1) .

Write the Procedure SPSS application to enter the given data in

Getting Started and Entering Data

In this tutorial you will learn:
1. How to start an SPSS session
2. How to type in data
3. How to define variables and identify variable names
4. How to save a data file
5. How to open an existing data file
6. Using the SPSS toolbar

Starting SPSS
When you first open SPSS, you will be presented with the opening window. This window allows
you to select from several options concerning how you would like to begin your session. If you
do not want to start from this window in the future, select the box next to “Don’t show this
dialog in the future.” The most likely options you will select are to type in data and to open an
existing data source.

Walk through the tutorial designed by SPSS. It includes

starting SPSS, entering and manipulating data and running
basic statistics.

Open the data view consisting of a blank spreadsheet into

which you can enter raw data by hand.

Open data that has already been saved. This data is likely to
be saved from a prior use in which you typed in your own
data. Later tutorials will discuss how to open data files other
than SPSS data files (i.e. Excel files or database files).
Check this button, and then select the file to open in the
window below. If the preferred file is not shown, select
more files and identify the data file to open.
Type in Data
If you opt to type in data from the
opening window, a blank spreadsheet
will appear. You many type in one data
point per cell. Each column represents
one variable (e.g., subject identification,
gender, test score, etc.). It is a good idea
to keep one subject per row. So, row 1
represents the first subject, row 2
represents the second subject and so on.

Data may include numbers or letter

strings.

To begin, let’s assume that we

administered a test to 6 individuals. We
recorded their gender, age and test score.
Each individual also received an
identification number (so we don’t use any other identifying information per the human subjects
requirements). The data are as follows:
Test
Subject Gender Age Score
1 m 18 95
2 f 21 80
3 m 20 75
4 f 19 79
5 f 18 88
6 m 22 62

To enter this data, select the top left cell and enter a “1.” You may use the tab key to move across
the row to a new variable for that same subject and enter an “m.” You could also use the arrow
keys to change cells.

Depending on the settings for the version of SPSS you are using, you might notice that the
letters, “m” and “f”, do not appear. Instead, SPSS places periods. This is because it is expecting
numerical values to correct this, you may either recode gender to numerical values, such as a “1”
for males and a “2” for females, or you could edit the variable characteristics in Variable View
(see the next section).

You may also notice that SPSS automatically names the variables (e.g., VAR00001). You can
change the variable names in Variable View (see next section).
Defining Variables and Variable Names

In the previous section, we noted that the character strings did not appear in the spreadsheet and
the variable names did not actually describe the data in each column. To define the variables, we
will use Variable View. At the bottom of the page, notice two tabs. One says “Data View,” the
other says “Variable View.” We have already used Data View to type in our data. Variable View
will allow us to further define the nature of our variables.

Click the Variable View tab.

Each row represents a different variable. We had four variables (subject ID, gender, age, and test
score) that SPSS named for us as VAR00001 through VAR00004.

