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Smart Structures and Systems, Vol. 23, No. 5 (2019) 495-506
DOI: [Link] 495

Evaluation and comparison of GRP and FRP applications

on the behavior of RCCs made of NC and HSC
Mohsen Shafieinia and Fathollah Sajedi
Department of Civil Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

(Received December 3, 2018, Revised February 4, 2019, Accepted February 8, 2019)

Abstract. This paper presents the results of axial pressure testing on reinforced concrete columns (RCCs) filled with confined
normal concrete (NC) and high-strength concrete (HSC) using glass-fiber reinforced plastic pipes (GRP) casing as well as
fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). This study aims to evaluate the behavior and mechanical properties of columns confined with
GRP casing and FRP wrapping under pressure loads. The major parameters in the experiments were the type of concrete, the
effect of GRP casing and FRP wrapping, as well as the number of FRP layers. 12 cylindrical RCCs (150*600) mm were
prepared and divided into two groups, NC and HSC, and each group was divided into two parts. In each part, one column was
without FRP strengthening layer, a column was wrapped with one FRP layer and another column with two FRP layers. All
columns were tested under concentrated compression load. The results of the study showed that the utilization of FRP wrapping
and GRP casing improved compression capacity and ductility of RCCs. The addition of one and two layers-FRP wrapping
increased compression capacity in the NC group to an average of 18.5% and 26.5% and to an average of 10.2% and 24.8% in
the HSC group. Meanwhile, the utilization of GRP casing increased the compression capacity of the columns by 4 times in the
NC group and 3.38 times in the HSC group. The results indicated that although both FRP wrapping and GRP casing result in
confinement, the GRP casing resulted in increased compression capacity and ductility of the RCCs due to higher confinement.
Furthermore, the confinement effect was higher on columns made with NC.
Keywords: Reinforced Concrete Columns (RCCs); GRP casing; FRP wrapping; axial force; ductility

1. Introduction insignificant geometric effects on reinforced members. The

use of FRP composites to repair and protect damaged
The degradation of concrete structure over time is concrete columns of bridges has been common, since
inevitable due to environmental factors (corrosion, freezing 1980s. More studies have shown that FRP improves bearing
and melting), structural damage (caused by casual loading characteristics, in addition to protecting columns against
such as earthquake, wind and flood) and heavy traffic loads environmental degradation factors. When the wrapped
(Toghroli et al. 2017, Nosrati et al. 2018, Shariat et al. column is placed under compression load, FRP prevents the
2018, Toghroli et al. 2018, Ziaei-Nia et al. 2018, Abedini et lateral expansion of the cross section, which is due to
al. 2019, Li et al. 2019). It is very important and necessary compressive cracks, hence a kind of passive confinement
to develop scientific and applicable methods for compression is applied. In this way, the bearing of the
strengthening or repairing structures with weakness in concrete core continues, and the column is destroyed at
design or implementation (Li et al. 2019). In the first higher compression stresses (Dundar et al. 2015). Similar to
method of strengthening columns, steel jackets were used to any other reinforcement method, reinforcement by using
encircle the column. Despite that this method improved FRP also has negative aspects. In the record, not only are
compressive and shear strength of the columns, its some of the positive aspects of using CFRP, but also some
disadvantages included high weight of steel sheets, their of its negative aspects. Among these negative aspects, we
corrosion, high installation and maintenance cost. With the can mention the following:
advent of FRP and its expansive use in civil engineering, Increase the likelihood of a crunch failure, separation of
there have been significant developments in the repair and sheet from concrete substrate, fire damage / fire damage
strengthening of concrete columns (Sinaei et al. 2011, against high temperatures, unavailability of FRP fibers on
Sinaei et al. 2012, Ashour and Kara 2014, Luo et al. 2019, rough surfaces, weakness against pressure tension, lack of
Sajedi and Shariati 2019, Xie et al. 2019). This is due to the proper bonding between reinforced sheet and concrete
special properties of these materials, such as the high ratio surface, problem of durability and reversibility (Abedini et
of tensile strength to weight, corrosion resistance and al. 2017).
optimal durability, ease of application, as well as HSC is considered a rather novel material and has recently
been used in the construction of various structures such as
high-rise buildings, bridges, and dams (Hamidian et al.
Corresponding author, Ph. D., Associate professor 2011, Shariati et al. 2011, Shariati et al. 2012,
E-mail: sajedi@[Link]; f_sajedi@[Link] Mohammadhassani et al. 2014a, Mohammadhassani et al.
2014b, Shariati et al. 2014, Shariati et al. 2016, Davoodnabi
Copyright © 2019 Techno-Press, Ltd.
[Link] ISSN: 1738-1584 (Print), 1738-1991 (Online)
496 Mohsen Shafieinia and Fathollah Sajedi

