Science

Week 1a: Intro to Science

In the science lab we wear PPE
• Safety goggles
• Mask
• Ear plugs / hearing protection
• Safety gloves
• Closed-toed shoes
• Hair net / helmet
• Lab coat
Lab Safety
HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
Substances that easily catch fire.
CORROSIVE
Substances that attack and destroy living tissues, including the eyes and skin.
TOXIC
Can cause death when swallowed, breathed in or absorbed through the skin.

Week 1b: Fair Testing & The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method is a step-by-step process used to solve problems and understand how
and why the world and other things work the way they do
The scientific method can be used by anyone, not just scientists
Observation => Hypothesis => Prediction => Experiment => Data
Fair Test
A fair test is an experiment where only one variable is changed, and all other variables are
kept the same
Three types of variables involved in a fair test are
Independent variable: A factor that is changed by the experimenter on purpose, to test the
dependent variable.
Dependent variable: A factor that may change as a result of changes made to the independent
variable.
Control variable: The variable(s) in an experiment that is unchanged and constant (always the
same).
In a fair test, the dependent variable is “dependent” (relies) on the independent variable
One independent variable is changed at a time while the rest of the variables are controlled

Week 2: Atoms and Elements 1

Matter
Everything in the world is made of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and mass
Matter can be broken down into many different things:
Elements = Atoms + Molecules
Atoms(e.g. carbon)
Molecules(e.g. oxygen)
Compounds(e.g. CO2)
Mixtures(e.g. air)
Atoms and Elements
An element is any substance made of only one type of atom
•Atoms are the smallest building blocks of matter and can not be broken down using chemical
reactions.
•For example:
Carbon is an element made of only carbon atoms
Copper is an element made of only copper atoms
Helium is an element made of only helium atoms
Compounds
A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically
bonded together.
• The elements in compounds are always present in fixed ratios.
• Compounds can be broken down into the elements that make them, but only using
chemical reactions.
Mixtures
A mixture is made when two or more substances are combined, but not chemically bonded.
• In a mixture, the substances can be easily separated.
• Each substance in a mixture keeps its original properties.
• The proportion of the substances can vary (change). Air is a mixture of different
elements and molecules.
Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids
Non-metals are on the right
Metalloids are between the metals and non-metals.
Metals are on the left. Most of the elements are metals
Metals and Non-Metals
Physical properties of metals Physical properties of
non-metals
• Lustrous (shiny) • Dull (not shiny)
• Good conductor of electricity • Insulators (poor conductor of
electricity)
• Solids with a high melting point • Substances with low melting point
• Malleable (can be shaped) • Brittle when solid (breaks easily)
• Ductile (can be stretched into wires) • Non-ductile (breaks when stretched)
• Opaque (even in thin sheets) • Transparent as a thin sheets
• Sonorous (makes sound) • Not sonorous (does not make sound)

Week 3: Atoms and Elements 2

Periods
• There are 7 periods in the periodic table.
• All the elements in a period share the same number of electron shells (energy levels).
• For example, all of the elements in period 4 have 4 electron shells (levels).
Groups
• There are 18 groups in the periodic table.
• All elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons (outer electrons).
• For example, all of the elements in group 2 have 2 valence electrons (outer electrons).
• This means the elements in each group share similar chemical and physical properties.
Atomic Structure
Atoms consist of three basic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons.
• The atomic number tells us how many protons are in the nucleus of the atoms.
The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.
The atomic mass number is how many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus

Week 4: Introduction to Respiration

Respiratory System
The respiratory system is the group of organs we use for respiration and breathing.
Organs or body parts involved include: Nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, lungs, and alveoli
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is when cells use food (ex: glucose) to make energy.
Respiration Equations
word equation
glucose + oxygen => cacbondioxide + water + ATP (energy)
balanced chemical equation
glucose (C6H12O6) + oxygen (6O2) => cacbondioxide (6CO2) + water (6H2O) + ATP
(energy)

