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Properties of Impulse Functions and Signals

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9 views3 pages

Properties of Impulse Functions and Signals

Uploaded by

joshinihar19
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1.

Prove the properties of doublet function


𝑡
a. ∫𝑡 2 𝑥(𝑡) 𝛿 ′ (𝑡 − 𝑡0 )𝑑𝑡 = −𝑥′(𝑡0 ) for 𝑡1 < 𝑡0 < 𝑡2
1
b. 𝑥(𝑡)𝛿 ′ (𝑡 − 𝑡0 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡0 )𝛿 ′ (𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) − 𝑥′(𝑡0 )𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
𝑡
c. ∫−∞ 𝛿 ′ (𝜏 − 𝑡0 )𝑑𝜏 = 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
2. Prove the properties of discrete time impulse function.
3. Prove the following relationships.
𝑑𝑢(𝑡) 𝑡
a. = 𝛿(𝑡) or 𝑢(𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝛿(𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟(𝑡) 𝑡
b. = 𝑢(𝑡) or 𝑟(𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝑢(𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
𝑑𝑡
4. Draw the waveform for following signals.
a. 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒖(𝒕 + 𝟐)
b. 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟐)
c. 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒖(−𝒕)
d. 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒖(−𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏)
e. 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒖(−𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏)
f. 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒖(𝒕 + 𝟐) − 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟐)
g. 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒖(𝒕) − 𝟐𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟏) + 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟐)
𝒅
h. 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒅𝒕 [𝒖(𝒕 + 𝟐) − 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟐)]
𝒅
i. 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒅𝒕 [𝒖(𝒕) − 𝟐𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟏) + 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟐)]
5. Draw the waveform of following signals.
a. 𝑥 (𝑡 ) = 𝑟 ( 𝑡 − 1)
b. 𝑥 (𝑡 ) = 𝑟 ( 𝑡 + 2)
c. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑟(−𝑡)
d. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑟(3𝑡)
e. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑟(−3𝑡)
f. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑟(3𝑡 + 1)
g. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑟(−3𝑡 − 1)
h. 𝑥 (𝑡 ) = 𝑟 ( 𝑡 ) − 𝑟 (𝑡 − 1 )
i. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡) − 2𝑟(𝑡 − 1) + 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)
𝑑
j. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 [𝑟(𝑡) − 𝑟(𝑡 − 1)]
𝑑
k. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 [𝑟(𝑡) − 2𝑟(𝑡 − 1) + 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)]
6. Draw the waveform of following signals.
a. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡) − 𝑟(𝑡 − 1) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)
b. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑟(𝑡) − 2𝑟(𝑡 − 1) + 𝑟(𝑡 − 2) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)
c. 𝑥(𝑡) = −𝑢(𝑡 + 1) + 𝑟(𝑡 + 1) − 𝑟(𝑡 − 1) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)
𝑑
d. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 [𝑟(𝑡) − 𝑟(𝑡 − 1) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)]

e. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡 + 1) − 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑟(𝑡) − 𝑟(𝑡 − 1) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)


𝑑
f. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 [−𝑢(𝑡 + 1) + 𝑟(𝑡 + 1) − 𝑟(𝑡 − 1) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)]
7. Check whether the following signal are periodic or aperiodic signal. In case of periodic
signal find the period of the signal.

a. x(t) = sin(π t/4)


b. x(t) = sin(π t/6) + 3 cos(π t/4)
c. x(t) = sin(2π t/5) cos(4π t/3)
d. x(n) = cos(8π n/15)
e. x(n) = sin (4n)
f. x(n) = sin (3π n/4) + sin (π n/3)
g. x(n) = e-j π n/6

8. Consider an energy signal 𝑥(𝑡) with energy 𝐸𝑥 ,

Find the energy of −𝑥(𝑡), 𝑥(−𝑡), 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑇), 𝑥(𝑎𝑡), 𝑥(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑏), and 𝑎𝑥(𝑡).

9. Determine whether the following power or energy signals or neither.

a. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 sin( 𝑡) −∞<𝑡<∞


b. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴([𝑢(𝑡 + 𝑎) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)] 𝑎>0
c. 𝑐. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑡| 𝑎>0
d. 𝑥 (𝑡 ) = 𝑢 (𝑡 )
e. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑢(𝑡)

10. Determine the values of 𝐸𝑥 and 𝑃𝑥 for each of the following signal.

a. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)


𝜋
b. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑗(2𝑡+ 4 )
c. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝑡)
1 𝑛
d. 𝑥(𝑡) = ( ) 𝑢(𝑡)
2
𝜋 𝜋
e. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑗( 4 𝑛+ 8 )
𝜋
f. 𝑥(𝑡) = cos ( 4 𝑛)

11. Prove all the properties of continuous time & discrete time even and odd signals.

12. Prove the following.

𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑥(−𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝑥(−𝑡)


