0% found this document useful (0 votes)

17 views43 pages

Tools for Effective Land Preparation

Q: Compare the operational efficiency of the Animal Drawn Bose Plough and the Improved Plough Khargaon type hal in different soil types.

The Animal Drawn Bose Plough is designed especially for upland paddy and dryland cultivation. It features a mouldboard for effective soil inversion and a sharp share that can be replaced once dull, making it suitable for various soil types by cutting and inverting furrow slices . The Improved Plough, locally known as the Khargaon type hal, is made entirely of steel, with a structure allowing for a highly replaceable share, suggesting durability in more challenging soil conditions. However, its fixed nature might not offer as much adaptability as the Bose Plough's mouldboard in varied terrain. These ploughs thus have distinct efficiencies based on their construction and specific soil adaptability .

Q: What are the unique features of the Improved Iron Plough and how do they contribute to its functionality in agricultural activities?

The Improved Iron Plough is primarily constructed from mild steel, which contributes to its durability and extended lifespan. Key features include a replaceable share that can be pushed forward when worn, making maintenance easier. The pole shaft angle and handle height are adjustable, enhancing operational adaptability to different field conditions. It's bullock-drawn and has an optional mouldboard for soil inversion, increasing its versatility for seed bed preparation and puddling in wetlands .

Q: Examine the role that the adjustable features of the Ridger Plough play in optimizing its efficiency for specific crop cultivation.

The Ridger Plough's adjustable mouldboards and wingspan significantly enhance its efficiency for specific crop cultivation. By allowing adjustments according to row width, it provides flexibility for different crop spacing requirements. The tailpieces further increase furrow width, which is crucial for crops like cotton where wider furrows can aid in better root spread and growth. Such adaptability not only increases the plough's utility across diverse crops but also enhances soil aeration and drainage, optimizing crop yields .

Q: Evaluate the benefits of using the Tractor Drawn Spiked Clod Crusher in conjunction with other tillage tools for optimal field preparation.

The Tractor Drawn Spiked Clod Crusher enhances field preparation by breaking up large clods left by primary tillage tools such as harrows and cultivators. Its design features include a steel drum with pegs, which pulverizes soil clumps efficiently, promoting better soil texture and aeration. By integrating this tool with other implements, farmers can achieve a finer seedbed, facilitating easier planting and improving germination rates. The Crusher's ability to combine tillage tasks into one operation streamlines field preparation and reduces time and fuel costs .

Q: What distinguishes the Tractor Drawn Basin Lister from similar agricultural tools in terms of water management and soil conservation?

The Tractor Drawn Basin Lister is distinguished by its dual function of water harvesting and soil conservation. Unlike similar tools, it is an attachment fitted to a 9-tine tractor-mounted cultivator, designed to form trenches that aid water infiltration and retention. This enhances the conservation of soil moisture and prevents erosion, making it especially beneficial in regions prone to drought or irregular rainfall. The lister's ability to cut trenches efficiently allows it to maintain soil structure while contributing to sustainable farming practices .

Q: How does the functionality of the Animal Drawn Chisel Plough enhance agricultural productivity compared to traditional ploughing methods?

The Animal Drawn Chisel Plough is particularly effective for breaking the hard soil layer beneath the normal ploughing depth, improving rainwater infiltration. This mechanism can enhance agricultural productivity by up to 15% compared to traditional ploughing methods using country ploughs without deep ploughing, which only disturb the soil superficially. By facilitating deeper soil penetration, it boosts water retention and root development, leading to better crop yields .

Q: Discuss the importance of adjustability in the design of agricultural implements like the MP Iron Wedge Plough.

Adjustability in agricultural implements like the MP Iron Wedge Plough is crucial for maximizing efficiency and ease of use. The plough has several bracket holes for beam attachment, enabling adaptation to the varying heights of draft animals, thus reducing operator fatigue and improving control. The replaceable share allows for easy maintenance, ensuring the plough remains effective even as parts wear out. This flexibility in design not only enhances tool longevity but also ensures consistent performance across different soil types and conditions .

