Optical Line Terminal

Optical Network Unit

Remote Terminal
 Optical Network Terminal
Central Office Optical Line Terminal

Optical Network Unit

Optical Line Terminal
Passive Optical Network
Optical Network Terminal
Physical Medium Dependent Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
Legacy Telecommunication
Technologies

1
 What is Telecommunication?
• Is communication at a distance
through electrical signal, or
electromagnetic waves.
It includes
• Mechanical communication
• Electrical communication

2
Historical Perspective

3
 Wireless & Wire communication

4
Wireless networks
 Wireless transmission method
• Logical choice to network a LAN segment
.

5
 Advantages
• To span a distance beyond the capabilities
of typical cabling,
• To provide a backup communications
• To link portable or temporary workstations
• To overcome situations where normal cabling
is difficult or financially impractical
• To remotely connect mobile users or networks

6
Applications of wireless technology 7

 Mobile telephones
 Wireless energy transfer
 Wireless Medical Technologies
 Computer interface devices
 Wireless data communications
 Wi-Fi
 Cellular data service
GSM ,CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access),GPRS (General Packet Radio
Service) 3G networks (W-CDMA,
EDGE)
 Mobile Satellite Communications
 Evolution of Telecommunication 8
Technology
 Mobile radio telephone (also known as "0G")
 Mobile broadband
 1G
 2G
 3G
 4G
 5G
 LTE (telecommunication)
 Mobile radio telephone (also known as "0G")

 Refered as pre cellular ("0G")

• Push to Talk(PTT or manual),

• Mobile Telephone System(MTS)
• Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS)
• Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS)
• Radio telephone
• Public switched telephone network(PSTN)

9
 Mobile broadband
• Mobile phones.
• Mobile Internet.
• PC cards (PC data cards) and Express cards
• USB
• Mobile broadband modems
• Mobile broadband,
• laptop computers, net book computers
• Smart phones, iPads, PDAs
• Mobile Internet devices

10
ADSL
Minimum
point of
entry
CABLE TV NETWORKS
 The cable TV network started as a video service provider, but it has moved to the
business of Internet access.

 Topics to be discussed in this section :

 Traditional Cable Networks

 Hybride Fiber-Coaxial (HFC) Network

33
5. CABLE TV NETWORKS

 Traditional Cable Networks was called community antenna TV (CATV)

Figure : Traditional cable TV network

34

NOTE: Communication in the traditional cable TV network is unidirectional.

5. CABLE TV NETWORKS (Contd..)

 Hybride Fiber-Coaxial (HFC) Network

NOTE: Communication in an HFC cable TV network can be bidirectional

3
5. CABLE TV NETWORKS (Contd..)

 CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER

 Cable companies are now competing with telephone companies for the residential
Customer who wants high-speed data transfer. In this section, we briefly discuss this
technology
1. Bandwidth
2. Sharing.
3. CM and CMTS
4. Data Transmission Schèmes: Data Over Cable System Interface Specification
(DOCSIS).

4
 CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER

(1) Bandwidth:

 In an HFC system, the last part of the network, from the fiber node to the
subscriber premises, is still a coaxial cable.

 This coaxial cable has a bandwidth that ranges from 5 to750 MHz(approx)

 To provide Internet access, the cable company has divided this bandwidth
into three bands:
(1). Video (2) .Downstream data (3).Upstream data bands.

Figure : Division of coaxial cable band by CATV

5
CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER(cont’d…)
 Downstream Video Band:

 It occupies frequencies from 54 to 550 MHz.

 Since each TV channel occupies 6 MHz, this can accommodate more than 80
channels.

 Downstream Data Band

 It occupies the upper band, from 550 to 750 MHz.
 This band is also divided into 6-MHz channels.
 Modulation Downstream data band uses the 64-QAM (or possibly 256-
QAM) modulation technique.
 The theoretical downstream data rate is 30 Mbps.

6
CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER(cont’d…)
 Upstream Data Band:
 It occupies the lower band, from 5 to 42 MHz.
 This band is also divided into 6-MHz channels.
 The upstream data band uses lower frequencies that are more
susceptible to noise and interference. For this reason, the QAM technique
is not suitable for this band. A better solution is QPSK.
 Upstream data are modulated using the QPSK modulation technique.
 Data Rate There are 2 bits baud in QPSK. The standard specifies 1 Hz/baud;
theoretically, upstream data can be sent at 12 Mbps (2 bits/Hz x 6 MHz).
 However, practically the data rate is usually less than 12 Mbps.
 The theoretical upstream data rate is 12 Mbps.