et al. 2019). The advantages of HSC include high columns was examined under axial impact and it was
compression strength, higher modulus of elasticity and observed that the confinement provided by GRP casing
lower porosity. The factors that affect achieving high application has a desirable effect on increasing the capacity
strength in concrete are the utilization of strong and fine of such columns under axial impact loads (Huang et al.
shape sand and gravel, increasing the amount of cement 2017).
consumption, limiting the size of the largest aggregate, The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate
using sand with best fineness modulus and proper sand to individual and simultaneous effects of GRP casing and FRP
cement ratio for more concrete homogeneity. In addition, wrapping on RCCs made of NC and HSC. This was
using fine-grained material of <0.01 µ such as micro silica, achieved by placing a 12 cylindrical RCCs (150*600 mm)
a compact set of matrixes with very low porosity can be with and without the presence of GRP casing in either NC
provided. In HSC, the water to cement ratio should be or HSC. The aim of the study was achieved by the
reduced as much as possible. Hence, super-plasticizers (SP) performance of compressive strength test and determining
are required in order to provide plasticity and efficiency in axial and lateral deformations.
such mixtures prepared with less water (Tokgoz et al. 2012).
Many studies have been conducted on strengthening RCCs
by wrapping their external surfaces. Most of the studies 2. Mechanical properties of FRP and GRP used in
agreed that using FRP increases the compressive capacity research
and ductility of the confined concrete columns by providing
the confinement effect of the concrete core under pressure The used composite layers in this research are uniaxial
loadings (Shahawy et al. 2000, Wu et al. 2006, Wong et al. CFRP made by TORAY Co. of Japan. The mechanical
2008, Jiang et al. 2014, Pan et al. 2017, Shariati et al. properties of FRP material was provided based on the
2017). Moreover, studies on sections shape of reinforced manufacturing company’s information and the tests based
columns showed that unlike circular sections, square and on ASTM D7565 and ASTM D2996 standards are presented
rectangular sections are not influenced by confinement in Table 1. The used epoxy glue was made by Paya Co. in
effect because the confining pressure is uniform in circular two-partials of resin and stiffener, which are combined in
sections (Mirmiran et al. 1998, Ozbakkaloglu 2013, EL the ratio of 1:3 and mixed manually for 5 min. The
Maaddawy et al. 2010, Ozbakkaloglu and Xie 2016). necessary time for the evolving of resin and its protection is
Moreover, studies on hollow RCCs using FRP fiber showed influenced by the temperature of the environment and is
that these columns perform better in tolerating axial loads between 5-7 days under normal condition based on the
(Mirmiran and Shahawy 1996, Kusumawardaningsih and recommendation of the manufacturing company. The
Hadi 2010). In addition, many studies have also been tolerable tensile stress of glue is 30 MPa and the tensile
conducted on the number of FRP strengthening layers rapture strain is 3.6%. The characteristic of the mentioned
applied on concrete column surfaces. All of the studies have glue was obtained based on the reports of the manufacturing
reported similar findings that using more and thicker layers company and the conducted tests were based on ASTM
increase compressive capacity in the strengthen columns. D638 standard.
Moreover, type of fiber and fiber tissue, glue volume, and GRP composite casings are made in Mashhad Sadra
other factors influence strengthening (Rahai et al. 2008, Shargh factory by imbrue glass fiber to the resin. These
Kumutha et al. 2007, Parvin and Jamwal 2005). On the casings are classified based on the tolerable internal
other hand, studies have shown that the strengthening pressure. In this research, GRP casings with 10 bar internal
percentage using FRP layers for columns made with low pressure tolerance were used. The characteristics of GRP
and medium-strength concrete is greater than HSC probably casings recognized from the conducted tests based on
because the strength provided by the confining layer is less ASTM D2996 standard are presented in Table 1 based on
than the concrete compressive strength (Almusallam 2007, the information of the manufacturer. GRP casings with 600
Vincent and Ozbakkaloglu 2013). All of the studies about mm height, 150 mm internal diameter, and 8 mm thickness
eccentric axial loading agree that eccentric axial loading were used.
and imposing flexural moment reduce the pressure load
bearing, and FRP also improves compressive capacity and
ductility (Hadi 2006, Hadi, 2007a, b). Table 1 The mechanical properties of FRP material and
The filled concrete columns in GRP casings are the GRP composite casings
composite columns and in recent times, many studies have FRP GRP
been conducted on concrete columns using these casings. In Composite characteristics
material casing
these columns, GRP casings act as the framework and Thickness (mm) 0.166 8
provide radial confinement for the column core and Density (kg/m3) 1478.588 1800
limitation of micro-cracks extension and, concrete core Weight in surface unit (g/m2) 300 -
prevents GRP casing buckling simultaneously. Studies on Weight in length unit (g/m) - 6786
concrete columns with GRP casing showed that these Tensile stress (MPa) 4900 75
columns have higher performance based on compressive Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 196 120
capacity, stiffness, and ductility (Hadi et al. 2015, Xiao et Poisson ratio 0.486 0.4
al. 2014, Wang et al. 2017, Ozbakkaloglu and Oehlers Ultimate strain (%) 2.5 1.3
2008, Park et al. 2011). Moreover, using this casing type in
 Evaluation and comparison of GRP and FRP applications on the behavior of RCCs made of NC and HSC 497