Q: Analyze how the design of the Duckfoot Cultivator supports its effectiveness in a range of soil conditions.

The Duckfoot Cultivator is effective in diverse soil conditions due to its triangular sweeps, made from old leaf spring steel, that mimic a duck's foot. This design helps in thorough soil disturbance, making it adept at shallow plowing and managing weed growth. The sweeps are replaceable once worn, maintaining operational efficiency. Its mild steel flat tines and three-point tractor linkage enable easy attachment and operation, catering to various soil types, especially the tough black cotton soils where it is most popular. This versatility makes it suitable for both primary tillage and secondary operations .

Q: How do the features of the Spring Tyne Cultivator contribute to its versatility in farming operations?

The Spring Tyne Cultivator is versatile largely due to its spring-loaded tynes which prevent breakage upon encountering hard objects, combined with reversible heat-treated steel shovels for durability. It is tractor-mounted and uses hydraulic control for depth adjustment, allowing farmers to prepare seedbeds in a variety of soil conditions. Its ability to accommodate both dry and wet soil cultivation, as well as intercultural operations in wider row crops, adds to its multifunctionality .

Q: In what ways do the design and usage of the Birsa Animal Drawn Ridger Plough differ from traditional ridger ploughs?

The Birsa Animal Drawn Ridger Plough is tailored for the hilly regions of the Chota Nagpur area. It offers increased efficiency by saving 9% in labor and operation time and 5% in cost relative to conventional country ploughs. Unlike traditional ridger ploughs, it is specifically designed to perform all functions of a country plough with added advantages such as cost-effectiveness and reduced labor input. This makes it more suitable for challenging topographies, ensuring that it adapts well to the specific demands of the region's terrain .

Uploaded by

ian jay savilla

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

17 views43 pages

Tools for Effective Land Preparation

Uploaded by

ian jay savilla

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FOR LAND DEVELOPMENT, TILLAGE

AND SEEDBED PREPARATION

Land developmentis the costliestpperation in farming. It involves jungle clearance,soil

openingwith deeptillage equipment,moving soil from high to low spots,making farm roads,
field bunding and [Link]. These operationsrequire use of self propelled and heavy
equipmentsuch as crawler tractors with heavy duty ploughs and dozers, high horsepower
tractors with dozing arid hoeing attachment,.scrapers,ditchers, chisel ploughs, subsoilers,
terracers,levellersetc.
The tillage operations,defined as mechanicalmanipulationof soil, are performedto achieve
the desiredseedbedto provide optimum environmentfor seedgerminationand plant growth.
Seedbedpreparationfor sowing / planting of different crops is done through primary and
secondarytillage operations.
SeedbedPreparation for Upland Crops
The optimum seedbedpreparation for raising upland crops, involves the following unit
operations:
i. Loosening of soil
This is done to achievea desired granular soil structure for a seedbedand to allow rapid
infiltration and good retentionof moisture,to provide adequateair exchangecapacitywithin
the soil and to minimize resistanceto root penetrationand shootgrowth. Local plough (Hat)
and blade harrow (Bakhar)are traditional implementsused for looseningof soil. Theseare
simplest tools designedto break the topsoil and multi-passesare carried out to prepare
seedbed. Mould board plough, disc plough, soil stirring plough, ridger plough, tool
frames/carrierswith mouldboard plough or tillage sweeps,etc. are improved implements
designedfor breakingsoil. Ploughsare usedto break soil and invert furrow slice to control
weeds,etc.
ii. Clod size reduction
Clod breaking operationis requiredto producea granularsoil structurein the final seedbed.
Tine cultivator and disc harrow are used for breakingof clods. Generallytheseare operated
after one pass of mouldboard plough or ridger plough. Direct harrowing or cultivator
operationis also performedwhenthe fields are cleanand free from plant residuesof previous
crop. Clod crushers,pateta harrow,etc.,are very effective for clod crushingunderfavourable
soil moisture conditions but their effect is confined to soil surface only. Power driven
implements like rotavators disintegratethe clods over a wide range of soil moisture and
provide uniform and fine sizeclods or aggregatesin seedbed.
iii. Clod sorting
Operation of tools with narrow tines such as comb harrow and spike tooth harrow, in
loosenedsoil, producesa sortingeffect, bringing largerclods and aggregateson surface. The
sorting effect increaseswith increasingforward inclination of tines and share width and
decreasingspeed and soil moisture. Large size clods on the surface are recommended
becauseof their stability underrainfall, which helps in reducingsoil erosion.
iv. Compaction and consolidation
Wide, backward inclined implementscompactsoil as well as break clods in top surface of
soil. Direct compactionat seeddepth can bestbe achievedusing narrowpresswheels/discs.
Plankingis widely usedto compactthe soil at the surface.
v. Smoothening
Smoothening of seedbedis required for proper operation of sowing machines, better
distribution of irrigation water and quick disposalof excessrainwater. Smootheningcan be
best achievedby using wide backwardinclined blades, suchas levelling boards,floats and