7
CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER(cont’d…)

(2) Sharing
 Both upstream and downstream bands are shared by the subscribers.

 Upstream Sharing
 The upstream data bandwidth is 37 MHz. This means that there are only six 6-MHz
channels available in the upstream direction.
 A subscriber needs to use one channel to send data in the upstream direction.

 Downstream Sharing
 The downstream band has 33 channels of 6 MHz. A cable provider probably has
more than 33 subscribers; therefore, each channel must be shared between a
group of subscribers
8
CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER(cont’d…)
(3) CM and CMTS
 To use a cable network for data transmission, need two key devices:
 Cable Modem(CM)
 Cable Modem Transmission System (CMTS).
1. The cable modem (CM): It is installed on the subscriber premises.
It is similar to an ADSL modem.

Fig: Cable modem(CM)

9
CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER(cont’d…)
2. Cable Modem Transmission System(CMTS)
 The cable modem transmission system (CMTS) is installed inside the distribution hub by the
cable company.

 It receives data from the Internet and passes them to the combiner, which sends them to the
subscriber.
 The CMTS also receives data from the subscriber and passes them to the Internet.
 Figure below shows the location of the CMTS.

10
CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER(cont’d…)

4. Data Transmission Schemes: DOCSIS

 Multimedia Cable Network Systems (MCNS) designed to create a standard for data
transmission over an HFC network called “Data Over Cable System Interface
Specification “(DOCSIS).
 DOCSIS defines all the protocols necessary to transport data from a CMTS to a CM

 Upstream Communication
 Downstream Communication

11
 Cable Modem Basics
Cable TV (CATV) Network serves as the Internet Service
Provider (ISP)
Cable Modem modulates/transmits and
demodulates/receives to/from a CATV channel
Downstream: data received at the modem is
communicated to one or more PCs on a LAN via
Ethernet, USB, PCI Bus, etc.
Upstream: data requests from the PC are transmitted
through the modem to the CATV network via coaxial
cable, phone line or wireless.
CATV data service interfaces to the Internet via Cable
Modem Termination System (CMTS )
Cable Modem Network Overview
Headend: DOCSIS-certified CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System)
 One Headend supports @ 2000 Cable Modem Users on a single TV Channel
 CMTS interfaces the CATV network to the Internet
CMTS output channel combined with TV video signals
CATV Network to Subscriber via coaxial cable
One-to-Two splitter: One signal to Set Top Box (STB), other to Cable Modem
Cable Modem
 One Modem can support up to 16 users in a local-area network
PC/Ethernet Card
 Cable Modem connected to PC via ethernet, USB, PCI Bus, etc
 Cable Modem Architecture
Transmit/Upstream
 QPSK/QAM Modulator performs:
QPSK/QAM-16 modulation
Reed-Solomon Encoding
D/A Conversion
Up-conversion to the selected
frequency/channel
Receive/Downstream
 RF Tuner
Converts TV Channel to a fixed lower
frequency (6-40MHz)
 QAM Demodulator performs:
A/D conversion
QAM-64/256 demodulation
MPEG frame synchronization
Error Correction (Reed-Solomon)
MAC - Media Access Control
 Implemented partially in hardware and
software
Data and Control Logic
Tunable Bandpass Filter
Low Pass Filter BB Base Band

Receive Path
Diplex Filter – splits/combines bands for 2-way capability on CATV systems
Tuner – isolates TV channel and mixes it down to Analog IF (6-40MHz)
Analog to Digital Conversion
Decimation Filters to down-sample to the symbol rate
QAM Demodulator
 MPEG Frame synchronization
 Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
 Equalizer – removes distortions, and cancels echoes or multi-path conditions
 Carrier Removal
 Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)

QAM Demodulator
TUNER
Diplex Analog RF Analog IF Decimate Dig BB
Tunable ADC QAM
Filter LNA VGA LPF to Symbol
Demodulation
BPF Rate
(Internal or
Fixed
External to Variable Freq
Modem) Freq