3. Experimental program Table 4 Characteristics of the research columns

D. H.
3.1 Preliminary tests Spe. CT GRP FRP FRP L.
(mm) (mm)
N 150 600 NC NO NO 0
The cylindrical specimen from the used concrete for the
NF1 150 600 NC NO YES 1
columns was prepared with 150*300 mm to determine the
concrete compressive strength based on ACI-211 NF2 150 600 NC NO YES 2
recommendation (ACI 211.1, 1991), and compressive GN 150 600 NC YES NO 0
strength test was conducted on them after curing in water at GNF1 150 600 NC YES YES 1
7 and 28-day ages. In HSC micro-silica gel was used for GNF2 150 600 NC YES YES 2
making dense and low porosity concrete, also, to increase
compressive strength of concrete, the water - cement ratio H 150 600 HSC NO NO 0
(w/c) decreased to 0.2, and in order to maintain the HF1 150 600 HSC NO YES 1
workability of concrete, SP was used. Concrete slump HF2 150 600 HSC NO YES 2
during the construction of columns was 80 mm for NC and GH 150 600 HSC YES NO 0
210 mm for HSC. The details of mixture designs of the used
GHF1 150 600 HSC YES YES 1
concretes are presented in Table 2.
The results of compressive strength tests at 28-day ages are GHF2 150 600 HSC YES YES 2
presented in Table 3. The mean compressive strength at 28-
day ages of the cylindrical specimens was obtained as 32.7
MPa for NC and 63.1 MPa for HSC. 3.3 Preparing test specimens