3
patela harrow with closely spacedshallow working narrow tines. Wooden plank, patela
harrow,are recommendedfor smooth..'ningoperation.
Land Preparation for Rice Transplanting
Puddling of soil generally refers to breaking down soil aggregatesat near saturationinto
ultimate soil particles and is one of the commonoperationsin low land rice fields. It is
normally done after initial ploughingand allowing about50 to 100 mm of standingwater in
the field. However; in low land conditionthe farmersoften flood the field prior to ploughing
and puddling to weakenthe mechanicalstrengthof the soil. Retentionof standingwater on
the rice field helps weed control and oxidation-reduction. Such conditions help achieving
nutrientbalance,and a soft soil suitablefor transplantingrice seedlings.
Puddling helps retain standingwater in the rice field by producing fine soil particles that
reducesoil porosity, thus reducingpercolationlossesof nutrients. Puddlingis also ben~ficial
becauseit controls weeds,levels the soil surfaceand provides a homogenizedpuddled tilth.
Puddlingmustbe done whenthereis standingWaterin the field. (
Puddlingis done with an animal or tractor drawn implement(puddler)suchasploughs, comb
harrow, patela puddler, ladder puddler and rotary puddler. The degree of puddling is
however, dependenton the type of puddler and on intensity of puddling. .Rotary puddiers
generally are better than ploughs becausetheir rotary motion continuously changesthe
direction of the shearstressand thereforematchesthe weakestfractureplane within a clod.
Furtherthe rotary puddlerstend to compactthe subsoil, chopand pressdown organic matter
and require relatively low draft ascomparedto ploughs.

Tillage Requirements under Different Agro-climatic Conditions

Optimumtillage to achievemaximumcrop yields with minimum energyconsumptionshould
be the aim of seedbedpreparation. A good seedbedis generallyconsideredto imply finer
particles and greater firmness in the vicinity of seeds. The depth up to which tillage
operationsdisturbthe soil can classifythe operationas shallow, mediumor deep. The depth
of tillage dependson the crop and soil characteristicsand also on the source of power or
energyavailable.
In arid and semiarid areaswith high averagesoil temperatureand dry spells,there is a need
to breakthe soil, which becomesvery hard. A pointed tool like chisel or bar point areusedon
country plough to break soil without inverting or disturbing crop residue,in order to collect
and store rain waterand reducewind erosionand evaporationlosses. Under suchconditions
lister plough, rigid tine cultivator, duck foot sweepsand other similar equipmentare useful
and canbe operatedfor one or two passes.
Under black soil regions (vertisols) of Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra,.Gujaratand Andhra
Pradesh,soils dry up and develop deep cracks during hot summer weather, and hence
ploughingis notvery essential. Mould board ploughing may be doneonce in 3 to 4 yearsto
destroyweeds. For suchsoils shallow cultivation by a blade harrow or sweepcultivator is
sufficient to preparea good seedbed,whenweedsare undercontrol. Continuousoperationof
mould board for few yearsmaybe requiredto controlthe weeds.
In humid areas,it is desirableto have deeptillage accompaniedby soil inversionand burying
of crop [Link] helps in enhancingnitrogen fixation in soil and ~ncorporationof
biomass.
In dryland areastillage requirementsare mainly linked with improved moistureintake and
retention, reduced evaporationand checking of weed growth. Studieshave indicated that
increasedinfiltration rate and higher crop yields canbe achievedunde' dryland conditionsby
performingdeeptillage by mould boardplough.
In brief, the recommendationsare to do shallow or mediumtillage in most conditions. For
weed control and increasedstorage of rain water deeptillage is recommended. Summer
ploughing with mould board plough, once in two to three years, to invert the soil, is also
recommended.

