Presented By Cay se byt CBR eee terra PEASE M Piet sopor Zaire eet) 4, Md Salek Mabmud Zakaria Masum 5) Md Imral Kayes Ce Snes tieZy 7, Md Sahinur Islam CN CE SEV atte eer) 9) Md Murad Hossain [Link] Ashiquilah bbz feria) Dect NP thee | SERA pe cE Priest reste} pty tioued BSE eea| ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY Submitted To Shimol Roy jE eT ae LUTE TM oA ET ecole LEST Tra ITT sag Liz tra ehContent Preface Page 1. Introduction of Software 1 1. Software Definition I. Relationship between Software & Hardware MIL Historical Development of Software 2. Types of Software 2 1. System Software + Function of System Software + Example of System Software 1. Application Software + Function of Application Software + Example of Application Softs 3. System Development program 4 1. Programming Language © Types of programming Language * Generation of programming language HU. Language Translator * Types of language Translator I. Linker 1. Loader 4. Software Terminology 8 1 Firmware 1. Live-ware HI. Public-Domain software IV. Freeware ¥. Commercial Software Vi Shareware VIL. Proprietary Software VII. Semi-free SoftwareADE 1. Introduction Software % { 1, Software Definition Software is a genes responsit sy whit to do und bow ty de i | Sor ass enyacisneds whiestion 0h exmnspten bate aed inehruetions. fei tN, iieasiien, ands srecausng the tachwree tig IiaE 8 4 spate n and Sor acconriplish Wate ieee Gee Conger tits thee bactwate with th te nghapet ces Seton Nive wasert tots white Kies of costgus, tos hes With the tathwate tay ontpciting the cntel 3 Oni the inateuction defined by the whtware. Scbtwase is ani part 8 2 concprdten system thee wners cxeees touch. ie Sor conten) ne wueiNie tases, In etter ents, aft for ore 1, Whee Kind of be generated. Thus ight, software inti pit ty b On the user's sore seguenus, und the I Relationship heiween Software @Mardware ST peu, pp, Stes to the ommpster programs that ers wy ail thee visibhe devices, wh ing, oh sation beaded into 2 coms zevenribhed togettoer t tls bar howaee yy sth a ettegrete, i withers a bt, s 2 set of j whee to éo requested actions. Th 2 special eel h tof a costnge avarice 4 Eifirencee enigints, oF upesteats Sisk tot ths added hex conn terse . She alu theewized 2Computer Software 2. Types of Software Computer Softwere Q System Software Application Software -———— System Management Programs System Development Programs System software includes operating systems such as devise drivers, severs, windowing systems, and utilities. System software runs the hardware and computer system, The two main categories of system software are operating systems and utility software. + Functions of system software yO The three major functions of system software are allocating system resources, monitoring system activities, and disk and file management. 1. Allocating system resources: The system resources are time, The time in the CPU is divided into time slices. The time slices is measured in terms of milliseconds. Based on the priority of tasks the time Slices are assigned. Memory is also managed by operating system. Disk space is the part of main memory. The data low is controlled by operating system memory, input, and output, 2. Monitoring system a : The system security and system performance is monitored by system software. System performance includes response time and CPU utilization. System security is a part of operating system, Multiple users can’t access without the security code or password.fer Software J, File and disk management: The user needs to save, copy, delete, move and rename the files. The system software will handle those functions. Disk and file management is the technical task. e Examples of System Software In below mentioning most useful system software name which are commonly known by windows user. * File Explorer = Disk Manager * Disk cleaner = Registry Editor * Windows Defender = Task Manager = Resource Monitor = Device manager = Internet Explorer _ be yo) 7 Application Software @ ‘Application software is a type of computer program that performs a specific personal, educational, and business function. Application software is the most often used sofware by a general user. It is used to accomplish specific tasks rather than just managing a computer system. Each program is designed to assist the user with a particular process, which may be related to productivity, creativity and communication. This software may consist of a single program such as Microsoft's Notepad for writing, and editing, simple text, It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software package, which work together to accomplish a task such as a spreadsheet package. Application software may also include a larger collection of related but independent programs and packages (a software suite), which have a common user interface or shared data format such as the Microsoft Office suite. Application software may be used for a variety of purposes: “Asa business tool. To assist with graphics and multimedia projects. ‘To support home, personal and educational activities. ro facilitate communications. unction of Application Software © Since application software is developed for different purpose, every application program function become different from others. For this reason these type of software have no common function as system sofware.ne Computer Software Mentioning some common functions in below: ¥ managing information manipulating data constructing visuals coordinating resources calculating figures * Examples of Application Software The most common aj 1 pplication software programs are used by millions eve include day and » Microsoft suit of products (Office, Excel, Word, Power, > Intemet browsers like Firefox, Safari, and Chrome > mobile pieces of software such as Pandora (f time online communication), and Slack (for te int, Outlook, ete.) music appreciation), Skype (for real am collaboration) 3. System Development Programs® System development programs consist of system software, which are associated with the development of computer programs. These program development wols allow programmers to write and construct programs that the system A software is developed to accomplish