3.2 Specimens’ characteristics The experimental specimens of this research included 12

RCCs (150*600 mm); in addition, two specimens were
The experimental specimens of this research included 12 considered to be used as storage in the experiments. The
RCC with circular section having 150 mm diameter and 600 used longitude reinforcement were considered as 2.7% of
mm height. All columns were reinforced concrete and the gross cross-section of the column in all columns which
divided into two groups, NC and HSC, and each group was were supplied using 6 ribbed bars with a diameter of 10
divided into two parts with and without GRP casing. In each mm. The longitude bars were cut at a distance of 20 mm at
part, one column was without FRP strengthening layer, a both ends of the column to prevent stress concentration on
column was wrapped with one FRP layer and another them. Thus, the considered length of the longitudinal bars
column with two FRP layers. was 560 mm. Moreover, spiral bars with 80 mm pitch and 6
Columns were named according to their components as mm diameter were used on each network. The concrete
follows: For column with HSC H, column with NC N, coverage on the bars was considered as 25 mm. Spacer was
column with FRP wrapping F and column with GRP casing used to provide the mentioned coverage for the longitude
G was considered. Number after (F) shows the number of and spiral bars. The yield stress of 400 MPa for longitudinal
FRP layers in columns having FRP wrapping. Table 4 bars was determined by rebar tensile test and obtained as
presents the name and characteristics of columns. and 300 MPa for the spiral bars. Fig. 1 shows the
longitudinal and transverse sections of the research
columns.
Table 2 Details of concrete mixture designs
Mix Constituents NC (kg/m3) HSC (kg/m3)
Cement type 2 350 495
Water 157.5 111.5
Gravel 932 930
Sand 932 720
Micro-silica gel - 55
SP - 2.5
w/c 0.45 0.20

Table 3 Results of the compressive strength for the standard

cylindrical specimen at 7 and 28-day ages (MPa)
Specimen NC HSC
Specimen 1 31.2 61.7
Specimen 2 33.1 63.4
Fig. 1 Longitudinal and transverse sections of the
Specimen 3 33.8 64.2 research columns
Mean 32.7 63.1
498 Mohsen Shafieinia and Fathollah Sajedi

Fig. 2 Strain-gage installation on bars

Fig. 4 Placement reinforcement inside CFRP casings and
PVC framework
To measure the strain of bars during columns compressive
testing, digital strain-gage was used to examine the
columns’ behavior. Therefore, the strain-gages were Fig. 4 shows the reinforcement placement inside GRP
installed on the bars before casting of each column. Fig. 2 casing and PVC framework. NC was used for casting of NC
shows the installment of strain-gages. group and HSC for HSC group. For curing, columns were
The next step was preparing 6 GRP casings and 8 PVC put in water for 28 days and then were CFRP wrapped.
casings to cast the columns without casing with circular To prepare the concrete columns for installation of the
sections having 150 mm internal diameter and 600 mm CFRP layers before applying epoxy glue, the external
height. Then, casings were installed on the metal sheets. surface of columns were completely smoothened, cleaned,
Fig. 3 presents the GRP casings and PVC frames. and dried. The used epoxy glue was 2 partial and made of
Then, oil was sprayed on the internal surface of the resin and stiffener which were mixed manually in a ratio of
framework for easy separation from concrete surface and 1:3 for 5 min, then the thin layer of glue was rubbed on the
reinforcement was put in the framework. concrete cylindrical surface and CFRP layer was carefully
wrapped around the column. The end edge of CFRP
wrapping was overlapped at 100 mm to ensure non-
separation.

(a)
(a)

(b)
(b)
Fig. 3 GRP casings and PVC frames, (a) NC group and
(b): HSC group Fig. 5 Columns after installing CFRP wrapping and
strain-gages, (a) NC group and (b) HSC group
 Evaluation and comparison of GRP and FRP applications on the behavior of RCCs made of NC and HSC 499

The second layer was wrapped 2 hours after installation of Table 5 Ultimate strains and capacity of columns
the first layer for columns with 2 CFRP layers. All columns Mean axial Lateral strain
was wrapped with zero angle and were kept in room Column Ultimate
strains (10-6 (10-6
temperature for 7 days to cure the epoxy glue. Fig. 5 name Capacity (kN)
mm/mm) mm/mm)
presents the studied columns after installing CFRP N 566 * -3848 1356
wrapping and strain-gages. NF1 715 -4144 1579