4
BACKHOE DOZER
Features
These are attachmentsof tractor. The dozer. is
mountedin front of the tractorand backhoein the
rear. The dozer and backhoe can be easily
removed and joined to the tractor. The dozer
consistsof a thick curvedplate andhardenedstrip.
The strip has sharp cutting edge and is joined to
the curved plate of the dozer with fasteners.
Therefore,the strip canbe replacedon wearing or
becomingblunt. The dozerplate is joined to the tractor with sturdyarmsand canbe raised or
lowered with hydraulic system of the tractor. Backhoe consists of a bucket with digging
fingers, hydraulic cylinder, armsand b~sefor attachingto the rear of the tractor. The bucket
position is manipulatedby hydraulic [Link] digging fingers are hardenedand can be
replacedon wearing or becomingblunt.

Specifications
Backhoe
Maximum digging depth (mm) 3350
Reach-ground level to rear wheel centre (mm) 5500
Reach-ground level to slew centre (mm) 4100
Maximum working height (mm) 3850
Maximum load over height (mm) 2850
Reach at full height to slew centre(mm) 2450
Bucket rotation (degrees) 180
Side reach to centerline of machine (mm) 4700
King post travel (mm) 1200
Dozer
Blade size (mm) 2400 )< 900190

Ground clearance (mm) 700

Cutting depth (mm) up to]

Uses
Backhoeis used for excavatingsoil, making foundationfor building, makingtrenchesfor pipe
and cable laying, garbagehandling, widening of rural roadsand removalof bushesand trees
etc. Dozer is used for agriculturalland levelling, makingbunds in the farms and terracingof
farm, road making and site clearance,for trench filling at damproject, after laying cable or
pipe etc.
Sources(Appendix)
648, 875
BACKHOE LOADER
Features
Theseare attachmentsof tractor. The loaderis mountedin front of the tractorand backhoeat
the rear. The loader and backhoecan be easily removedandjoined to the tractor. Backhoe
consistsof a bucket with digging fingers, hydraulic cylinder, arms and base for attachingto
the rear of the tractor. The bucket position is manipulatedby hydraulic [Link] digging
fingers are hardenedand can be replacedon wearing or becomingblunt. Loaderconsistsof

5
curved frame in the front, which acts as bucket,
arms hinged to each other by pins, hydraulic
cylinders and hydraulic system. The loader,
therefore, can be maneuvered to the required
position through hydraulic controls.

Specifications
Loader
Pin height (mm) 3200
Dump height (mm) for 450bucket 2700
Digging depth(mm) up to 150
Reachat ground (mm) 1470
Reachat full height (mm) for 450bucket 700
Bucket returnto groundangle (degrees) 45
Bucket unloadingangle (degrees) 45
Loaderbucketpayloadcapacity(kg) 750
Loaderbucketcapacity(cu.m) 0.50
Backhoe
Maximum digging depth (mm) 3350
Reach-groundlevel to rear wheelcentre(mm) 5500
Reach-groundlevel to slewcentre(mm) 4100
Maximum working height (mm) 3850
Maximum load over height (mm} 2850
Reachat full heightto slewcentre(mm) 2450
Bucket rotation (degrees) 180
Side reachto centerlineof machine(mm) 4700
King post travel (mm) 1200
Uses
Loader is used for removal of mud and loose soil at canalworksite, for loading of crushed
stonesinto the dumpersand trailers at stone crusherunit, for loading of salt into trucks and
trailers, for handling of clay and soil and loading it into the trucks and trailersetc. Backhoeis
used for excavatingsoil, making foundationfor building, makingtrenchesfor pipe and cable
laying, garbagehandling, widening of rural roadsand removalof bushesandtreesetc.
Sources«Appendix)
618, 875