a particular task. The progr tools to build the software, which include an appropri translate # particular language to machine language by the programmer ie, programming languages, | under the category of sy execute. n developer nveds certain fe computer Language, a translator to and 0 on. All the necessary too! ieuage translator, linker and lo required n development prop: System development program OM 1. Programming Language 2. Language Translators 2 3, Linker 4 Loader J. Programming language A programming language is a primary interlace of a programmer with a compater to behave in predetermined manner. A programming language includes a es of executed ot commands, which ¢ used in software development“a er Software Fomputers understand only one language, that is, binary language or the language of 0s and Te Binary language is also known as machine or low-Level language. In the initial years of computer programming, all the instructions were given in binary form only. Although these programs were easily understood by the computer. It proved too difficult for a normal person to remember all the instructions in the form of Os and 1s, Therefore, the computer programming remained a mystery to a common person until other languages such as assembly and high-level languages were developed, which were easier to lear. and understand. These Ianguages use commands that have some degree of similarity with English (such as ‘if else ‘exit). Ii. Types of Programming lang) ge oO Program languages can be divided into three major categories: 1. Machine language, 2. Assembly language 3. High-level language. 1. Machine Language: It is the native language of computers. It uses only Os and 1s 10 represent data, and the instructions written in this language consists of a series of Os and Is. mbolic 2. Assembly Language: It is close to a one-to-one correspondence between instructions and executable machine codes and was created to use letters instead of Os and Is. 3. High Level Language: High-level Language: These languages are written using a set of words and symbols following some rules similar to a natural language such as English, ‘The programs written in high-level languages are known as source programs and these programs are converted into machine-readable form by using compilers or interpreters. AC cenertion ot Propeamiaing Language (9) Zreoccrve Programming language is developing day by day. Because programmer need to more reliable upgraded language to develop the program for more upgraded applications program. We ean divided the developed session into five generation describing in below. «First Generation: The first language was binary, also known as machine language, which was used in the earliest computers and machines. ‘The computers are digi devices which have only two states, ON and OFF (1 and 0). Hence, they ean understand only two binary codes, that is, | and 0. Therefore, every instruction and data should be Written using Os and 1. Machine language is also known as the ‘native’ language of the computer because this system of codes is directly understood by the computer. Lady’ Lovelace Ada Augusta (officially, the first programmer) suggested binary vunbers for computer storage instead of decimals. A British mathematician, Alan Mathison Turing, 5Computer Software was the first person to recognize that programming in machine language is less times consuming. In 1952, Johnvon Neuman proposed to have new programs loaded from a magnetic tape to read. With differences in magnetic polarities, it can mean either ON or OFF states. * Second Generation: The complexities of machine language led to the search of another language and the assembly language was developed. It was developed in the early 1950s and its main developer was IBM. However Jack Powell, Bob Nevelen, Clement and Michael Bradly also helped in the development of the assembly language. It was a stepping stone for all subsequent language development. Assembly language allows the programmer to interact directly with the hardware. This language assigns a mnemonic code to each machine language instruction to make it easier to remember or write. It allows better human readable method of writing programs as compared to writing in binary bit patterns. Unlike other programming languages, assembly language is not a single language, but a group of languages. Each processor family (and sometimes individual processors within a processor family) has its own assembly language. © Third Generation: During 1960s, computers started to gain popularity and it became necessary to develop languages that were more like n al languages such as English so that a user could handle the computer efficiently. Since assembly language required deep knowledge of computer architecture, it demanded programming as well as hardware skills to use the computers. Due to widespread use of computer, early 1960s saw the emergence of the third-generation programming languages (3GL). Languages such as COBOL. FORT N, BASIC and C are examples of 3GLs and are considered high-level languages. High-level languages are vague because they are similar to English language. In addition. Programs written using these languages can be machine independent. A single high-level statement can substitute several instructions in machine or assembly language. Unlike assembly and machine programs, high-level programs may be used with different types of computers with little or no modification, thus reducing the re-programming time and expense. * Fourth Generation: Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) have simple, English-like syntax rules, commonly used to access databases. The third-generation programming languages are considered as procedural languages because the programmer must list each step and must use logical control structures to indicate the order in which instructions are to be executed. 