3.4 Testing the columns NF2 763 -5432 2022

GN 2485 -15229 4051
The columns of this research were tested under uniaxial GNF1 2765 -18738 5347
pressure loading by hydraulic jack with 500-ton capacity in GNF2 2940 -22075 5993
the soil mechanic laboratory of the Road and Transportation
H 727 -3848 1745
office of Khuzestan state, in Iran. Specimens were tested by
displacement control method and a loading rate of 10 kN/s. HF1 815 -4451 1861
Two axial strain-gages and one lateral strain-gage were HF2 1014 -5196 2304
installed in the middle of each column to determine the GH 2672 -16429 4642
axial and lateral strains which are presented in Fig. 6. Strain
GHF1 2897 -19622 5419
data for columns and bars was recorded using electronic
data-logger attached to the computer in each second. In GHF2 3076 -23029 6336
addition, load was recorded automatically using a 500-ton * the negative sign means strain is negative (length reduces)
dynamometer to determine the load-strain diagram of
specimens. Precision and care was taken to ensure that the
columns were located in the center of the jack when placed 4. Analysis of test results
in the machine. Fig. 7 presents the 500-ton laboratory jack
and placement of specimens. 4.1 Ultimate capacity of columns

Columns were loaded by 500-ton capacity hydraulic

jack at the rate of 10 kN/s until the moment of failure. The
ultimate strains and capacity of columns are presented in
Table 5.
Table 5 and Fig. 8 show that using single and double layer
FRP in columns without GRP casing ultimately increased
capacity by 26% and 35% for NC group columns and 12%
and 39% for HSC group columns. In addition, with the use
of single and double layer FRP in columns with GRP
casing, ultimate capacity was increased by 11% and 18%
for NC group columns and 8% and 15% for HSC group
columns. Therefore, it is confirmed that using FRP
wrapping can have positive effects on increasing the
Fig. 6 Two Axial and one lateral strain-gage installation ultimate capacity of RCCs. Moreover, using FRP in
place columns with GRP casing does not result in a significant
increase in columns ultimate capacity due to the high
confinement effect of this casing. Therefore, the
simultaneous use of casing and FRP is not economical to
strengthen RCCs.
On the other hand, Fig. 9 shows that using GRP casings is
significantly more effective than FRP wrapping because
with GRP casing, average RCC compressive capacity
increased by 4 times in the NC group and 3.38 times in
HSC group. With the addition of one and two layers of FRP,
the average compressive capacity increased by 18.5% and
26.5% in the NC group, and 10.2% and 24.8% in the HSC
group, respectively.
A comparison between the ultimate capacity of NC and
HSC groups shows that HSC group has higher compressive
capacity. On the average, the use of HSC in columns with
(a) (b) and without GRP casing increased ultimate capacity by
5.63% and 25.1%, respectively.
Fig. 7 Test setup and columns placement in jacks column
NF2, (B) column HF2
500 Mohsen Shafieinia and Fathollah Sajedi

Comparing the ultimate strains in columns without GRP

casing showed that using single and double FRP wrapping
layers increased the ultimate axial strain of columns by 16%
and 34%, respectively, while these values are 19% and 40%
in columns with GRP casing. Therefore, it is observed that
using FRP wrapping to confine the concrete columns
increased the ultimate axial strain of the RCCs, this effect is
more visible in columns with GRP casing because of the
casing confinement effect. Moreover, comparing the effect
of casing confinement of GRP casing with FRP wrapping
showed that in the ultimate axial strain of the RCCs, these
casings are very effective. For example, using GRP casing
without FRP wrapping increased the ultimate axial strain of
the reinforced concrete column by 295% and 269% in the
NC group and HSC group, respectively; while using single
Fig. 8 FRP effect on compressive capacity of columns and double FRP layer increased the ultimate strain by 8%
and 41%, in the NC group, and 16% and 34% in the HSC
group, respectively. The high efficiency of GRP casing on
This comparison showed that the effect of concrete axial strain can be attributed to the presence of fiber in their
compressive strength on ultimate capacity of columns with structure. Therefore, using GRP casing in regions requiring
GRP casing was not significant because of high ductile design can be very useful.
confinement of this casing. Fig. 10 shows the comparison
between columns compressive capacity and percentage 4.2 Load-strain diagram for columns
increase in ultimate capacity with the use of HSC with
respect to NC. For comparing columns behavior, the load-strain
diagram for axial and lateral strains are presented in Figs.
11 and 12.
It is seen from the load-strain diagram that wrapping the
reinforced concrete columns with FRP material increases
their radial and axial strains which shows an increase in
ductility of columns with FRP. Furthermore, there was a
significant increase in the pressure tolerance in these
columns.
More precise study of load-strain diagram of columns
without GRP casing showed that this curve is made of two
parts, including linear hardening and non-linear softening;
change in column behavior is sudden and exhibits pressure
crack in concrete, with the commencement of the use of
FRP wrapping, and this strength was maintained under the
pressure loads. In addition, load-strain diagram of columns
with GRP casing are also made of two parts, including
Fig. 9 Compressive capacity of columns
linear hardening and non-linear softening, but a change in
column behavior is gradual because of the complete
integration and more confinement of GRP casing with
concrete column. Moreover, it was observed that wrapping
columns with FRP increases column stiffness and reduces
axial ductility because of the resulted confinement by
wrapping.
For comparing columns behavior with different concrete,
the load-strain diagram for axial and lateral strains is
presented in Fig. 13. It is seen that HSC group has higher
compressive capacity, and this effect is more common in
columns without GRP casing, the reason maybe reduction
concrete compressive strength effect in compressive
capacity of column with GRP casing because of the high
confinement effect of casing. HSC is also seen to increases
the axial and lateral strains.