TRACTOR MOUNTED TERRACER BLADE

Features
It is attachedto the tractor with the 3-point linkage systemand
is hydraulically controlled. It consists of replaceableblade
attached to curved steel body, side wings and indexing
arrangementfor tilting and angling of the blade. The cutting
blade is made of medium carbonor alloy steeland the cutting
edge is hardenedand [Link] blade with body is also
called mould board. The mouldboard can be angled left or
right by lifting the spring Joadedlatchpin and by turning the
mouldboard. To tilt the blade for ditching or terracing the

6
blade is tilted to the desired angle by moving the
index pin. The depth of cutting is controlled by
hydraulic system of the tractor. The blade can be
pitched forward and back or tilted at 150to 300 left
or right. It can be reversed for back filling. For
increasing the length of blade, extensions are
provided.

Specifications
Blade length(mm) 1950-2458
Height (centreof top pin to ground)(mm) 978
Blade offset (mm) 305
Forward angularadjustment(degrees) 0°' 15°, 30° and 45° RH to LH
Reverseangularadjustment(degrees) 0°' 15°,30° and45° RH to LH
Tilt angularadjustment(degrees) 0°' 15°and 30° RH to LH
Weight (kg) 210-260
Powerrequirement(hp) 35-50, tractor
Uses
The terracer blade is used for grading, levelling of fields, filling of depressionsand
smootheningof field for irrigation.
Sources (Appendix)
648, 1405,1598

HYDRODOZER
Features
This is a tractor front mounted dozer. The dozing
blade assemblyconsistsof a curved plate (bucket)to
which a cutting blade made of hardenedalloy steelisjoined
with dozerarms,hydraulic cylinders,frameand
body. The cutting blade edgeis sharpand fastenedto
the plate with [Link] blade is reversibletype.
The dozeris hydraulicallycontrolled.

Specifications
Blade length (mm) 2000
Blade height (mm) 580-650
Cutting depth control Two rams
Lifting height (mm) 635-915
Working capacity (cu.m/h) 25-70
Power requirement (hp) 50 andabove
Uses
For land shaping, field terracing, construction of roads, contour bunding etc.

Sources(Appendix)
241,396,557,1343

7
HYD RA ULI C SCRAPER
Features
The hydraulic scraperis towed behind the tractor. The
scraper consists of cutting blade, hydraulic system,
hitch point, hitch bar, apron, bowl, wheels, apron
cylinder, side frame?bucket cylinder, spring, and side
arm. The scraper working is controlled by the
hydraulic [Link] blade is made of alloy
steeland has self-sharpeningtungstencarbide cutting
edge. For operation, the scraperis attachedto the
tractor, hydraulic system connected and apron is
raised. With the forward movementof the tractor, the blade penetratesinto the soil and fill
bucketbowl getsfilled. The apronis closedafterthe bucketis filled andthe scraperis moved
to the point of unloading. For unloading,the bucketis tilted hydraulically.

Specifications
Type : Gatedplanningscraper,direct hitching and loading
Length (mm) : 4270
Width (mm) : 1830-2135
Height (mm) : 1140
Capacity(cu.m) : 2.5 -3.5
Numberof hydraulic cylinders : 2
Hitch head : Triple swivel
Weight (kg) : 900 -1000
Cuttingblade width (mm) : 1500-2100
Powerrequirement(hp) : 50 and above
Uses
It is used for collectingthe soil from oneplaceand unloadingat the other. It is used for rough
leveling, cutting of high spotsand filling of depressions.
Sources(Appendix)
241,396,557,1343

SHEEP FOOT ROLLER

Features
The sheepfoot roller consistsof box frame of heavyangles,hard facedsolid forged tamping

feet, heavy-duty shaft enclosed in the drum, steel drum on are

welded, reinforced box section draw bar provided with and
adjustable cleaner teeth to prevent accumulation of dirt 1 roller is
mounted on heavy-duty frame. The equipment is available in the form of one or two drums

8
and is attachedto the drawbar of the tractor. Independentoscillating frame and oscillation
stopperareprovided in the double drum sheepfoot rollers.