Digital Ctrl Logic/Signals Digital Ctrl Logic/Signals

Generic Receive Path of a Cable Modem

 Downstream Specifications
Frequency Range: 65-850MHz
Bandwidth: 6MHz (USA) or 8MHz (EU)
Modulation: 64-QAM (6 bits/symbol) or 256-QAM (8 bits/symbol)
Data rate: 27-56 Mbps (depends on modulation and bandwidth)

64-QAM 256-QAM
6 MHz 31.2 Mbps 41.6 Mbps
8 MHz 41.4 Mbps 55.2 Mbps

Continuous stream of data

Framing: MPEG-2 (based on DOCSIS spec)
Encryption: DES (Data Encryption Standard)
Reed-Solomon Forward Error Correction

* Symbol rate listed under Modulation does not compensate for error correction and other overhead
** Data rates listed in the table use a symbol rate of 6.9 Msym/s for 8MHz BW and 5.2Msym/s for 6MHz BW
 Finite Impulse
Reponse Numerically Controlled

Transmit Path Oscillator

QAM (Burst) Modulator

 Reed-Solomon Encoder (Forward Error Correction)
 Randomizer/Scrambler – whitens the data
Helps to avoid discrete spurs in output spectrum
Improves synchronization at the receiver since data is more equiprobable
 Preamble Insertion
Inserts a training sequence into the system
Transmitted without R-S Encoding or Scrambling
 Modulation Encoder (QPSK/16-QAM)
 Pulse Shaping (e.g. Raised Root Cosine)
 Programmable Interpolation Filters
 Programmable NCO, digitally modulates carrier anywhere in the Nyquist Bandwidth
 Digital to Analog Conversion
Variable Gain CATV Line Driver
QAM Modulator
To Diplexer
Preamble
Programmable Insertion
Interpolation Pulse-Shaping Digital
Program- Filter FIR Filter Modulation Reed- Data In
DAC mable Encoder MUX Randomizer Solomon
NCO Programmable Pulse-Shaping (QPSK/16-QAM)) Encoder
Interpolation FIR Filter
Variable Gain Filter
CATV Line Fixed
Driver Freq

Digital Control Logic/Signals

 Upstream Specifications
Frequency Range: 5-65 MHz
Variable Bandwidth: 200 kHz to 3.2 MHz (2 MHz
typically)
Modulation: QPSK (2 bits/symbol) or 16-QAM (4
bits/symbol)
Data rate: Variable 320 Kbps to 10 Mbps
Transmit bursts of data in timeslots (TDM)
Encryption: DES
Reed Solomon Forward Error Correction
Media Access Control (MAC)
MAC layer provides general requirements for
many cable modems subscribers to share a
single upstream data channel for transmission:
 Communication layer between Cable Modem and
CMTS
 Allocates Time-slots for transmission (upstream BW)
 Assigns upstream frequency and data rate
 Defines collision detection and retransmission
 Runs calibrations on TX levels and time references
(compensates for cable delays and losses)
 Includes ability to integrate encryption of user data
 DOCSIS Standard
Several CATV Standards:
 Various Proprietary protocols – 1G
 DOCSIS/MNCS – mainly USA (2G)
 DAVIC/DVB – mainly Europe (2G)
 IEEE 802.14 (3G??)- ATM
DOCSIS – Data over Cable Service
Interface Specifications
 Defined by the Multimedia Cable Network
System Partners (MCNS)
 Set of standards for transferring data by
CATV and cable modems
 Enable multi-vendor interoperability
 Defines all system layers such as the MAC
and PHY Layers
 Defines User Privacy Standards

Logical link control

 Cable vs DSL
Bandwidth/Data Rates
 Cable
Faster theoretical speeds (@ 30+ Mbps)
Average Plan: 6 Mbps down, 384 Kbps up ($43/mo + cable plan)
Scales by the number of subscribers using a particular channel
This problem can by resolved by the cable company adding more channels
 DSL
Slower data rates (< 10 Mbps, except for the unpopular VDSL)
Average Plan: 1.5 Mbps down, and 128 kbps up ($35/mo + phone line)
More consistent speeds
Performance/Quality
 Cable: designed to provide digital signals at a particular quality (variable
gain on upstream provides proper signal strength)
 DSL: quality depends on distance from central office
OSI MODEL

1
Introduction

 Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model (OSI

Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for
layered communications and computer network protocol design. It
was developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) initiative. In its most basic form, it divides network
architecture into seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the
Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link,
and Physical Layers. It is therefore often referred to as the OSI
Seven Layer Model.