Fig. 10 Compressive capacity ratio of HSC group to NC

group
 Evaluation and comparison of GRP and FRP applications on the behavior of RCCs made of NC and HSC 501

(a)

(a)

(b)
Fig. 11 Load-strain diagram for columns without GRP
casing, (a) NC group and (b) HSC group
(b)

(c)
(a)

(d)
Continued-
(b)
Fig. 12 Load-strain diagram for columns with GRP
casing, (a) NC group and (b) HSC group
502 Mohsen Shafieinia and Fathollah Sajedi

N NF1 NF2
(e)

GN GN1 GN2
Fig. 14 Rupture of NC group of columns after loading

(f)
Fig. 13 Load-strain diagram for NC and HSC groups,
(a) N and H columns, (b) NF1 and HF1 columns, (c)
NF2 and HF2 columns, (d) GN and GH columns, (e)
GNF1 and GHF1 columns (f) GNF1 and GHF1 columns

4.3 Study of columns rupture

Columns rupture is presented in Fig. 14. As observed,

failure of most columns happens because of bars buckling
of columns (Mehrmashhadi et al. 2019). In columns without
GRP, most ruptures occurred locally and gradually, while in
columns with GRP casing, the overall failure and the H HF1 HF2
destruction of the entire column occurred. The reason for
this is probably the difference in the confinement rate
caused by the FRP wrapping and GRP casing. As the
confinement of the FRP was smaller and the rupture
occurred when the first stress occurred (usually at both two
ends of the column), the confinement of the GRP casing
was much higher and until all the points of the column
reached all their tolerable strain, the yield of bars will not
fail, so rupture in columns with GRP casing was brittle and
with explosion sound, while in columns without GRP
casing rupture occurred softly forming compressive cracks
in the concrete and fracture in the confining FRP. Fibers
may also change the damage pattern and failure modes in
fiber-reinforced polymers (Mehrmashhadi et al. 2018,
Abedini et al. 2019). GH GHF1 GHF2
Fig. 15 Rupture of HSC group of columns after loading
 Evaluation and comparison of GRP and FRP applications on the behavior of RCCs made of NC and HSC 503

Table 6 Technical and economic comparison of the studied columns

ratio of ratio of
The cost of Cost of column column
GRP Column
column framing, GRP CFRP CFRP making ultimate
casing construction
name reinforcement casing (m2) cost ($) cost to capacity to
(m) cost ($)
and casting ($) ($) column N column N
cost capacity
N 13 - - - - 13 1 1
NF1 13 - - 0.4 8.6 21.7 1.65 1.26
NF2 13 - - 0.8 17.1 30.2 2.31 1.34
GN 10.7 0.6 14.3 - - 25 1.91 4.39
GNF1 10.7 0.6 14.3 0.4 8.6 33.6 2.56 4.88
GNF2 10.7 0.6 14.3 0.8 17.1 42.1 3.22 5.19
H 15.4 - - - - 15.4 1.18 1.28
NH1 15.4 - - 0.4 8.6 24 1.84 1.44
NH2 15.4 - - 0.8 17.1 32.5 2.49 1.79
GH 13 0.6 14.3 - - 27.3 2.09 4.72
GHF1 13 0.6 14.3 0.4 8.6 35.9 2.74 5.19
GHF2 13 0.6 14.3 0.8 17.1 44.4 3.40 5.43

