STM Reviewer
Table of Contents:
Lesson 1:
● Introduction to Trigonometry
● Conversion (DDN and DMS)
● Complementary and Supplementary Angles
Lesson 2:
● Angles in Standard Position
● Coterminal and Reference Angles
Lesson 3:
● Conversion (Radian and DDN)
Lesson 4:
● Introduction to Arc Length and Sector Area
● Solving Arc Length and Sector Area
Lesson 5:
● Solving Linear and Angular Speed
● Conversion Table
Lesson 6:
● Trigonometric Functions
● Special Right Triangles
● Cofunction Angles
Lesson 7:
● Angle of Elevation and Depression
Lesson 8:
● Unit Circle
Lesson 1:
● Introduction to Trigonometry
Vocabulary/Terms:
E: Vertex
EA, EB, EC, ED: Rays
AEB and BEC: Adjacent Complimentary Angles
AEC: Right Angle
DEB and BEC: Linear Pair
DEC: Straight Angle
— Angle: 2 rays that intersect to meet a point
2 Ways to Name an Angle:
- 3 Letter Rule: used for 2 or more angles with the same vertex [ex: ∠AEB and
∠BEC]
- Vertex Rule: [ex: ∠E]
— Greek Letters: used in labeling angle measurements [ex: α, β, γ, θ, φ]
— Measure of an Angle: amount of rotation (the measure of the distance of 2 rays)
— 2 Types of Degree Units: Decimal Degrees and DMS System
● Conversion (DDN and DMS)
— Conversion Factor
1° = 60’ (60 minutes)
1’ = 60” (60 seconds)
1° = 3600” (3600 seconds)
— DDN to DMS
Steps:
1. Copy the whole number as is
2. Convert the decimal degree into minutes (multiply by 60’)
3. If the product has a decimal, convert the decimal into seconds (multiply by
60”)
4. If the product has a decimal again, round it to the nearest whole number
Examples:
a. 42.50°
42° → Whole Number (leave it as is)
0.50° x (60’/1°) = 30’
Final Answer: 42° 30’
b. 111.32°
111° → Whole Number (leave it as is)
0.32° x (60’/1°) = 19.2’
19’ → Whole Number (leave it as is)
0.2’ x (60”/1’) = 12”
Final Answer: 111° 19’ 12”
— DMS to DDN
Steps:
1. Copy the degree’s number as is
2. Convert the minutes’ number to degrees (divide by 60’)
3. Convert the seconds’ number to degrees (divide by 3600”)
4. Add the degrees to the converted minutes’ and seconds’ decimals
Examples:
a. 68° 25’ 50”
68° → Whole Number (leave it as is)
25’/60’ = 0.4166° (rounded to 4 places)
50”/3600” = 0.013° (rounded to 4 places)
68 + 0.4166 + 0.013 = 68.4296
Final Answer: 68.4296°
b. -117° 15’ 45”
-117° → Whole Number (leave it as is)
15’/60’ = 0.25°
45”/3600” = 0.0125°
-117 + 0.25 + 0.0125 = -117.2625
Final Answer: -117.2625°
● Complementary and Supplementary Angles
— Complementary Angles: 2 angles that form 90°
Examples:
a. Complement of 35°
90° - 35° = 55°
b. Complement of (x + 15)°
90° - (x + 15)° = 90° - x° - 15°
= (75 - x)°
— Supplementary Angles: 2 angles that form 180°
Examples:
a. Supplement of 85°
180° - 85° = 95°
b. Supplement of (2x - 3)°
180° - (2x - 3)° = 180° - 2x° + 3°
= (183 - 2x)°
Lesson 2:
● Angles in Standard Position
How to determine if an angle is in standard position (ASP)?
1. Terminal side is the one that defines an angle.
2. Initial side is always coinciding with the positive x-axis.
Examples:
— Quadrantal Angles: angle whose terminal side lies on the “x or y–axis”
Examples:
1. 0°
2. 90°
3. 180°
4. 270°
5. 360°
— Oriented Angles: angle with a guided terminal side
Counter-clockwise: Positive direction (+)
Clockwise: Negative direction (-)
● Coterminal and Reference Angles
— Coterminal Angles: 2 angles with the same terminal sides (adding/subtracting
360°)
Examples:
a. 120° is coterminal with 480°, -240°, -600° (+/- 360°)
b. 70° is coterminal with 430°, -290°, -650° (+/- 360°)
— Reflex Angles: positive acute angle formed by the terminal side (x-axis)
Formula:
Examples:
a. 15° is the reflex angle of 195° (195° - 180° = 15°)
b. 30° is the reflex angle of 390° (390° - 360° = 30° [Quadrant 1 = θ])
Lesson 3:
● Conversion (Radian and DDN)
Radian → either no unit or simply written as rad
48° ≠ 48 rad
— Degree to Radian
Steps:
1. Multiply π/180°
2. Simplify if possible
Examples:
a. 90°
90° x π/180° = 90π/180 (simplify)
Final Answer = π/2
b. 150°
150° x π/180° = 150π/180° (simplify)
Final Answer = 5π/6
— Radian to Degree
Steps:
1. Multiply 180°/π
2. Simplify if possible
Examples:
a. 2π/3 x 180°/π = 360°/3 (simplify)
Final Answer: 120°
b. π/6 x 180°/π = 180°/6 (simplify)
Final Answer: 30°
Lesson 4:
● Introduction to Arc Length and Sector Area
Vocabulary/Terms:
— Arc: portion of a circle circumference
— Arc Length: length of a portion/whole circumference
— Central Angle: formed whose vertex is the center of the circle
— Inscribed Angle: angle formed within the arc
● Solving Arc Length and Sector Area
Sector Length Formula:
s = θr
s = arc length
r = radius
s = θπr/180° (in degrees)
Sector Area Formula:
A = θ/2πr²
A = θ/360πr² (in degrees)
Lesson 5:
● Solving Linear and Angular Speed
— Linear Speed: how fast one point travels to another
Formula:
v = s/t
— Angular Speed: how fast can it rotate from one point to another (revolutions
per minute)
Formula:
ω = θ/t
● Conversion Table
Conversion Units:
- 1 rev = 2πrad
- 1 mi = 5280 ft
- 0.6214 mi = 1 km
- 1 km = 1000 m
Linear: Angular:
m/s deg/sec
ft/sec radian/sec
mph rev/min (RPM)
Lesson 6:
● Trigonometric Functions
— sin(x) = opp/hyp
— cos(x) = adj/hyp
— tan(x) = opp/adj
— csc(x) = hyp/opp
— sec(x) = hyp/adj
— cot(x) = adj/opp
● Special Right Triangles
● Cofunction Angles
— sin(x) = cos(90 - x)
— cos(x) = sin(90 - x)
— tan(x) = cot(90 - x)
— cot(x) = tan(90 - x)
— sec(x) = csc(90 - x)
— csc(x) = sec(90 - x)
Examples:
a. sin(35) = cos(55) [90 - 35 = 65]
b. tan(58) = cot(32) [90 - 58 = 32]
c. sec(26) = csc(64) [90 - 26 = 64]
Lesson 7:
● Angle of Elevation and Depression
Angle of Elevation:
Angle of Depression:
Lesson 8:
● Unit Circle
Formula:
(x , y) = (cosθ , sinθ)
Eg. 200° = (-0.93, 0.34)
Note: Always take note of what quadrant they are located
Trigonometric Fingers:
Note: Reflex angles help find their coordinates in the unit circle
Eg. 225° - 180° = 45° (Therefore, the coordinates for 225 degrees and 45 degrees
are the same)