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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2020.3015927, IEEE
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Induction Voltage Regulator Performance in

Primary Distribution Networks with a High
Degree of Distributed Generation
Thomas R. Matsumoto1, Silvio I. Nabeta1, Ivan E. Chabu1, Shigueru Nagao Jr.1,
Nerivaldo R. Santos2, Alexandre Dominice2

one-minute interval [2] due to cloud formation during weather

Abstract—The main purpose of this paper is to study and changes. This abrupt variation causes a major impact in the
evaluate the use of induction voltage regulators in distribution power flow, and as a result, in the voltage profile via the
networks with several sources of renewable distributed distribution network. Other issues associated with the high
generation. Because this type of generation is not steady and is
level of distributed generation is the reverse power flow when
dependent on weather conditions, such as wind and solar
irradiation, the voltage at several points of a network may exhibit the generation surpasses the consumption and general increase
significant variation. Therefore, conventional voltage regulators in the network voltage profile.
will be subject to a larger number of tap changes, which shorten Therefore, maintaining the voltage level within acceptable
their useful lifetime. In this context, an induction voltage limits across all distribution networks becomes more
regulator, which has not been explored in the literature, is an challenging. Some studies indicate that a 15% level of
alternative that can overcome this problem, since it can maintain
photovoltaic generation may produce significant oscillations
a constant voltage level in the output without its components
wearing out. in the network power flow [3]. With a 20% level, the tap
changes in voltage regulators may even quadruplicate when
Keywords—Voltage Control; Distributed Power Generation; compared with a network without distributed generation [3].
Induction Voltage Regulator; Distribution Network. Consequently, a high level of renewable distributed
generation in distribution networks may pose an additional
burden in the existing voltage regulators and capacitive banks.
NOMENCLATURE With an increasing number of tap changes, the maintenance
Θ Displacement angle between stator and rotor. cost increases, while shortening the lifespan of this equipment.
V1 Primary input voltage. Moreover, the risk of failures is increased, which also impacts
V2 Secondary output voltage. the power quality that is delivered to the customer.
V2 MAX Maximum secondary output voltage. Several recent studies propose solutions for voltage
V2 MIN Minimum secondary output voltage. regulation problems caused by the renewable distributed
E2 Secondary induced voltage. generation at high levels. These solutions include centralized
algorithms to determine the best tap changer position for each
regulator [4] but requires online measurements and
I. INTRODUCTION communication among several network branches. Another
algorithm-based solution is to manage reactive power
C URRENTLY, large growth in renewable energy usage
has been observed around the world. Specifically,
photovoltaic energy is becoming increasingly common,
generation or consumption in a way to minimize the number
of tap changes [2], [5]-[6]. Furthermore, an approach to
especially with recent solar panel cost reductions and employ power electronic equipment and perform voltage
regulation exists. Distribution static compensators
government incentives. The global installed capacity increased
from 15.8 GW in 2008 to approximately 509.3 GW in 2018 (DSTATCOM) [2], tap changers constructed of insulated gate
bipolar transistors (IGBT) [7] and unified power flow
[1], which is an increase of 32 times. In subsequent years, the
controllers (UPFC) [8] promote a very fast voltage regulation
expected growth rate is approximately 20% per year; an
installed capacity of 1 TW is expected by 2022 [1]. or reactive power compensation. Another approach is to
consider electrical energy storage, which certainly helps
Nonetheless, because photovoltaic generation is
during power generation fluctuations; however, most
intermittent, the voltage profile via the distribution network
technologies are expensive or have not matured [9].
may have large variations in short periods of time. Studies
Nevertheless, the induction voltage regulator that is applied
show that generated power variation may surpass 60% in a
in primary distribution networks with some degree of
1
renewable distributed generation was not discussed in the
Department of Electrical Energy and Automation, Polytechnic School,
literature. This paper proposes to fill this gap by comparing
University of São Paulo, Av Prof. Luciano Gualberto 158, São Paulo, Brazil
2
EDP – São Paulo, Av. Presidente Castelo Branco 77, Mogi das Cruzes, with conventional on-load tap changer voltage regulators.
Brazil

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II. IRREGULARITY IN PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION

