) (2 5x)

-

=
+ -

=
.

I = Ghn + h2π
A(h) =

=
12 + hi y
4+
4h + hi
4h + n
4
-

in
Al
=
-

-
L'Hospital's Rule
Indeterminite form
[ [] (0-0)Hanx-F [0 ***
0-0lim *
lim x-e
"
= lim xlux =
old lim X .
sin (* ) = 0 .
0

x- + X - >
X -

fal-gial
1m,
then
Statement Suppose flal-gial-o
: that -0 exists
,

L'hospital has final value in a one step

.

lim SinX =-
Not : do defferenciate until end
up
with a non-zero value.

In in=
=

Ini

Im =
=
x

fo * -

sin) =o txsinx E
=
= 0,

Kosx"
=
"
lim Kos)
Iny- *. link
= > Incosx
y
=

X- 8

y =
=
0
** *
lim
X+ 0
(1 + x = 2
y
= ( + x)
Iny =

1m nymt =

lim11 +-

lim(1 +
 I
[r ext] (x + 1110 1/nx15X Iny InInx
y y cosX
= .
= = .
.

cosXxTax] Esinx
x 10(n(x) + 1)

*
Iny ((nX llnxpox In (lnx)
= + + .
+

=
If f "No concave
up ,
fi 10 concave down

i fix)0

I
fix) > 0

fixo fix co
f"(x))0
f"(x0

increasing t down

A 1 like circular
I can is
shaped a
cylinder . What dimen

sion of the
cylinder will use the least metarial .
12 = 1000 am
>

I
A
#
= 2rh + 2πr2 100

500 -
2x
A(x) = 500X -

125
2x2
J V =

h
2n rh

1000
= 1000
A =

2000 + 2πr2
·

A(x)
X

It
= 500 -
4X

Aix) + -

500 - 4x = 0x = 125

*
T
A(X)
Al1251
250
htte opti
= &

X
-

I
A find the from P10 to the of
rectangle is to be insribed in a semi-circle min distance ,
11
graph
of a radius 2 .
What is the
longest the
y
= 6 -
x]

rec can have and what is its dimentions . IPAI = D =+ 5x D2 = x+ 13 x2 -

-
= 2x + 2(3-x) (2 .

(A(x , 8 XI
2x[1
-

x4)
=
+
2(3 -
=
0
·
po 3)
03 x=
=F
x
, =
12x
-

-x-1o

I
Use Newton's Method
-
fixi Equation of a
tangent line x = 0
y
= -

↑ -fifix-find
2)
][1
there is i
=2
- ar o
,

Y 0 = fix) (1 .
-
xd + f(Xd
f(x X x 1 fix) 3x2 +Xo 1 f(l) -1
()
=

!
= -
-

= =

Xo
-

I
x1 -
Xo = X, =
xo

f'(xd X1 = 1
= 32 fill = 2
- -

3
fix ,
· =

x2 =
3 -

X
-
=
Xo
 i
Estimate the value of J2 by using Newtons Method Show that if you try to find a root of fix = x -2x-2

with X1 1 to =
find the value of Xy
.
with the initial value X
= 0. it will bounce between

1 and 2 and
,
try X1 =
-2 .

f(x) = x -
2 x, = 1 fill = - 1 x
z
=
1 +
1 = 31
root = Ffz f'(11 = 2

fix

&
=
2x

&

I
Find of approx. yesinx near

X= 0

If f is differentiable at x = a then

the
approximating function is f(0 = 0 fa = 1
:
"Z ↑ (x) fial
, er ror
of =
f(a) + . (x -

a)
estimation

·
h(x) = 0 + 1 . (x -
0((x = X

X
1

~
-

QUIZ
f O

fi ***
1.
== fi
=
-
darctanx = f(x
.
2 = -250x-1arctan *

b) = ( + 25xy

-
1 (1 + 25x2550x
fix)
=

= -

250 . arctan( [x) -

+ ( + 250x + 1) .
1+ 25x2

f(x) .
OXTO
250
250 +
+
-

1 + 25x2

fix = bx + 12x + 1008 = 0

x + 2x + 168 =
0x = - 12x = 14
200
-

z =
20X

#
x = 10

= - X