Name. Type in the variable name you would like to use to describe the data in that column. I
will use the names: Subject, Sex, Age, and Test. Variable names must be no more
than 64 characters long and must begin with a letter. They may not end with a period
or contain spaces, but other characters are allowed ($, #, _, @). Special characters
may not be used, including *, !, ‘, and ?. Reserved words are not allowed. These
include ALL, AND, BY, EQ, GE, GT, LE, LT, NE, NOT, OR, TO, WITH. Reserved
words correspond with SPSS functions (e.g., EQual, Greater Than).
Type. Select the type of variable: numeric, comma, dot, scientific notation, date, dollar,
custom currency, or string. String represents letter strings. To get the gender data to
appear as “m” and “f” in our data set, we would need to select string as the variable
type. One drawback is that several statistical procedures require that all data be
numerical. So, if we want to run analyses comparing males to females and use gender
as the blocking variable then we would need to recode the data to numeric (e.g., 1 for
males and 2 for females). (I opted to recode the data.)
Width. Select how many spaces could be maximally occupied by a data point in that column.
SPSS selects 8 by default. However, if you have long values such as last names or
social security numbers, you would need to raise this value.
Decimals. By default, SPSS inserts 2 decimals for each numerical value. If you prefer to change
that, select the number of decimal places here, from 0 to 99. I changed the decimal
places for Subject and Age to 0.
Label: Type in a longer definition for your variable. The variable name is a brief, one-word
descriptor. The variable label is often a sentence or phrase. For example, we could
further define the variable test as “Percent of correct answer out of 1000 total
questions.”
Values: If you recoded variables in the data set (as we did with Sex), you can define what the
data values mean here. For example, in Sex, click in the corresponding cell under
Values. Then select the gray box on the right-hand side of the cell. This will open a
new window. In the Value box, type in the value from the data view. In the Value
Label box, type in the label you want to correspond with that value. In this case, we
could type “1” in the Value box and “male” in the Value Label box, then select
“Add.” Then we could type “2” and “female” followed by “Add.” When we are
finished defining the values, then select OK.
Align: In the data view, where do you want the data points aligned (Left, Center, or Right).
Measure: Define the measurement scale for each variable (Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or
Ratio). This will have bearing for custom tables.

Once you make the appropriate adjustments, move back to Data View by clicking on the Data
View tab on the bottom left of the screen. Notice that the variable names have changed, and the
alignment and decimals have changed to meet your specifications.

Saving data
Select File, then Save.
Select the folder in which to save it using the “Save In” drop-down menu.
Name your data file in the box labeled “File Name.”
Identify the type of file you want to save:
SPSS Can only be opened and used by SPSS, but all your formatting is maintained
Excel Saved as an Excel spreadsheet. Some formatting maintained. Can be imported
into SPSS.
Tab delimited A text file in which the data is separated by tabs. This is convenient if it is
to be opened and used by applications that cannot read Excel or SPSS files.

Opening an Existing Data File

Now that you have saved your data, if you want to use it again at a later date, you may do so.
To open the data file either:
1. Select “Open an existing data source” from the opening window and select your data file
from the window or by using the Browse button.
2. From the data window, in data view, select File, then Open. Search the folders for your
file and click Open.
2).Write steps to be followed while using SPSS application to calculate
mean,standard deviation for the given data.

Frequency Tables
Frequency tables include lists of values (categories) within each selected variables and the
number of times each category occurs.

To create a table of frequencies (number of occurrences of given categories), select Analyze →

Descriptive Statistics → Frequencies.

Select the variables to be depicted in the frequency table by moving them from the left- to the
right-hand box. SPSS provides the user additional options, including statistics, charts, and
format.

Statistics
SPSS will, by default, print the values of the selected variables and the frequencies of each. If
you prefer additional information, click Statistics:

Options include percentile values. SPSS will

print quartiles (fourths) or the values that
divide the data into X equal groups (cut
points). The number of groups is defined by
the user. SPSS will also print selected
percentiles. Simply, select Percentile(s), then
type in the percentile of interest and click
Add. We have selected thirds.

You may also select descriptive statistics, like

measures of central tendency and dispersion,
as well as statistics describing the
distributions.
When finished, select Continue.
Charts
This option allows users the opportunity to view bar charts, pie charts, or histograms in addition
to the frequency table. This might be useful if there are many categories for each variable or if
two or more variables are to be compared. The charts may contain frequencies or percentages.

Format
With this option, users can determine the
order in which categories will appear and
whether or not multiple variables should
be compared. This will impact how
results are presented.