The distribution networks operate in an extensive range of
states. Since loads are not perfectly balanced, consumer
profiles have distinct characteristics and some overhead lines
are long and very loaded. All of these features directly
influence the voltage regulation. Consequently, the
proliferation of renewable distributed generation systems
imposes another challenge to voltage regulation.
As the photovoltaic distributed generation is becoming
increasingly common for low-voltage consumers, oscillations
in voltage and power consumption and/or generation will
occur more frequently with higher amplitude. This occurrence
may cause violations of the acceptable voltage range, which
have to be maintained by the utilities.
A. Generation transients caused by clouds
The massive penetration of photovoltaic distributed
generation in low-voltage networks may be severely affected Figure 2 - Example of measured solar irradiance in winter
by transients caused by clouds. As an example, measurements
have been collected in the city of Eugene, Oregon, USA [10]. Despite these advantages, the energy output is neither
The graphic in Figure 1 shows several fluctuations in the solar constant nor easily predicted, since it is susceptible to weather
irradiance measured on 2018 July 2nd (summer), while the conditions. For instance, the photovoltaic panel efficiency is
graphic in Figure 2 shows those measured on 2017 December dependent on several aspects, such as the incident irradiance
30th (winter). and ambient temperature. Moreover, the energy generation is
also related to the cleanliness of the photovoltaic panels.

III. OPTIONS FOR VOLTAGE REGULATION

The previous section indicates that photovoltaic generation
has a direct impact on the power flow fluctuation.
Consequently, the distributed generation level that a certain
distribution network may be able to sustain depends on the
cable capacity and the voltage regulation capability.
Most common solutions for voltage regulation are based on
electromechanical devices, such as de-energized and on-load
tap changers. Capacitor banks are also commonly applied and
several placement strategies were studied in [11], [12] and
[13]. However, with advancements in power electronics, new
devices are being developed and have a very fast response
since they have solid-state components and no moving parts.
This fast response is extremely desirable because it can
counteract the renewable distributed generation fluctuations.
Figure 1 – Example of measured solar irradiance in summer Another possibility is to consider voltage control strategies
using the photovoltaic system inverter itself.
Both Figure 1 and Figure 2 show abrupt variations in solar
irradiance. In summer, however, the variations are 1) Voltage Control Strategies
substantially more pronounced due to an increase in cloud There is a large number of control techniques that can be
formation and even some periods of rain. employed for voltage regulation. In the inverter system level,
B. Solar panels aspects for instance, power factor control, Volt-Var control and Volt-
Watt control are possible local strategies [14]-[16]. In the
Many intrinsic characteristics of photovoltaic panels have
distribution network level, a more comprehensive control is
enabled their widespread usage in many applications,
obtained with some degree of communication [17]-[19].
especially in distribution networks. Some advantages of
photovoltaic panels are easy and quick installation, low
2) Fast on-load tap changer
operation and maintenance costs, and modular technology.
Several studies propose fast tap changers based on power
Their cost is becoming increasingly accessible over time.
electronic components, such as IGBTs [20], [21]. Other
Furthermore, the panels are silent during operation, have no
studies are focused on solving short duration voltage drops
emissions and harvest an infinite, clean and readily available
[22], [23], lowering harmonic content [24] and even balancing
resource: solar energy.