Specifications
Overall length (mm) 3300 -3670
Overall width (mm) 1430-3100
Diameter of drums (mm) 920 -1020
Number of drum:s 1-2
Width of drums (mm} 1070 -1220
Number of feet per drum 78 -90
Length of temper foot(mm) 152-178
Area of each foot face (cm1 25 -40
Number of feet per row 2-4
Weight (kg) 1100 -3700
Ground pressure(kg/cm1 19 -22
Power requirement (hp) 50 and above

Uses
For compaction of soil and farm roads.

Sources(Appendix)
241,396,557,1343

CUL TIP ACKER

Features
The implementconsistsof number of cast iron V
shaped rollers mounted on three axles. The
implement can be operatedeither with one or 3
[Link] it can be attachedbehind disc
harrow (trailing type) to affect compaction for
moistureconservation.

Specifications
Gangspan(mm) 1425
Number of gangs 1-3
Working width with 3 gangs(mm) 3200 -4100
Numberof rollers in eachgang 14
Roller width (mm) 102
Roller diameter(mm) 460
Roller weight (kg) 26
Weight (single gang)(kg) 450
Total weight (kg) 1350

Uses
Breaking of clods and packing of soil thereby conserving moisture.

Sources(Appendix)
241,396,534,557,1343

9
VIBRA TORY ROLLER

Features
The vibratory roller consists of frame, which is a
welded structure and carry the engine at the rear in
static balance condition, roller fabricated from
steel plate with adjustable scrapers fitted in front
and rear, vibratory drive having spring loaded
centrifugal clutch directly mounted to the
flywheel, vibrating mechanism and towing
mechanism. The vibratory roller is towed with the
tractor for operation. Vibratory mechanism
provided in the roller helps in achieving higher
compaction.

Specifications
Length (mm) 4321
Width (mm) 2273
Height (mm) 1619
Roller diameter(mm) 1371
Rolling width (mm) 1828
Groundclearance(mm) 406
Towing height (mm) 552/692
Frequencyof vibration (strokes/min) 1400-1800
Centrifugalforce (kg) 10170
Working speed(km/h) 2-6
Travelingspeed(km/h) 15
Weight (kg) 5500
Powerrequirement(hp) 70-75 tractor
Uses
It is used for compactingfilled-in earthworksuchas embankments,sub-grade,sub-basesfor
farmroads,building foundationetc.
Sources(Appendix)
635

DITCHER
Features
It consists of two curved wings with cutting blades,
front cutting point, tie bars for adjusting wingspan, and
hitch assembly with 3-point linkages. The cutting
blades and cutting point are made of medium carbon
or alloy steel, hardened and sharpened. The ditcher is
operated by tractor and controlled by hydraulic
system. The ditcher penetrates in the soil due to its
own weight and suction of the cutting point. Upon
drawing the ditcher in the fie1d, it opens the soil in the
shape of ditch with either 'V' bottom or flat bottom.
The wings enable the ditcher to slice and roll the tough

10
sod, brushand root [Link] depthand width of the ditch is adjustedfrom the operatorsseat.
The front cutting point andwings cutting edgesarereplaceable.

Specifications
Length (mm) 1600
Wing span rear (mm) 1675
Wing height (mm) 470
Wing length from point (mm) 1800
Ditch size top width (mm) 610
Ditch depth (mm) 305-405

Uses
It is used for making ditches for irrigation and drainage.