2
OSI Model's 7 Layers
Application to Application
APPLICATION APPLICATION

Application to Application
PRESENTATION PRESENTATION

Application to Application
SESSION SESSION

TRANSPORT Process to Process TRANSPORT

NETWORK Source to Destination NETWORK

Router
Source to Destination

Hop to Hop
DATA LINK Switch DATA LINK
Hop to Hop

Hub and Repeater

PHYSICAL PHYSICAL
Physical Medium

3
Host and Media Layer

4
 Data, Protocol & Activities
OSI Layers TCP/IP Suit Activities

Application Application To allow access to network resources

Telnet, FTP, SMTP, HTTP, DNS, SNMP, Specific address etc…

To Translate, encrypt, and compress

Presentation Presentation data

Session To establish, manage, and terminate

Session session

Transport To Provide reliable process-to-process

Transport SCTP, TCP, UDP, Sockets and Ports address Message delivery and error recovery

Network To move packets from source to

Network IP, ARP/RARP, ICMP, IGMP, Logical address destination; to provide internetworking

Data Link To organize bits into frames; to provide

Data Link IEEE 802 Standards, TR, FDDI, PPP, Physical address Hop-to-hop delivery

Physical To Transmit bits over a medium; to provide

Physical Medium, Coax, Fiber, 10base, Wireless Mechanical and electrical specifications

5
Physical Layer
From data link layer To data link layer

110 10101000000010111 110 10101000000010111 Physical layer

Physical layer

Transmission medium

 One of the major function of the physical layer is to move data in the form of electromagnetic signals
across a transmission medium.
 Its responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (Node) to next.
 Both data and the signals can be either analog or digital.
 Transmission media work by conducting energy along a physical path which can be wired or wireless

 Concerned:
 Physical characteristics of interface and medium (Transmission medium)
 Representation of bits (stream of bits (0s or 1s) with no interpretation and encoded into signals)
 Data rate (duration of a bit, which is how long it last)
 Synchronization of bits (sender and receivers clock must be synchronized)
 Line configuration (Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multipoint)
 Physical topology
 Transmission mode (Simplex, half duplex, full duplex)

6
 Data Link Layer (Host to Host)
From network layer To network layer

Data link layer H2 Data T2 H2 Data T2 Data link layer

To physical layer From physical layer

 Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (Node) to the next.

 Concerned:
 Framing (stream of bits into manageable data units)
 Physical addressing (MAC Address)
 Flow Control (mechanism for overwhelming the receiver)
 Error Control (trailer, retransmission)
 Access Control (defining master device in the same link)

7
 Network Layer (Source to Destination)
From transport layer To transport layer

Network layer H3 Data Packet H3 Data Packet Network layer

To data link layer From data link layer

 The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source
host to the destination host.

 Concerned:
 Logical addressing (IP Address)
 Routing (Source to destination transmission between networks)

8
 Transport Layer (Process to Process)
From session layer From session layer

Transport layer H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data

Transport layer

Segments Segments

To network layer From network layer

 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to
another

 Concerned:
 Service-point addressing (Port address)
 Segmentation and reassembly (Sequence number)
 Connection control (Connectionless or connection oriented)
 Flow control (end to end)
 Error Control (Process to Process)

9
 Session Layer (Dialog initiation)
From Presentation layer To Presentation layer

H5 Data Data Data H5 Data Data Data Session layer

Session layer
Syn Syn Syn Syn Syn Syn

To transport layer From transport layer

 The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization

 Concerned:
 Dialog Control (Half Duplex/Full duplex)
 Synchronization (Synchronization points, process inline within same page)

10
 Presentation Layer (dependency)
From application layer To application layer

presentation layer H6 Data

H6 Data presentation layer

To session layer From session layer

 The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression and encryption

 Concerned:
 Translation (interoperability between different encoding system)
 Encryption (Privacy schemes)
 Compression (data compression)

11
 Application Layer (user level service)
USER USER
(Human or Program) (Human or Program)

X.500 FTAM X.400

X.500 FTAM X.400

Application layer

Application layer

H7 Data Message H7 Data Message

To presentation layer From presentation layer

 The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

 Concerned:
 Network virtual terminal (Software)
 File transfer, access and management
 Mail services
 Directory services (access to distributed database sources for global information about various objects
and services)

12