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voltages in a three-phase system [7]. and the lifespan are reduced. No-load tap changers, even when
they do not suffer from wear, require the transformer to be
3) Power Electronic Substation frequently de-energized and energized, which can cause harm
This solution may be utilized in distribution networks and due to transients and are not very effective for voltage
has been considered for voltage regulation in each feeder [8], regulation.
[25]. The main advantage of this system is the possibility of Certainly, solutions that are based on power electronics
providing a continuously adjustable output voltage on each have a very short time response, which enables a precise
feeder. Associated with the energy storage and line drop voltage regulation. However, they are limited regarding the
compensation for each phase, the power electronic substation overload capacity and the amount of transient overvoltage
voltage regulation can be very effective, especially when withstand. The on-load tap changer has a substantially slower
applied for different consumer profiles, such as residential and time response, which affects the voltage regulation but has a
commercial profiles. larger overload capacity and transient overvoltage withstand.
The induction voltage regulator is capable of these positive
4) Active Power Filter aspects, such as time response, overload capacity and
This method compensates the reactive energy, which withstanding overvoltage.
eliminates any capacitive or reactive component and enables
voltage regulation. This equipment can also operate as a IV. INDUCTION VOLTAGE REGULATOR
harmonic filter. Nevertheless, this method is most efficient for The application [29], [30] and model [31] of induction
circuits with high X/R ratios, which what high-voltage voltage regulators were mainly studied in early 20th century. In
networks have. Distribution networks have low X/R ratios, that period, this type of regulator was also employed in
which means that this compensation will excessively increase distribution networks. However, as the on-load tap changers
ohmic losses and decrease the voltage regulation effectiveness became more common and cheaper, they eventually replaced
[8], [26]. the induction type. Nevertheless, for electrical equipment
testing, the induction voltage regulator is still being used [32].
5) Unified Power Quality Conditioner Due to its intrinsic characteristics, the induction voltage
This system is composed of a series and shunt active filters,
regulator becomes very interesting from a technical point of
which are connected by a DC common link. This equipment
view. In terms of assembly, this kind of regulator is very
can eliminate harmonics, balance loads and correct the power
similar to the induction motor, with primary and secondary
factor, which improves the voltage regulation [27]. Usually,
windings that are each located in the stator or the rotor, as
the best location for these conditioners are at the half feeder
most convenient. Therefore, once the relative position between
length, which is denominated as mid feeder compensators [8].
the stator and the rotor is changed, an angular displacement
can be obtained among the primary and secondary windings
6) Electromechanical tap changers
for the single three-phase regulators. From the stator and rotor
Tap changers can switch among a certain number of steps,
phasor composition, the result is an adjustable output voltage.
which enables the selection of an appropriate position, which
For the double three-phase regulators, no angular
adjusts the number of turns and corresponding voltage. Tap
displacement is produced, because it consists of two identical
changers are divided into on-load tap changers, as shown in
single regulators with the secondaries connected in series and
Figure 3, which can automatically operate under load, and no-
canceling each other phase-shift. For single-phase regulators,
load tap changers, which are usually operated manually when
changing the relative position between the windings produces
the transformer is fully de-energized.
a greater or lesser linked flux, which varies the induced
voltage amplitude [33].

Figure 3 – On-load tap changer scheme [28]

On-load tap changers comprise expensive components that

are subject to premature contact deterioration in the case of
frequent switching. Consequently, the maintenance interval Figure 4 – Cross-section of a single-phase induction voltage regulator

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In Figure 4, the cross-section of the single-phase induction null, therefore, the input voltage V1 is the resulting output
regulator and the displacement angle Θ between the stator and voltage. When the secondary winding is in the opposite
the rotor are shown. direction of the primary winding (Θ = 180°), then the voltages
The compensation winding is short-circuited and has the are also in phase opposition, which produces an output voltage
ability to balance the magnetomotive force between primary that is the difference between V1 and E2.
and secondary, especially when they are orthogonal with Note that the induced voltage E2 always has the same phase
respect to each other. If this compensation does not exist, the as the input source; so only its amplitude is modified
impedance between the primary windings and secondary according to the displacement since the linked flux is
windings dramatically increases when these windings are changing. Moreover, the regulator can be designed with a
orthogonally displaced, since no linked flux exists among broad range of output voltage because it is only related to the
them. Consequently, the device regulation also increases, secondary number of turns. For instance, if the primary and
which is not desirable. secondary windings have the same number of turns, the output
From the operational perspective, the induction voltage voltage ranges from zero to twice the input voltage in the
regulator is usually connected as an autotransformer, as shown autotransformer connection.
in Figure 5. Considering these properties, this type of regulator has the
capability of continuously regulating the voltage, only by
changing the relative position between the stator and the rotor.
Furthermore, this equipment does not present any wear since it
is brushless and does not have any moving contacts. Another
feature is that the induction regulator allows great flexibility to
regulate a large voltage range, which takes into account the
selection of the turn ratio between the primary winding and
the secondary winding. In addition to these features, it also has
a larger overload capacity compared with its electronic device
counterparts because it has a higher thermal time constant.

V. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION IMPACT ON PRIMARY

DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
To assess the renewable distributed generation impact on
the number of tap changes in a primary distribution network,
the IEEE 123 node test feeder [34] was analyzed, as shown in
Figure 5 – Induction voltage regulator connected as an autotransformer
Figure 7.
For this connection as an autotransformer, the resulting
phasor combination from the primary and secondary windings
can be depicted, as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 7 – IEEE 123 node test feeder [34]

This primary distribution network has a rated voltage of

4.16 kV and was simulated in OpenDSS. In addition to 123
Figure 6 – Phasor composition for the autotransformer connection
nodes, the circuit contains two transformers: one transformer
has an on-load tap changer, four capacitor banks, four voltage
When the primary and secondary windings are aligned (Θ =
regulators and several single-phase and three-phase spot loads,
0°), a maximal linked flux is achieved; thus, the resulting
which yield a total of 114 unbalanced loads. The daily load
output voltage is the arithmetic sum of both voltages V 1 and
profile adopted for all loads was the standard profile from
E2. For the orthogonal position (Θ = 90°), the linked flux is

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OpenDSS, and considers the peak of each load according to

IEEE 123 node test feeder data.
With this configuration, the maximum active power
injected in the network by node 150 is 3609 kW; its profile for
a one-day period is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 10 - Total active power profile at 20% level of distributed generation

Figure 8 – Total active power profile without distributed generation

For this simulation without any distributed generation, a

total of 19 tap changes occurred in the voltage regulators
during the 24-hour simulated period.
For the tap change behavior analysis as a function of the
distributed generation level, photovoltaic panels were
randomly distributed on the circuit nodes, with the generation
profile shown in Figure 1. Furthermore, four scenarios were
simulated: the first scenario was simulated at the 10%
penetration level with this generation profile; the second
scenario was simulated at the 20% penetration level; the third Figure 11 - Total active power profile at 40% level of distributed generation
scenario was simulated at the 40% penetration level, and the
last scenario was simulated at the 60% penetration level. The
results for the total active power supplied by the substation in
node 150 are shown in Figures 9, 10, 11 and 12, respectively.

Figure 12 - Total active power profile at 60% level of distributed generation

The results reveal that the reduction in the maximum

demand does not have the same proportion as the increase in
Figure 9 - Total active power profile at 10% level of distributed generation distributed generation, since both instants may not be

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coincident. Moreover, the amplitude variation in the active whole simulated period of 24 hours for each scenario of
power that is supplied from the substation increases as the distributed generation level is shown in Table 1. Note that no
distributed generation level is increased. voltage control strategy was considered for any of the
The maximum and minimum voltage profiles for each node photovoltaic panel inverters, such as reactive power injection.
during the 24-hour simulated period for the scenario of the Therefore, the simulation only considers the active power
60% penetration level are shown in Figure 13. Several nodes injection, which is the most important component for the
are very close to the upper and/or lower voltage limits of 1.05 owner payback.
pu and 0.95 pu, respectively.

Figure 15 - Voltage on node 26 at 60% level of distributed generation

Figure 13 - Maximum and minimum voltage profile at 60% level of
distributed generation

To analyze the distributed generation impact on the voltage

during the simulated period, Figures 14 and 15 show the
voltages on node 26, which is connected to the secondary of a
voltage regulator, for two scenarios. The first scenario is
without distributed generation, and the second scenario, is
distributed generation at the 60% level. The tap position as a
function of time for both scenarios is shown in Figure 16 and
Figure 17, respectively.

Figure 16 – Tap changer position without distributed generation

Figure 14 – Voltage on node 26 without distributed generation

Major increase in tap changes can be observed due to a

greater voltage variation in short periods of time.
Nevertheless, the voltage variation is within the same range of
maximum and minimum voltages that was obtained for the
scenario without distributed generation. Figure 17 – Tap changer position at 60% level of distributed generation
The total tap changes for all voltage regulators during the

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Table 1 – Total number of tap changes as a function of the distributed will be addressed in future research.
generation level