Sources(Appendix)
241,396,557,1343

ROTARY DITCHER

Features
It consistsof a rotary cutter operatedby pto shaft of the tractor, gearbox, 3-point linkage,
hitch system,frame, body, deflector and ditch former. The machineis operatedby tractor.
Rotary cutter is main componentof the ditcher and it consistsof drum fitted with cutting
knives or [Link] knives are of different shapesand are made of alloy steelby forging.
The knives can be replaced on becomingblunt. The rotary cutter excavatessoil, which is
uniformly distributedto one side. The deflectionof the soil canbe adjustedby the deflector.
Ditch former, having trapezoidalshapefitted in the rear, form the ditch.

Specifications
Top width of the ditch (mm) 740-915
Depth of the ditch (mm) 460-560
Base width of the ditch (mm) 180-250
Power requirement (hp) 40- 70, tractor
Weight (kg) 255-550

Uses
It is used for makingditchesfor irrigation anddrainage.
Sources(Appendix)
648
IMPROVEDBAKHAR

Features
The improved bakhar consists of a frame made of -

mild steel angle section in which a V -shaped blade is

attached by means of fasteners. Behind the blade a
roller made of l50rnm diameter Mild Steel pipe is
provided to crush soil clods. The frame also supports
a handle by which the operator controls the
implement. The unit is suitable for seedbed
preparation in black soil. This has a modified V-
blade replacing conventional curved blade for
reduced draft. A pair of bullocks is used for pulling the implement.

Specifications
OverallDimensions
Length (mm) 1220
Width (mm) 850
Height (mm) 650
Weight (Kg) 45
Working Width (mm) 500
Working Depth (mm) 60
OperatingSpeed(km/h) 2.0-3.0
Field Capacity(ha/h) 0.062-0.075
Field Efficiency (%) 70
Draft (N) 450-550
Labour Requirement(Man-h/ha) 15

Uses
It is used for seedbedpreparationin blacksoil.

Sources(Appendix)
254

ANIMAL DRA WN MOULDBOARD PLOUGH

Features
The implement consists of a share, mouldboard, ~~
landside, handle, depth gauge wheel and wooden
beam. The share is made from medium or high carbon
steel and hardened to resist wear during operation. The
mouldboard that inverts the soil is made of mild steel.
The gauge wheel is used to control the depth of
operation. It has convenient handles for easy
operation. For operation the plough is moved in the
soil with the help of a pair of bullock. Share of the
plough penetrates into the soil and makes a cut below the soil surface. Mould board lifts,
pulverizes and inverts the furrow slice.

Specification
Working width (mm) : 100, 150,250,300

12
Animal drawnmouldboardploughis usedfor ploughingand inversionof soil
Sources(Appendix)
12,57,62,84,538,202,210,213,221,324,450,532,590, 617, 698, 747, 815, 851, 873, 905,
956,996,999,1006,1075,1108,1154,1303,1419,1469, 1477, 1503, 1517, 1551, 1566,
1572,1581,1592,1636,1730,1750

ANIMAL DRA WN MOULDBOARD PLOUGH

Features
It is an animal drawn small size mouldboard plough used for
tillage operations. It is made out of mild steel angle, flat and
sheet. It is generally fitted to a long wooden beam hitched to a
pair of bullocks. It can also be carried over undulating surfaces
easily. The soil working part is removable type and can be
replaced when worn out. The width of operation of the plough
is about 200 rom.

Specification
Rawmaterialsused Mild steelangleiron, flat and sheet
Dimensionof blade
LengthxWidthxHeight(mm) 390-400x220-230 x 300-320
Weight (kg) 2.5-3.0
Uses
Primary and secondarytillage operations.
Sources(Appendix)
39,250,853,923, 1224

MELURPLOUGH

Features
This type of plough is used in Madurai, Ramnad and
Tanjoredistricts of Tamil [Link] ploughis suitablefor
ploughing in wetlandsfor raisingrice crop using a pair of
bullocks. The depth of cut in black soil is 3.5 cm and the
width is 100-130mm. The shoeis made of single casting
with ribbed [Link] pole shaft is made of babul or
vengaiwood.
Brief Specification
Length of the beam (mm)
Beam diameter (mm) 127
Width (mm) 130
Weight (kg) 8
Power requirement A pair of bullocks and one man
Capacity (acres per day) 0.5

13
Uses
701
Uses
This type of ploughis usedfor seedbed preparationand puddling in wetlands.
Sources(Appendix)
257,338,1537

IMPROVED IRON PLOUGH

Features
The bullock drawn improved iron plough is madeof mild
steelexceptthe pole shaftand henceit has longerlife. As
and when the sharewearsoff, it can be pushedforward.
Pole shaft angle and height of handle can be adjusted
according to field [Link] is operatedwith one
pair of bullocks. The plough is provided with a
mouldboardas an optional attachmentfor soil inversion.