Fig. 16 Comparison of the percentage increase in capacity and cost of columns to column N

4.4 Technical and economic comparison pressure such that their supplement cost was 23.8$ per m.
Moreover, the used CFRP wrapping was uniaxial which
Later, the costs of preparing the columns, ultimate was supplied at a cost of 14.3$ per m2 and cost of glue and
capacity of each column, and their technical and economic resin used per m2 of CFRP was 7.2$. Table 6 presents the
comparison were studied. Cost of framing, reinforcement, consumed GRP casing and CFRP wrapping, their cost for
and casting of each studied columns with and without the columns and their effects on the ultimate capacity.
casing were calculated as 10.7$ and 13$ in NC group and The capacity and cost ratio of columns to the column N
10.7$ and 13$ in HSC group. The GRP casing pipes had are presented in Fig. 16. Comparison capacity and cost of
150 mm internal diameter and a tolerable 10 bar internal the columns shows that the ratio of strengthening by CFRP
504 Mohsen Shafieinia and Fathollah Sajedi

wrappings in columns without casing is less than its cost columns showed that the use of GRP casing to retrofit
ratio, while the increased capacity in columns with GRP columns is much more cost effective than CFRP
casing than column N is more than the cost of its application, so that the increase in strength of the columns
strengthening. On the average, in column with casing is more than cost for strengthening them; the ratio of the
capacity increase was about 1.9 times in NC group and 1.71 increased strength due to using CFRP to the cost spent to
times in HSC group more than its initiation cost. Therefore, strengthen the column was lower in columns with and
using GRP casing for strengthening the RCCs is without casing. The greatest increase in the compressive
economical. Among the columns studied, GN has the strength to the cost of building the column is related to
highest of capacity-cost ratio as 2.3. Therefore, these columns with casing and without CFRP (columns GN and
columns can be proposed as the most economical column GH), so these columns can be proposed as the most
for construction. economical columns for execution.

5. Conclusions References

1- The use of GRP casing as molds in reinforced concrete Abedini, M., et al. (2017), “Evaluation of concrete structures
columns caused a significant increase in compressive reinforced with fiber reinforced polymers bars: A review”, J.
capacity; compressive capacity in columns having casing Asian Scientific Res., 7(5), 165.
10.18488/journal.2.2017.75.165.175.
compared to columns without casing, was 4 and 3.38 times, Abedini, M., et al. (2019), “Large deflection behavior effect in
respectively. These values were, for columns made of reinforced concrete columns exposed to extreme dynamic
conventional concrete and high-strength concrete, loads”, [Link] 32.
respectively. ACI 211.1-91, (1991), “Standard Practice for Selecting
2- Strengthening the columns without casing and with use Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight and Mass Concrete
of CFRP significantly increased the compressive capacity of (Reapproved 2009)”, Farmington hills, MI, USA, ACI
the columns. The use of a single layer and two-layered Committee 211.
CFRP with conventional concrete increased 26% and 35%, Ashour, A.F. and Kara, I.F. (2014), “Size effect on shear strength
respectively; this increase with high-strength concrete was of FRP reinforced concrete beams”, Compos. Part B: Eng., 60,
612-620. [Link]
12% and 39%. This effect is less in the columns having Almusallam, T.H. (2007), “Behavior of normal and high-strength
casing due to higher confinement effect of casing; the use of concrete cylinders confined with E-glass/epoxy composite
a single layer and two-layer CFRP in columns with laminates”, Compos. Part B: Eng., 38(5-6), 629-639.
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