𝑥 𝑒 (𝑡 ) = and 𝑥 𝑜 (𝑡 ) =
2 2

13. Determine the even and odd part of following signals.

a. u(n), Draw the waveform for even and odd parts.


b. u(t), Draw the waveform for even and odd parts.
c. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 cos(𝑡)

14. Check the linearity of the following systems.

a. y(t) = t x(t)
b. y(t) = x2(t)
c. y(t) = 2 x(n) – 3

15. For the system described by the following equations, determine linearity of the systems.

𝑑
𝑎. 𝑦(𝑡) + 3𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
𝑏. 𝑦(𝑡) + 2𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥 2 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2
𝑐. 2 𝑦(𝑡) + 2𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
𝑑. 𝑦(𝑡) + 3𝑦(𝑡) + 4 = 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
16. Prove the scaling property of continuous time unit impulse function.
17. Prove that continuous time unit impulse function is an even function.
18. Prove that 𝑠𝑔𝑡(𝑡) = −1 + 2𝑢(𝑡)

Common questions

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To evaluate periodicity, identify if a signal repeats at regular intervals. For continuous signals, if \( x(t) = x(t+T) \) for some \( T \), it is periodic, e.g., \( x(t) = \sin(\pi t/4) \) is periodic. For discrete signals, the smallest positive \( N \) for which \( x(n) = x(n+N) \) indicates periodicity, e.g., \( x(n) = \cos(8\pi n/15) \). If no such \( T \) or \( N \) exists, the signal is aperiodic .

The discrete-time impulse function shares similar properties with the continuous-time impulse function, such as sampling of signals at specific instances (analogous to the 'sifting' property). This similarity is crucial as it allows concepts from continuous-time systems to be applied to discrete systems, enabling easy transitioning between domains, particularly in digital signal processing .

The equation \( x_e(t) = \frac{x(t) + x(-t)}{2} \) represents the even part of a signal \( x(t) \). This form is used in signal decomposition to separate a signal into components that are symmetric (even) and anti-symmetric (odd) with respect to the origin. It aids in understanding underlying symmetry properties of signals, which is crucial for tasks like Fourier analysis .

A system is linear if it satisfies both superposition \( S(ax_1(t) + bx_2(t)) = aS(x_1(t)) + bS(x_2(t)) \) and homogeneity \( S(ax(t)) = aS(x(t)) \). Evaluate the system's response to multiple inputs to test superposition. For homogeneity, check if scaling the input results in a proportionally scaled output. These tests ensure that linear systems treat combined or scaled signals predictably .

To prove that the unit impulse function \( \delta(t) \) is even, show that \( \delta(-t) = \delta(t) \). By definition, \( \delta(-t) \) samples a function \( f(t) \) at \( -t \), which is equivalent in effect to \( \delta(t) \) because \( f(t) \) evaluates to zero outside of \( t=0 \) and the properties of \( \delta(t) \) are symmetric about zero .

This identity is significant in signal processing as it allows for the decomposition of a product of a function and the derivative of a delta function. It provides a way to express interactions involving signals and their derivatives at a specific point, facilitating understanding of transient behavior in complex systems .

The function \( sgt(t) = -1 + 2u(t) \) illustrates how a step function \( u(t) \) can be manipulated to represent a signal that initially maintains a level -1 and shifts to +1 at \( t=0 \). This is crucial in applications where signals experience sudden transitions or state changes, enabling generalized signal modeling and facilitating control system design where discontinuities occur .

In differential calculus, the derivative of the unit-step function \( u(t) \) is the delta function \( \delta(t) \). This relationship highlights that \( u(t) \) is a step-up transition, and its rate of change at \( t = 0 \) is instantaneous, perfectly modeled by the delta function which captures this instantaneous change .

The energy of an original signal \( x(t) \) is unaffected by a time shift \( x(t-T) \). Time scaling \( x(at) \) changes the energy by a factor of \( 1/|a| \) due to time compression or expansion effects. Amplitude scaling by a constant \( a \) changes the energy by \( a^2 \), as energy scales quadratically with amplitude changes .

The property of the doublet function can be proven using integration by parts. For the integral \( \int_{t_1}^{t_2} x(t) \delta'(t-t_0) dt = -x'(t_0) \), use the substitution \( u = x(t) \) and \( dv = \delta'(t-t_0) dt \). Then, \( du = x'(t) dt \) and \( v = \delta(t-t_0) \). Applying integration by parts gives \( \int u \, dv = uv - \int v \, du \), which leads to \( x(t) \delta(t-t_0)|_{t_1}^{t_2} - \int \delta(t-t_0)x'(t) dt \) where the first term is zero as \( \delta(t-t_0) \) vanishes outside of \( t_0 \), leaving \( -x'(t_0) \). This confirms the property .

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