To cut back on the amount of output,

users may choose not to view tables with many categories (categories).
When finished click Continue to return to the variable-selection window. Then click OK.
Outp
The results look different for the variable of sex…
Statistics

sex sex

N Valid 6 Cumulative
Missing 0 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Mean 1.50 Valid Male 3 50.0 50.0 50.0

Median 1.50 Female 3 50.0 50.0 100.0

Percentiles 25 1.00 Total 6 100.0 100.0
33.33 1.00
50 1.50
66.67 2.00
75 2.00

sex

3.0

2.5

2.0
Frequency

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
Male Female
sex

We can see from both the bar chart and the table that there are an equal number of males and
females in the data set.
3)Write the steps to be followed for generating bar charts,pie
graphs,screen plots for the given data using SPSS application

Graphs and Charts

1. Identification of items in the Graphs menu

2. How to create bar graphs and line graphs
3. How to create scatterplots and histograms
4. How to create and manipulate interactive graphs
5. How to use the Gallery

It is necessary to use a larger data set from those previously used for this and future tutorials. The
data set from prior tutorials will be used, but additional subjects were added.

Graphs Menu
The Graphs menu includes many options. It allows you to specifically choose the
type of graph or chart to create, including scatterplots, histograms, bar charts,
line graphs, area graphs, pie charts, and box plots. It also contains an option to
create interactive graphs that can be manipulated by rotating them or changing
parameters.
Bar Graphs and Line Graphs

Bar Graphs
Graphs → Bar
Data or summaries of data are reflected on bars on a graph. This is appropriate when the
variables on the X axis (horizontal axis) are categorical – either nominal or ordinal scale.
To create a bar graph, select Graphs → Bar. This opens a new
window with options for the type of bar graph to be created:
Simple Each bar is a solitary piece of information. Bars may
represent individual cases, frequencies, or means.
Clustered Categories of one variable (or two or more variables)
can be represented within categories of another
variable. Alternatively, two or more variables can be
summarized for each individual case.
Stacked Similar to clustered, except bars are placed on top of
each other rather than next to each other.

Within each of these types, there are three options for data to display.
Summaries for groups of cases Summarizes categories of an individual variable (or a
variable within a variable).
Summaries of separate variables Summarizes multiple variables with a bar for each variable
(or each variable within categories of another variable).
Values of individual cases Summarizes a single variable (or variables within a
variable) by individual case.

Once you have made your selection, click Define to further define the graph.

Simple Bar Graphs

Click Simple and determine the type of data to portray. For example, options for a simple bar
chart with summaries for groups of cases, allows the following options:

Determine what the bars represent:

frequency (number of cases), percent
of cases, cumulative percentage, etc.
These values can be viewed in
frequency tables. This will represent
the Y axis (the vertical axis).
Then, determine what variable will
represent the X axis (the horizontal
axis).

The Titles option allows the user to

define a title and subtitle for the graph
and footnotes as well.
Options allows the user to determine how to treat missing cases. When finished, click OK.
The following simple bar chart uses number of cases for the variable New_test.
Notice there are equal numbers of low and 8

high test scores. This may tell an instructor

that he/she is not inflating grades and is not
grading too harsh, either. However, depending 6

on the type of test, the attribute being tested,

and the implications of the results, this graph

Count
may depict negative results. Interpretation is 4

dependent upon many factors.

2

0
High Low
New_test

Using the Summaries of Separate Variables Option, the user may select from the following
options to create a bar graph:
Mean of Values Sum of Values Minimum Value
Median of Values Standard Deviation Maximum Value
Mode of Values Variance Cumulative Sum
Number of Cases

The user may also opt to identify a specific value and have bars reflect:
Percentage above Percentile Number below
Percentage below Number above

This is done by selecting the Change Summary option in the definition window. At least two
variables must be selected in the Bars Represent window. This might be handy if the students
took two or more tests and the average scores would be compared.
Clustered and Stacked Bar Graphs
The procedure for clustered bar graphs is similar to simple bar graphs, except a variable needs to
be selected for clustering. The same procedures are used for stacked bar graphs. (Clustered are
shown below.) One variable will be nested within another variable, as shown below:

Here, sex provides the cluster and age is nested

within sex. The final graph will depict sex on
the X axis, number of cases on the Y axis. For
the males and for the females, individual bars
will reflect the number of cases for each level
of age. See output.