Distributed VI. INDUCTION VOLTAGE REGULATOR PERFORMANCE IN

0% 10% 20% 40% 60% PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
generation level
Total tap The renewable distributed generation impact is mainly
19 27 33 92 147 observed in the voltage variation and lifespan of conventional
changes
Percentage 100% 142% 174% 484% 774% voltage regulators. These regulators were then replaced by
induction voltage regulators. Since both models are similar
The most immediate consequence of these results is the [33], a few regulator parameters could be adjusted to simulate
drastic reduction in the voltage regulator maintenance the inductive model. Therefore, the adopted model and the
intervals and contact lifespan. According to a study from conventional regulator are similar, except for a regulating
ANEEL [35], the estimated contact lifetime for the range of +15% to -15% and a total number of steps of 20000,
conventional voltage regulators with arc quenching in oil is to simulate the fine regulation for which the induction
approximately 21 years for the primary distribution network regulator is capable. Furthermore, an excursion time between
application. Therefore, a 40% level of distributed generation the maximum voltage position and minimum voltage position
would increase tap changes almost 5 times and, consequently, of 10 seconds, which yields a limit of 4000 step changes for a
reduce the voltage regulator contact lifespan to approximately 2-second simulation time interval, was considered. The
20% of the original value or approximately only 4 years based allowed voltage range was reduced before the tap change
on the obtained results. Please note this a simple extrapolation command was issued and the tap change delay reduced to
of the results for the whole operation time, just to have a rough zero, since the inductive regulator can precisely and
idea of the impact. continuously adjust the voltage.
Furthermore, these results were obtained for this particular The maximum and minimum voltage profiles for each node
case. Several other variables, such as location, type and size of with the induction voltage regulators during the 24-hour
the distributed generation also have a major influence on the simulated period are shown in Figure 18 for the scenario of the
voltage profile. For instance, even small portions of 60% penetration level. A distinct improvement in the profile,
distribution generation may lead to overvoltage issues, while which became more centralized in the rated voltage, is
large portions could be perfectly fine depending on such observed when compared with the results obtained in Figure
variables [36]. 13. Furthermore, the amplitude between the maximum and
An alternative to reduce the number of tap changes is to minimum voltages were substantially reduced for several
increase the regulator bandwidth. However, this measure nodes along the entire network. This amplitude reduction can
implies a larger allowable voltage range, and, therefore, some be quite helpful to implement conservation voltage reduction
nodes may experience a higher amplitude of voltage variation. (CVR), because the risk of voltage violation is reduced. The
Considering the voltage profile in Figure 13, this means more opposite effect can also be obtained to maximize the energy
nodes that could fall of the acceptable voltage range. sold by intentionally raising the voltage, if possible. Another
Another setting that can be explored to improve voltage research possibility is to investigate how the voltage profile
regulation is the line drop compensation for the tap-changer would be affected if the induction voltage regulators were
control. The network power factor is reduced in the distributed installed in different locations. A completely different voltage
generation presence, because it reduces the active power profile could be obtained if the regulators were placed in
supplied by the substation while maintaining the reactive strategic nodes and eventually, the number of regulators could
power practically unchanged. Therefore, there is also be reduced, due to improved regulation capabilities.
proportionally more reactive power and this causes a larger
voltage drop, considering that the line drop compensation was
adjusted for a higher power factor [37].
Capacitor bank management can also be a simple and
inexpensive measure to improve voltage unbalance and help
mitigating tap change increase. Nevertheless, it would be
limited for a specific or a narrow range of cases and settings.
The induction voltage regulator offers much more flexibility
with a broader regulation capability.
While voltage regulators equipped with vacuum tap
changers are practically maintenance-free as the induction
voltage regulators, only the latter can provide a very fine and
continuous regulation, without delays.
As described in section III, several other voltage control
strategies can also be effective for voltage regulation without
increasing the number of tap changes. However, a comparison
Figure 18 - Maximum and minimum voltage profile at 60% level of
with those strategies is beyond the scope of this first study and distributed generation and with induction voltage regulators