Week 5: Plants: Germination and Growth

Function of Plants
Leaf: Photosynthesis.
Fruit: Store seeds for reproduction.
Flower: Make seeds for reproduction.
Stem: Support & transport water and minerals.
Roots: Anchor the plant & absorbs and transports dissolved minerals
Germination
Germination is when a seed starts to grow.
Parts of a seed:
1. Seed coat: The protective outer coating.
2. Embryo: The start of a baby plant.
3. Stored food: Used for respiration until the plant has leaves and can photosynthesize
Steps tp germination
1. Seed absorbs water from the environment
2. Embryo uses stored food for energy to begin to grow
3. Embryo sends out a root (it grows down because it senses gravity).
4. The shoot (stem and leaves) grow upward.
Plant Adaptations
Adaptations are special characteristics that allow organisms to survive in particular habitats.
Plants adapt to:
• get sunlight, water, air and nutrients
• not be eaten
• stay rooted in the ground
• reproduce
Dưới đây là 20 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm bằng tiếng Anh dựa trên nội dung của **Week 1a: Intro to
Science**:
### 1. What PPE should you wear in the lab?
- A. Safety goggles
- B. Gloves
- C. Lab coat
- D. All of the above

### 2. What should you wear to protect your eyes from chemicals?
- A. Safety goggles
- B. Helmet
- C. Safety shoes
- D. Gloves

### 3. Which of the following is described as "highly flammable"?

- A. Corrosive substance
- B. Toxic substance
- C. Flammable substance
- D. All of the above

### 4. Corrosive substances can damage which parts of the body?

- A. Skin
- B. Eyes
- C. Respiratory system
- D. Both A and B

### 5. Which substance can cause death if swallowed or absorbed through the skin?
- A. Flammable substance
- B. Toxic substance
- C. Corrosive substance
- D. Both A and B

### 6. Which of the following has the ability to destroy living tissue?
 - A. Corrosive substance
- B. Toxic substance
- C. Flammable substance
- D. Non-reactive substance

### 7. What does PPE stand for?

- A. Personal Protective Equipment
- B. Protective Personal Equipment
- C. Public Protective Equipment
- D. Personal Protective Essentials

### 8. What type of shoes should be worn in the lab?

- A. Open-toed shoes
- B. Closed-toed shoes
- C. Sandals
- D. High heels

### 9. Which protective equipment is needed to protect hearing in noisy environments?

- A. Gloves
- B. Earplugs
- C. Safety goggles
- D. Lab coat

### 10. Which of the following is NOT a step in the Scientific Method?
- A. Observation
- B. Prediction
- C. Confirmation
- D. Experiment

### 11. In a fair test, which variable is deliberately changed by the scientist?
- A. Dependent variable
- B. Independent variable
 - C. Control variable
- D. No variable

### 12. In a fair test, which variable changes when the independent variable changes?
- A. Control variable
- B. Dependent variable
- C. Constant variable
- D. Experimental variable

### 13. Who can use the Scientific Method?

- A. Only scientists
- B. Anyone
- C. Only adults
- D. Only students

### 14. Which variable must remain unchanged throughout a fair test?
- A. Dependent variable
- B. Independent variable
- C. Control variable
- D. Both A and B

### 15. The Scientific Method helps us understand:

- A. How and why things happen
- B. Evolution of species
- C. Climate change
- D. None of the above

### 16. The independent variable in a fair test is the factor:

- A. That changes naturally
- B. That is adjusted by the scientist
- C. That always remains the same
- D. That does not change
### 17. The dependent variable in a fair test is the factor:
- A. That does not depend on any other variable
- B. That depends on the independent variable
- C. That remains constant
- D. That changes randomly

### 18. Which of the following is the correct order of the Scientific Method?
- A. Observation -> Hypothesis -> Prediction -> Experiment -> Data
- B. Observation -> Prediction -> Hypothesis -> Experiment -> Data
- C. Prediction -> Observation -> Hypothesis -> Data -> Experiment
- D. Hypothesis -> Observation -> Prediction -> Experiment -> Data

### 19. In a fair test, which variable is the one that stays constant?
- A. Independent variable
- B. Dependent variable
- C. Control variable
- D. None of the variables

### 20. In the Scientific Method, what step follows after making a prediction?
- A. Hypothesis
- B. Observation
- C. Experiment
- D. Data
Dưới đây là 20 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm bằng tiếng Anh dựa trên nội dung của các tuần sau
**Week 1a** trong tài liệu:

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### **Week 1b: Fair Testing & The Scientific Method**

1. What is a fair test?

 - A. An experiment where multiple variables are changed
- B. An experiment where only one variable is changed
- C. An experiment with no variables
- D. An experiment where all variables are random

2. In a fair test, which variable is affected by the independent variable?

- A. Independent variable
- B. Dependent variable
- C. Control variable
- D. None of the above

3. Which variable is kept constant in a fair test?

- A. Dependent variable
- B. Independent variable
- C. Control variable
- D. Experimental variable