Graph
age
2.0
18
19
20
21
22
23
1.5 24
30
Count

1.0

0.5

0.0
Male Female
sex

Managing Output
Resultant graphs can be adjusted by double clicking on the graph. A new, editing, window will
open. In this way, colors, fonts, sizes of axes and titles can be changed. The legend may be
deleted or inserted; text boxes can be inserted. Many other options are available.
 Line Charts
Graphs → Line
Line charts differ from bar graphs in that the data are reflected by points, connected by a line.
Line charts are appropriate when the variable on the X axis is numerical and interval or ratio
scale data.

Simple, multiple and drop-line options are available. These are

similar in definition to the definitions in bar graphs. Instead of
clusters, multiple lines reflect variables within other variables in
multiple line charts. Drop-line line charts are equivalent to stacked
bar graphs, see below:

Drop-line Chart
4).Explain the steps to be followed for calculating ftequencies for the given data using SPSS application

Frequency Tables
Frequency tables include lists of values (categories) within each selected variables and the
number of times each category occurs.

To create a table of frequencies (number of occurrences of given categories), select Analyze →

Descriptive Statistics → Frequencies.

Select the variables to be depicted in the frequency table by moving them from the left- to the
right-hand box. SPSS provides the user additional options, including statistics, charts, and
format.

Statistics
SPSS will, by default, print the values of the selected variables and the frequencies of each. If
you prefer additional information, click Statistics:

Options include percentile values. SPSS will

print quartiles (fourths) or the values that
divide the data into X equal groups (cut
points). The number of groups is defined by
the user. SPSS will also print selected
percentiles. Simply, select Percentile(s), then
type in the percentile of interest and click
Add. We have selected thirds.

You may also select descriptive statistics, like

measures of central tendency and dispersion,
as well as statistics describing the
distributions.
When finished, select Continue.

Charts
This option allows users the opportunity to view bar charts, pie charts, or histograms in addition
to the frequency table. This might be useful if there are many categories for each variable or if
two or more variables are to be compared. The charts may contain frequencies or percentages.

Format
With this option, users can determine the
order in which categories will appear and
whether or not multiple variables should
be compared. This will impact how
results are presented.

To cut back on the amount of output,

users may choose not to view tables with many categories (categories).
When finished click Continue to return to the variable-selection window. Then click OK.
Output
The new analyses are added to the descriptive statistics. Notice the addition in the left-hand
frame.

The following statistics are for the variable test.

Notice there are a total of six cases, and none are
missing.

The mean test score is 79.833, the median is 79.5. The

value of 71.75 cuts off the 25th percentile (25% of
cases fall at or below this value), and so on.

If we scroll down the page, we will find additional results:

This table lists all the values of the variable test and the frequency of occurrence of each. Notice
there is only one occurrence of each value.
test

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 62.00 1 16.7 16.7 16.7
75.00 1 16.7 16.7 33.3
79.00 1 16.7 16.7 50.0
80.00 1 16.7 16.7 66.7
88.00 1 16.7 16.7 83.3
95.00 1 16.7 16.7 100.0
Total 6 100.0 100.0

Next, SPSS provides a bar chart depicting these frequency results, as selected under Charts.
However, it is not of great interest because the frequency is 1 for each value.
The results look different for the variable of sex…
Statistics

sex sex

N Valid 6 Cumulative
Missing 0 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Mean 1.50 Valid Male 3 50.0 50.0 50.0
 Median 1.50 Female 3 50.0 50.0 100.0
Percentiles 25 1.00 Total 6 100.0 100.0
33.33 1.00
50 1.50
66.67 2.00
75 2.00

sex

3.0

2.5

2.0
Frequency

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
Male Female
sex

We can see from both the bar chart and the table that there are an equal number of males and
females in the data set.