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The resulting voltages as a function of time for node 26 are improvement and easily achievable with the induction
shown in Figures 19 and 20, for the scenario without regulator.
distributed generation and distributed generation at the 60%
level, respectively. Hence, a comparison with the results from VII. CONCLUSION
Figures 14 and 15, which were obtained for the conventional With the growth in renewable distributed generation,
voltage regulators with tap changers, is possible. As expected, especially in distribution networks, the study of power quality
the voltage variation amplitude is substantially smaller, since indicators, mainly those related to voltage level compliance
the induction voltage regulator is continuously regulating within established limits, become imperative. Therefore, the
voltage to the reference level with very fine control. voltage profile along the distribution network has to be fully
A comparison of the results shown in Figures 19 and 20 analyzed in possible distributed generation scenarios.
reveal some periods with an abrupt voltage variation at the Furthermore, the utilities have to be aware of any likely
60% level of distributed generation. However, these periods dangerous scenarios and carry out preventive measures to
are limited to a very small amplitude. Problems with any ensure that voltage levels are maintained within acceptable
connected load are not expected. Since conventional voltage standards.
regulators have a control with a larger allowed voltage range Based on this context, the technical aspects of voltage
and a delay before tap change, these abrupt voltage variations regulation due to photovoltaic generation variability were
may occur in a broader voltage range and for a longer period addressed in this paper with a focus on primary distribution
of time, which impact the power quality and may harm any networks and conventional tap changer-based regulators. The
connected load. paper also highlighted the premature wear or lifespan
reduction of this type of regulator due to more tap changes in
several renewable distributed generation scenarios.
The IEEE 123 node test feeder in Figure 7 was assessed in
terms of the voltage variation for different degrees of
photovoltaic generation. The simulation results indicated a
drastic increase in the variation of the substation active power,
as the distributed generation level increases. Consequently, the
voltage across the network also varies and the number of tap
changes increases, which reduces the lifetime of the voltage
regulators. Therefore, the need for network reinforcement
using new equipment or control strategies to maintain voltage
levels within limits become evident.
Among the available techniques to mitigate the impacts
caused by renewable distributed energy fluctuations, the
induction voltage regulator was not explored by recent
literature. This type of regulator is capable of continuously
Figure 19 – Voltage on node 26 without distributed generation and with controlling voltage in a narrow band by only varying the
induction voltage regulators
relative position between the stator and the rotor. This
regulator does not present any wear since it is brushless and
does not have any moving contacts. Another interesting aspect
is the substantial flexibility to regulate large voltage ranges,
since it is related to the turn ratio between primary windings
and secondary windings. Compared with conventional tap
changer-based regulator, the results indicated that induction
type greatly improved the voltage profile.
Therefore, the induction voltage regulator provides an
extremely effective solution for coupling with the renewable
distributed generation side effects. A continuous and precise
voltage control, which improves the power quality and voltage
profile along the primary distribution network were observed.
On the other hand, the expected induction voltage regulator
cost is approximately 30% higher than the conventional
voltage regulators with arc quenching in oil. However, this
Figure 20 - Voltage on node 26 at 60% level of distributed generation and
initially higher cost can be compensated by the lower
with induction voltage regulators maintenance costs as the induction type is free of contacts that
are switched on load. Tap changer contacts are subject to
While voltage violations are usually allowed for a couple of deterioration every time a tap change occurs, which is the
minutes, correcting them in a matter of seconds is certainly an main reason for a limited number of operations and a decisive

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factor in the conventional regulator lifespan.

Furthermore, being the first study to assess the induction
voltage regulator application in a renewable distribution
generation scenario, an extensive list of new investigation
topics emerged. Examples are economical aspects; comparison
with the alternatives presented in section III; comparison with
conventional regulators with adapted parameters; comparison
with voltage regulators equipped with vacuum tap changers; Figure 23 – Photograph of the induction voltage regulator prototype rotor
optimal induction voltage regulator placement and minimum
quantity; behavior in a CVR context; analysis in several
irradiation scenarios over the years with Monte Carlo method;
operation in different scenarios of location, type and size of
distributed generation and implementation in a real
distribution network. Future research will address these new
topics.

VIII. APPENDIX
An induction voltage regulator prototype was built and
successfully tested as a proof of concept. Figures 21, 22, 23
and 24 show the cross-section, stator, rotor and the fully
assembled prototype, respectively.

Figure 24 – Photograph of the assembled induction voltage regulator

prototype

In Figure 21, it is possible to notice that the rotor is

accessed by flexible cables. The reason for not requiring
brushes nor contacts that are switched on-load, for instance, is
that the rotor is always displaced between zero and 180
electrical degrees in relation to the stator. Therefore, the motor
drive has only to adjust the required angular position to
regulate the output voltage.

IX. REFERENCES
[1] M. Schmela et al., “Global Market Outlook for Solar Power / 2019-
2023,” SolarPower Europe, Brussels, Belgium, Report, 2019.
[2] R. Yan, B. Marais and T. K. Saha, “Impacts of residential photovoltaic
power fluctuation on on-load tap changer operation and a solution using
DSTATCOM,” in Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 111, 2014, pp.
185–193.
[3] G. K. Ari and Y. Baghzouz, "Impact of high PV penetration on voltage
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