4. What is the purpose of the control variable in an experiment?

- A. To change randomly
- B. To remain constant
- C. To depend on other variables
- D. To be tested repeatedly

5. Which step in the scientific method comes after forming a hypothesis?

- A. Data collection
- B. Experiment
- C. Observation
- D. Analysis

---

### **Week 2: Atoms and Elements 1**

6. What is matter?
- A. Anything that has mass and occupies space
- B. A type of energy
- C. Only solid objects
- D. Only visible objects

7. Which of the following is made of only one type of atom?

- A. Compound
- B. Mixture
- C. Element
- D. Solution

8. What is an example of a molecule?

- A. Helium
- B. Carbon
- C. Oxygen (O₂)
- D. Gold

9. What is an example of a compound?

- A. CO₂
- B. Iron
- C. Water vapor
- D. Air

10. Which of the following is a mixture?

- A. Water (H₂O)
- B. Salt (NaCl)
- C. Air
- D. Carbon dioxide

---
### **Week 3: Atoms and Elements 2**

11. How many periods are there in the periodic table?

- A. 5
- B. 7
- C. 10
- D. 18

12. How many groups are there in the periodic table?

- A. 5
- B. 7
- C. 10
- D. 18

13. What do all elements in the same period share?

- A. The same number of valence electrons
- B. The same atomic mass
- C. The same number of electron shells
- D. The same color

14. Elements in the same group have the same number of:
- A. Protons
- B. Neutrons
- C. Valence electrons
- D. Atomic numbers

15. What particles make up an atom?

- A. Protons and electrons only
- B. Protons, neutrons, and electrons
- C. Only protons
- D. Neutrons and electrons only
---

### **Week 4: Introduction to Respiration**

16. Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory system?

- A. Nasal passage
- B. Stomach
- C. Larynx
- D. Alveoli

17. What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

- A. To produce oxygen
- B. To produce glucose
- C. To generate energy (ATP)
- D. To create protein

18. What are the products of cellular respiration?

- A. Oxygen and glucose
- B. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
- C. Water and glucose
- D. ATP and oxygen

19. What is the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration?

- A. C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP
- B. CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ + ATP
- C. C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
- D. C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

20. Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

- A. Trachea
- B. Bronchioles
- C. Alveoli
- D. Pharynx

1. What is matter?
o A. Anything that has color
o B. Anything that has mass and takes up space
o C. Anything that moves
o D. Anything that is visible

2. Which of the following is made up of only one type of atom?

o A. Mixture
o B. Compound
o C. Element
o D. Solution

3. Which of the following is an example of a molecule?

o A. Carbon (C)
o B. Oxygen (O₂)
o C. Water (H₂O)
o D. Both B and C

4. What is a compound?
o A. A substance with only one type of molecule
o B. A substance formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded
o C. A mixture of different elements
o D. A substance that cannot be broken down

5. Which of the following can be easily separated?

o A. Element
o B. Compound
o C. Mixture
o D. Atom

6. In a compound, elements are combined in:

o A. Any ratio
o B. Fixed ratios
o C. No specific ratio
o D. Constant ratio

7. Which of the following is NOT a property of mixtures?

o A. Easily separated
o B. Retains individual properties
o C. Chemically bonded
o D. Variable proportions

8. An example of a mixture is:

o A. Water (H₂O)
o B. Air
o C. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
o D. Gold (Au)
Week 3: Atoms and Elements 2

9. How many periods are in the periodic table?

o A. 5
o B. 7
o C. 10
o D. 18

10. Elements in the same period have the same number of:
o A. Protons
o B. Neutrons
o C. Electron shells
o D. Valence electrons

11. Which of the following elements would be in period 4?

o A. An element with 2 electron shells
o B. An element with 3 electron shells
o C. An element with 4 electron shells
o D. An element with 5 electron shells

12. How many groups are there in the periodic table?

o A. 7
o B. 10
o C. 18
o D. 20

13. Elements in the same group have the same number of:
o A. Protons
o B. Valence electrons
o C. Electron shells
o D. Neutrons

14. The atomic number of an element indicates the number of:

o A. Neutrons
o B. Electrons
o C. Protons
o D. Valence electrons

15. What are the three main particles in an atom?

o A. Electrons, ions, and neutrons
o B. Electrons, protons, and ions
o C. Protons, neutrons, and electrons
o D. Protons, neutrons