4GLs, on the other hand, are nonprocedural languages. ‘The nonprocedural method is simply to state the needed output instead of specifying each step one after the other to perform a task. In other words, the computer is instructed what it must do rather than how to do. The nonprocedural method is easier to write, but has less control over how cach task is actually performed. When using nonprocedural languages, the methods used and the order in which each task is carried out is left to the 6“rer Software Janguage itself; the user does not have any control over it. In addition, 4GLs sacrifice computer efficiency to make programs easier to write. Hence, they require more computer power and processing time. However, with the increase in power and speed of hardware and with diminishing costs, the uses of 4GLs have spread. Example: Structure Query Language (SQL), Query by Example (QBE) © Fifth Gene fih-generation language actually is a future concept. ‘They are just the conceptual view of what might be the future of programming languages. These es will be able to process natural languages. The computers would be able to language of the end languag accept, interpret and execute instructions in the native or natural users, The users will be free from learning any programming language to communicate ‘The programmers may simply type the instruction or simply tell the 5 what it needs to do. Since these languages are still in their iked to with the compute computer via microphones infancy, only a few are currently commercially available. They are closely lin! artificial intelligence and expert systems. 2) Language Translator * “Teun Meaning of language translator Computer understanding only one language consisting 0 and 1 ig called machine language. Language translator help to convert the program language to machine language, this convert the program statement into 0 & 1 that computer is able to proce 8 Types of language translator Tneoure- ‘There are three major category of language translator. I. Assembler I. Interpret 1. Compiler 1. Assembler: Assembler is software that convert programs written in assembly language to machine language and vice versa. II. Interpreter: Interpreter is translator language which convert high level language to machine language code. It converts one instruction at a time. Sompiler is a category of language translator, it also convert high level 2 10 machine language code as like interpreter but different is it converted instructions one by one. It do single operation for every single change of high level language programing code.Computer Ssattwrate 8 IV. Linke 6 Hinker A lypleal sotiware generally comprises hundreds, ements or codes, ‘The code ji divi emt nodule se that the del cusler Nefore execution, different of Hobe linked topether to create an exec aw the Tinker, A Tinker in a nystem pn libraries to forma thousands of even millions of fine ided into logical groups and stosed fy Hupeing, sod maintenance of the code hecomes woden resulting from the independent madules have twable progr. ‘Tis job is performed by tool karovn OHM that Hinks together ieversl abject module single ond coherent program, er Y. Loader ao of programming, different indepen Houder is a Kind of system software, whiel iy pe exceutuble program inthe pace Hor storie, hut i sponsible for Jouding, snd ntl meio. The functions af loader inelud Moraye allocation al a sowation of the ny, Joad tine ny, 8 progFN fo exeEUle appropri 3. Software ‘Terminology ZO) 1 Firmware 40%" Firmware isa combination of software (generally, system sotlwate) permanently memory (hardware) ntored in the As the name supe i 9 program or dat that hw (ROM). For example, the IOS (whieh is ins different parts of the the operating system int Firmware, it ensures that it will always be available and will not be fisilure, ROMs, PROMS and EPROM that have firmware, oe wo written onto the read-only niemory alled inside W computer on a chip) che em before loadin ny damiaped in ease ofa power data oF programs recorded on them ae IL. Live-ware Ay People who write programs, operite and maintain the computers are collectively known as ivewire, human ware or people wares for example, programmer, system analysts and hardware enpineers My Cr , IHL, Publicedomain Sofware wey Pablic-donmin xofhware refers to any program th Without any restriction Without obtaining peri is afficred through Web s isnot copyrighted. Hean thus be used freely that is, ‘The user can copy, distribute and even modily the sofiwrare Has Troms the saftware developer, Usually, public-domain electronic bulletin boards, sofware Ml other sources, Hroup: "Ln Oar > r “yellow nec. The term ‘freeware’ is commonly used for copyrighted software that is given away for free by its owner. Although it is available for free, the owner retains the copyright, which means that 1 does not have the right to modify anything in the software that is not expressly allowed by the owner. Thu eware software permits redistribution but not modification. Linux operating ple of freeware software. V. Commercial Software Commercial software represents the majority of software purchased from software publishers. ‘This software comes prepackaged, is available in software stores and can be obtained through the [Link] is developed by business organizations, which aim to earn profits from its use. Itis always copyrighted. The licensing restrictions vary from vendor to vendor and product to product and change frequently. Microsoft Windows is an example of commercial software. VI. Shareware 4 software that is distributed free on a trial basis. It allows people to redistribute yyone who continues to use a copy is required to pay a license of the software is usually limited to a certain period. WinZip which is distributed with a 30-day trial period. Shareware i copies for a limited period. fe efore, the free u: xample of sharew: Vil. Proprietary Software Proprietary software, also called Closed Source Software (CSS), is owned exclusively by a single company. Its use, redistribution or modification is prohibited or restricted so that the fr Adobe Acrobat is an example of a proprietary product, whose files can only be read with Acrobat Reader. user cannot use it fre Portable Document Format (PDF TIX. Semi-free Software Semi-free software is a software that is not absolutely free, but comes with permission to use, copy. Distribute and modify (including distribution of modified visions) for on-profit purposes. PGP is an example of a semi-free program.