COMPUTER

HARDWARE AND
NETWORKING
by
Jemshihas AP
AKNM [Link]
jemshihas@[Link]

11th Jan
AKNM Govt. Polytechnic College Chelari
 POWER SUPPLY
AND I/O DEVICES

by
Jemshihas AP
AKNM [Link]
jemshihas@[Link]

11th Jan
AKNM Govt. Polytechnic College Chelari
 System Board Form Factors
3

 When referring to computer hardware, a form

factor is a specification of its layout and physical
dimensions.
 Form factors help prevent incompatibilities
between multiple hardware manufacturers.
 System boards are classified by their form factor
(design) such as ATX, micro ATX, and ITX.
 Be care and vigilance when acquiring a
motherboard and case separately.
 Some cases might not be physically compatible
with the motherboard you choose. University of Calicut
 System Board Form Factors
4

 AT  Full AT
 ATX  Full ATX
 Baby AT  Micro-ITX
 BTX  Micro-ATX
 DTX  Mobile-ITX
 ITX  NLX
 LPX  Pico-ITX
 Today, the most common motherboard form
factor for desktop computers is the ATX form
factor. University of Calicut
 System Board Form Factors
5

Full AT
 Commonly referred to as AT and full‐size AT
 The Full AT is a motherboard form factor
introduced by IBM in August 1984,
 widely used in the 1980s.
 The Full AT is 12" wide x 13.8" deep and only fits
into a full size AT tower case.
 Today, this form factor is rarely found or used
and was replaced by ATX and Baby AT.

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 System Board Form Factors
6

Full AT

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 System Board Form Factors
7

ATX
 Advanced Technology eXtended
 First released in July 1995 by Intel
 The original ATX motherboard, often referred to
as Standard ATX or Full-ATX, is 12" wide x 9.6"
deep (305 x 244 mm).
 COM port, LPT port, PS/2, and USB are mounted
directly on the motherboard.

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 System Board Form Factors
8

ATX

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 System Board Form Factors
9

Micro ATX
 Sometimes referred to as the mATX,
 the microATX is a motherboard that is 9.6" wide
x 9.6" deep and capable of being as small as 6.75"
wide x 6.75" deep.
 This motherboard was first introduced by Intel
in December 1997
 It is smaller motherboard that can be used in
either an ATX case or smaller computer case.

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 System Board Form Factors
10

Micro ATX

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 Block diagram of an ATX SMPS.
11

AC input DC
output
Primary Primary Solid state Trans- Secondary Secondary
Rectifier filter switch former Rectifier filter

Sensing/
Switching
circuit

 Primary rectifier
 The 230V AC input voltage is sent to the SMPS unit. The
rectifier is a circuit made of electronic components
called diodes to convert the bi directional Alternating
Current to Unidirectional DC needed for the computer.
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 Block diagram of an ATX SMPS.
12

 Primary Filter
 Filter is an electronic circuit designed to allow only
particular range of frequencies disregarding the rest. A
filter circuit is thus used to remove the undesired signals
like spikes.
 Transformer
 The voltage can be increased or decreased using the
transformer.
 AC voltage is given input to the SMPS. It is convened into
DC using the primary rectifiers. The Rectified DC from the
output of the primary rectifier is sent to filters to remove
the spikes or the undesired signals if any present in the
rectified output, University of Calicut
 Block diagram of an ATX SMPS.
13

 Transformer in SMPS is used to step down the voltage.

 The transformer operates only in AC and hence the
rectified DC current is converted into pulsating DC using
the switching transistor.
 The pulsating DC is then applied to the transformer and the
high voltage is converted into the required low voltage
with high frequency
 The output of the transformer is sent to the secondary
rectifier to convert the AC to DC.
 The rectified DC output is then sent to the secondary filter
circuit to remove the spikes and then sent as output
through the different power connectors.
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 Block diagram of an ATX SMPS.
14

 To regulate the power generated there is a voltage sense

signal sent as a closed loop feedback to switching transistor
so that the output voltage generated is always constant
regardless of the input.

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 Block diagram of an ATX SMPS.
15

SL Comparison Linear Power supply SMPS (advantages of

No: SMPS)
1 Size Large Small
2 Weight Heavy Light
3 Efficiency Poor: Varies from 25- 50% Good: Varies from 65- 85%
4 EMI(Electro Magnetic Low High
Interference)
5 Operating cost High Low
6 Main Transformer Big and Bulky Small
7 Filter capacitor Bulky Medium
8 Transformer core Laminated Iron Ferrite core
9 AC input Voltage 200-240V 140-270V
10 Regulation Special Negligible
11 RF interface Shielding required Low
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 Various Voltage Levels in SMPS
16

 +12 V
 +12 V is used to drive the disk drive motors. It is also used
by components like fans and other cooling devices. It is
generally not used by the motherboard but still it is passed
to the system bus slots so that the add-on cards if any can
use them. The drive have their own separate power supply
connectors from the SMPS.
 -12 V
 The RS-232C interface of the serial port follows the negative
logic. This voltage is provided to the motherboard to power
up the serial port. This voltage is rarely used but is provided
to the motherboard for downward compatibility
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 Various Voltage Levels in SMPS
17

 +5 V
 All the integrated components of the motherboard operate
with +5V and hence the motherboard is provided with +5 V
power supply. On the new systems the CPU has now
designed to operate with a lower voltage of +3.3V.
 -5 V
 The motherboard is provided with -5V for backward
compatibility. The older Floppy disk drives connected to the
ISA slots, the DRAM memory chips in the original PC
needed -5V. This voltage level is now obsolete and is not
used by components of recent days.

