Fluid Mechanics 1

ME 303
Lecture 2:

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

 Chapter Outcomes
The outcome of this chapter is to:

➢ Describe the concepts and behavior of fluids in

static conditions.

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 Chapter Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

❑ Identify the key fluid properties used in the analysis of

fluid behavior.
❑ Calculate common fluid properties given appropriate
information.
❑ Use the concepts of viscosity, vapor pressure, and
surface tension.
❑ Explain effects of fluid compressibility.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
Fluid Mechanics

❑ Lecture outline
• Identification of Fluids

• Physical Properties of Fluids:

✓ Density
✓ Specific weight
✓ Specific gravity
✓ Viscosity
✓ Surface Tension
✓ Compressibility 4
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1: Identification of Fluids

Q : What is a fluid mechanics?

Answer:

✓ Fluid mechanics is the discipline within the broad

field of applied mechanics that is concerned with the
behavior of liquid at rest or in motion.

✓ It covers a vast array of phenomena that occur in

nature (with or without human intervention), in
biology, and in numerous engineered, invented, or
manufactured situations.
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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1: Identification of Fluids

Q 1: What is a fluid?
and
Q 2: what is the difference between a solid and a fluid?

Answer 1:
The Fluids Are Substances In Their Liquid Or Gas
Phase.
◼Fluids are divided into two types

• Liquids
• Gases
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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1: Identification of Fluids

Q 2: what is the difference between a solid and a fluid?

Answer 2
➢ A solid is hard and not easily deformed

➢ A fluid is soft and can easily deformed

Is this a scientific answer?

Although the above are descriptive answers but the

answers are NOT scientific at all.
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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1: Identification of Fluids

Solids are densely spaced molecules with large

intermolecular cohesive forces that allow the solid to
maintain its shape.

Liquids: like water, oil, molecules are spaced farther apart.

The intermolecular forces are smaller than solids and the
molecules have more freedom to move.

In Liquids, groups of molecules can move relative to each

other, but the volume remains relatively constant because of
the strong cohesive forces between the molecules.
As a result, fluids can be poured in a container and it will
take the shape of the container it is in. 8
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1: Identification of Fluids

Gases: Like air, oxygen, have greater molecular spacing

and freedom of motion with negligible cohesive
intermolecular forces than liquids.

As a result, it can be easily deformed

Gases expand until it encounters the walls of the container

and fills the entire available space

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1: Identification of Fluids
Intermolecular bonds are strongest in solids and
weakest in gases.

The arrangement of atoms in different phases:

a) molecules are at relatively fixed positions in a solid,
b) groups of molecules move about each other in the
liquid phase, and
c) individual molecules move about at random in the10
gas phase.
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1: Identification of Fluids

Solid produces static deformation as a reaction to

applied of shear stress

Fluid deforms continuously as long as the shear

stress is applied

Note : A shearing stress is created whenever a

tangential force acts on a surface
Force

Surface
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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2: Fluid Properties

Fluid Density
We have to types of density, mass density and weight density
Mass density,  (rho)
⚫ Mass Density or specific mass is the ratio of the mass to
the volume at STP. Its units are kg/m3 (SI).
mass m
= = (kg/m 3 )
volume V
⚫ Density of liquids are slightly affected by pressure and
temperature
⚫ Density of gases are strongly influenced by pressure and
temperature 12
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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2: Fluid Properties

Weight density or specific weight, 

⚫ Defined as weight per unit volume (N/m3 ) (SI)

weight
⚫ Specific weight=  =
volume
⚫ Related to density through

 = g
(
where g is the local acceleration of gravity g = 9.81 m / s 2 )
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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2: Fluid Properties

Specific Volume, v

⚫ It is defined as volume per unit mass of fluid. It is

denoted by v.
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑽
S𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 (𝒗) = =
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒎

1
v=


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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2: Fluid Properties

Specific Gravity or relative density, SG

⚫ Specific Gravity is the ratio of the density of the fluid to the
density of water at some specified temperature. It is
dimensionless, and has no units. It is represented by SG.
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

 
SG = OR
H O@4
2
o
C
 H O@4
2
o
C

⚫ The density of the water at 4.0oC equals to

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1000 kg/m3.
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2: Fluid Properties

Example 1
Calculate the specific weight, specific mass, specific volume, and
specific gravity of a liquid having a volume of 6 m3 and weight of
44 KN.
Answer:
Given: volume (V)= 6 m3 and weight (W)= 44 KN.
unknown: = ?  =? v=?, SG=?

𝑚 𝑊 𝑉 1
𝑆𝐺 =
𝜌
=
𝛾
𝜌= 𝛾= v= = 𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑚 𝜌
𝑉 𝑉

𝑊 17
W= 𝑚 ∗ 𝑔 𝑶𝑹 𝑚 = 𝑔
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2: Fluid Properties

𝑊
W= 𝑚 ∗ 𝑔 𝑶𝑹 𝑚 =
Answer: 𝑔

𝑊 44
𝛾= = =7.333 KN/m3 𝑁
𝑉 6 kg= 𝑚/𝑠2

𝑚 𝛾
𝜌= 𝑉
= 𝑔 =7.333*1000/9.81 = 747.537 kg/m3

𝑉 1 1
v= 𝑚 = 𝜌 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟒 m3/kg
747.537

𝜌 𝛾 𝛾 7.333
𝑆𝐺 = 𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝐺 = 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟖
9.81

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2: Fluid Properties

Quiz 1

Calculate the specific weight, specific mass, and specific gravity of

one liter of a liquid which weights of 7 N.

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Thank You!