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Inertia Constant in Power Systems

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27 views5 pages

Inertia Constant in Power Systems

Uploaded by

Pandara panika
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Frequency Control in Power Systems

Questions and Answers

Example 1 [P. Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”, Mc-Graw Hill Inc]

A small power system consists of 4 identical 500 MVA generating units feeding a total load of 1020 MW.
The inertia constant of each unit is 5.0 on 500 MVA base. The load varies by 1.5% for a 1% change in
frequency. The load drops by 20 MW suddenly.

(a) Determine the inertia constant and the load damping constant expressed on 2000 MVA base.
(b) Calculate the frequency deviation assuming that there is no speed governing system.

Answer

(a) Inertia constant of the equivalent system:

Damping constant on 2000 MVA base for the remaining load of ( ) :

(b) Block diagram representation of the given scenario:

( )

-
( ) + ( )
-

There is no speed governing system in this case, i.e.


Close-loop transfer function:
( )
( )
Reduced block diagram of the system:

( ) ( )

Dr. W. D. Prasad, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa Page 1


⁄
( ) ( )
( ⁄ )

( ) ( )

( )
( )
The load reduces by 20 MW.
⁄
( )

( ) ( )

The steady-state speed deviation in per unit is given below:


( ) ( ) ( )

If the base frequency is 50 Hz,

The frequency change =


New frequency

Example 2 [H. Saadat, “Power System Analysis”, McGraw-Hill Inc]

An isolated power station has the following parameters.


Turbine time constant,
Governor time constant,
Generator inertia constant,
Governor speed regulation,

The load varies by 0.8 % for a 1% change in frequency.

(a) Determine the range of for stability of the system.


(b) Assume The turbine rated output is 250 MW at nominal frequency of 60 Hz. A
sudden load change of 50 MW occurs.
Calculate the steady-state frequency deviation.

Dr. W. D. Prasad, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa Page 2


Answer

(a) ( )
-

( ) - ( )
+ +
-

Close-loop transfer function between ( ) and ( ):


( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )( )
Characteristic equation:
( )( )( )
Given data:
⁄
Construct the Rouths array:

⁄
( ⁄ )

⁄
For stability;

(b) Close-loop transfer function:

( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( )

Load change

( )
Dr. W. D. Prasad, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa Page 3
Steady-state frequency deviation
( )

Steady-state frequency deviation,

Example 3 [H. Saadat, “Power System Analysis”, McGraw-Hill Inc]

A single area consists of two generating units with the following characteristics.

Unit Rating Speed Regulation (pu on unit MVA base)


1 600 MVA 6%
2 500 MVA 4%

The units are operating in parallel, sharing 900 MW at the nominal frequency. Unit 1 supplies 500 MW
and unit 2 supplies 400 MW at 60 Hz. The load is increased by 90 MW.

(a) Assume there is no frequency-dependent load. Find the steady-state frequency deviation and the
new generation on each unit.
(b) The load varies 1.5% for every 1% change in frequency. Find the steady-state frequency deviation
and the new generation on each unit.

Answer

The given speed regulation values are with respect to the individual device bases. Therefore, the data need
to be expressed with respect to a common base. Select a common base of 1000 MVA.

Steady-state frequency deviation:

⁄ ⁄

Dr. W. D. Prasad, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa Page 4


(a)
( )
⁄ ⁄
Frequency deviation ( )
New frequency
Change in generation of Unit 1 and Unit 2:
( )

( )
New load of each Unit 1 and Unit 2:

(b)
( )
⁄ ⁄
Frequency deviation ( )
New frequency
Change in generation of Unit 1 and Unit 2:
( )

( )
New load of each Unit 1 and Unit 2:

Note:
In the second scenario, the total generation change is 84.375 MW. However, the change in load is
90 MW. Therefore, there is a difference of 5.625 MW. This is due to the change in load due to
frequency drop.

Change in load due to frequency drop =

Dr. W. D. Prasad, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa Page 5

Common questions

Powered by AI

In the absence of a speed governing system, the block diagram representation of a power system becomes an open-loop, where the input to the system directly affects the output frequency without feedback. This omission of feedback models influences system equations, typically leading to larger frequency deviations after disturbances as the system can't autonomously adjust to changes .

Governor speed regulation determines how much the generating unit output will change in response to frequency deviation. A higher speed regulation percentage implies less change in output for the same frequency deviation, impacting the amount of load each unit must adjust for to maintain system stability. This determines the steady-state frequency deviation after a load change .

An increased load affects the distribution of generation between parallel operating units according to their speed regulation settings. Units with lower speed regulation percentages will take up a natural larger share of the new load because they experience larger changes in output per unit frequency deviation, balancing the load increase while maintaining frequency .

The damping constant reflects how much the system's load varies with frequency changes. A higher damping constant means the load is more sensitive to frequency changes, affecting the power system’s ability to stabilize after perturbations. In a 2000 MVA base, adjusting the load damping constant from a smaller base reflects the greater impact of the load response to frequency deviations .

To express the inertia constant of an equivalent power system on a different MVA base, it should be adjusted proportionally based on the new base value, considering the sum of the individual generating unit contributions. Given 4 identical 500 MVA units each with an inertia constant of 5.0, when expressed on a 2000 MVA base, the inertia constant remains the same at 5.0 because it scales with the sum of the unit capacities to match the new total base .

Assuming a frequency-independent load simplifies the calculation of steady-state frequency deviation as the load doesn't vary with frequency changes, isolating the effects of only the power governor characteristics on the frequency response. This assumption allows simplifying equations to calculate frequency deviations and generation changes based on fixed load distributions before and after disturbances .

Frequency deviation in isolated power stations is influenced by both turbine and governor time constants, as they determine the speed of system response. Shorter time constants lead to a quicker adjustment to load changes, reducing the magnitude of frequency deviation by achieving a steady state more rapidly .

Frequency-dependent load variation complicates load sharing as the load itself changes with frequency, altering generation requirements dynamically. This creates additional challenges in maintaining frequency stability since the system's response must constantly adapt not only to generation and static load capacities but also to the fluctuating load with frequency changes, requiring precise control systems .

Routh's array is a systematic method used to determine stability by constructing a tabular array from the coefficients of the characteristic equation's polynomial, where each element depends on previous rows. For stability, all the first column elements of the Routh’s array must be positive. This requirement indicates stable system configurations and parameter values for which the system remains stable .

Different speed regulation percentages imply varying responses to frequency deviations among parallel power units. Units with lower percentage values adjust their output more per unit of frequency deviation, bearing most of the load changes. This can be beneficial for dynamic system flexibility but requires careful balancing to avoid unit overloads or inefficiency in load sharing .

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