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 Various Voltage Levels in SMPS
18

 +3.3 V
 +3.3 V voltage level is the modern voltage level introduced by the ATX
form factor. It is not present in the older form factors. +5V was the
lowest voltage level in the older computers. The +5V provided power to
the CPU, memory and all the other integrated components on the
motherboard. As the technology improved, the second generation
Pentium chips are designed to operate at reduced voltage of 3.3V. This
would reduce the power consumption as the speed of operation of the
chip is increased. The motherboard manufacturers had to design special
voltage regulators on board to reduce the 5V to 3.3V. As a result, lot of
heat was generated by the voltage regulators and this method of voltage
regulation on the motherboard was not efficient. Hence the power
supply unit was itself designed to provide the +3.3V separately for the
CPU. The +3.3V power supply is used by the CPU in addition to the AGP
cards, system memory and other circuits.
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 Various Voltage Levels in SMPS
19

 +5V Power_Ok (Power Good Signal)

 When the system is started for the first time, the power supply
unit takes some time until the power is sufficient to drive all
the components present in the motherboard. After a stabilized
output is obtained power can be given to the processor and
the other components present in the motherboard.
 To prevent the computer from operating prematurely a power
good signal is generated to indicate that the power obtained is
proper and can be given to other devices on the motherboard.
If the power good signal is not obtained, then the CPU restarts
immediately until a stabilized power is generated for driving
the devices present in the motherboard.

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 AT and ATX power connectors
20

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 AT and ATX power connectors
21

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 Input/Output Devices
22

 Input and output devices allow the computer

system to interact with the outside world by
moving data into and out of the system.
 Input Devices
 An input device is used to bring data into the system.
Some input devices are:
 Keyboard

 Mouse

 Microphone

 Bar code reader

 Graphics tablet
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 Input Devices
23

 Keyboard
 A computer or laptop keyboard is kind of hardware device
that you can use to type data in a computer system. It is
usually plugs and play device. A computer keyboard type
should be PS/2 (5-Pin DIN connector or 6-Pin DIN
connector ), USB (Universal Serial Bus), Wireless. Now days
USB and Wireless keyboard are common in use. Earlier,
PS/2 was the most used keyboard.

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 Input Devices
24

 Mouse
 A computer mouse is an input and a hardware, pointing
device that you can connect to your computer system.
 Earlier PS/2 mouse was in existence but now a days USB
and Wireless Mouse have taken place.
 Touchpad
 A touchpad or trackpad is a kind of input device that has a
limited area wherein you can Point, scroll, click and swipe. A
Touchpad most commonly found on computer laptops
(computer brand doesn’t matter). Touchpad allows to use
all the features as you do with a computer mouse.

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 Input Devices
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 TrackPoint
 Most commonly TrackPoint found in IBM ThinkPad
Notebook computers, and originally introduced by IBM in
1992. TrackPoint is a cursor control device that’s built
between laptop keyboard and also known as pointing stick.
Now the days touchpad method is in existence.

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 Input Devices
26

 Scanner
 A scanner is an electronic and input device that allows user
to scan any of document, images, etc. and convert them to
digital formats that you can see on your computer screen.
It’s a kind of hardware device that you can connect to your
desktop computer/laptop by using USB connection. Most
uses in offices to create an image files of physical
documents.
 Microphone
 Also knows as its common name “Mic”. Basically
Microphone converts your voice/sound into electrical
signals and you will get an output on connected speakers.
Can be used to record voice.
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 Input Devices
27

 Digital Camera
 A Digital Camera allow user to take pictures by using digital
technology in cameras. You can click and take photographs
/pictures of anything that you have focused. You can control
it by its certain features.
 Barcode Reader
 A Barcode Reader is an input device and also known as
Barcode Scanner is a hand held device. It is an electronic
device that can read barcodes those has printed on any
product, etc. It is generally used to track products and prices
in a computer software system.

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 Input Devices
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 Joystick
 Joystick is a kind of
control stick that most used for
computer gaming’s that allows users to control characters
or machine.
 Webcam
 Webcam is a short form of Web Camera is an input device. It
should be connected to computer directly or indirectly. It
allows users to stream live video calling, take pictures, etc.

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 Output Devices
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 Monitor
 Incomputing, a monitor screen is a computer display. A
monitor could be a CRT, LED or LCD. Whatever you do in
your computer, monitor is the hardware device that shows
you the output. So, without monitor you can’t work in your
computer.
 Plotter
 A Plotter is a bigsize printer that allow users to get big size
print that cannot be done by basic printers. Most of the
plotter has the feature of LTP, LAN and USB printing ports
that connectivity to your computer. Generally, plotters are
used to take prints of line-art application, big maps,
architecture designs, drawings, etc.
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 Output Devices
30

 Printer
 A printer is an
output device that can print any document,
web page, photographs, etc by command send by your
computer desktop or laptop. There are several brands and
type of printers available for an example: Laser-jet, Ink jet,
Line printers and Dot-matrix printer. Now days most of the
printers includes the feature of scanner and copier.
 Projector
 A projectoris a hardware device that you can connected to
computer desktop/laptop by using HDMI or VGA cable
(depends compatibility) to project your computer display in
a large screen. If you are using a projector, you also required
a projection screen where you can project the computer
display. University of Calicut
 Output Devices
31

 Speaker
 Computer speaker is an output device because you are
getting sound from it whenever you play any online or
offline music, video or anything that has sound in it.
Basically, speaker is a hardware device that you can connect
to your computer to generate sound.
 Headphones
 A headphone is an output device that also generate sound.
Headphones are a pair of small loudspeakers. Headphones
can be placed inside or outer part of your ears to listen
anything and won’t disturb anyone else while playing
anything. Can be used on computers or smartphones.

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 End of Today’s Lecture
32

Doubts && Queries?

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33

THANK YOU

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