Specification
Length (mm) 3500
Width (mm) 250
Height (mm) 900
Type Bullock drawnimplement
Weight (kg) 17
Powerrequirement A pair of bullocks
Capacity(ha per day) 0.5
Uses
This implement could be used for dry ploughing operations in all types of soil. The plough is
provided with a mould board as an optional attachment for soil inversion.

Sources(Appendix)
382,1187,1260,1656,1671,1683

ANIMAL DRAWN BOSE PLOUGH

Features
It is a mould board type ploughsuitablefor upland paddy
and dryland cultivation. It consists of wooden beam,
Woodenhandlewith a grip, woodenbody and a sharecum
mould board made of mild steel. The share cum
mouldboardhas sharp point and cutting edge, which cut
and invert the furrow slice. Upon becomingdull it canbe
replaced.
Specifications
Dimensions (lxwxh) (rnrn) 840x650x190
Weight (kg) 15
Size of bottom (rnrn) 125

Performance results
Width of cut (mm) 110

14
Operating speed (km/h) 2.06
Field capacity (ha/h) 0.01
Field efficiency (per cent) 58
Draft (N) 410
Labour requirement (man-h/ha) 98
Uses
It is suitablefor upland paddyand drylandcultivation.
Sources(Appendix)
12,84,210,221,698,873,905,956,999,1006,1071,
1592, 1636, 1730 - 1303, 1469, 1503, 1517, 1551, 1566,

IMPROVED PLOUGH
Local Name:Khargaontype hal
Features
The plough consistsof mild steel sheetbody to which a replaceable
shareis [Link] body also servethe purposeof frame and the
other componentlike handle, tie bar and hitch assemblyis also
attachedto it. The shapeof the shareis similar to flat iron section
with a tang and is held on the body with [Link] share is
usually fabricatedfrom used leaf springsteel;tip is forgedto a sharp
edgeand [Link] sharecan be replacedafter it has worn out
and the cutting edge can be sharpenedupon becomingdull. The
operationof the plough is similar to other bullock drawn ploughs.
The hitching point for the beamis a swingtype mechanism,which is
adjustedby the help of the bracketsusing the pre-drilled holes and
attachedto the main body of the plough.

Specifications
Overall dimensions (rnrn)
Length x Width x Height (rnrn) 1060 x 190 x 850
Working width (rnrn) 200
Capacity (ha/day) 0.20-0.25
Power requirement A pair of bullocks
Weight (kg) 26

Uses
It is usedfor primarytillage.
Source (Appendix)
358,514,538,838, 1572,1633

IMPROVED PLOUGH
Local Name:Dabraplough
Features
The completeploughis madeof [Link] consistsof mild steelplate frameto which otherparts
such as plough sole; handle and soil working componentsare [Link] share of the
ploughis fabricatedfrom mild steelsheethavinga [Link] of sheetis
joined to the sharewhich acts as [Link] shareend and mouldboardassemblyis

15
tilted slightly for penetration and inversion of the furrow slice. The
share upon becoming dull or after it is worn out can b_ereplaced.
The plough is suitable for tillage in light soils.

Specifications
Overall dimensions (mm)
Length x Width x Height 740 x 235 x 830
Working width (mm) 240
Capacity (ha/day) 0.20-0.25
Weight (kg) 8
Uses
It is used for primary tillage in light soils.
Source (Appendix)
358,514,538,838,1572,1633

IMPROVED PLOUGH
Local Name: Rautype hal
Features
The plough consistsof triangular shapebody made of mild steel
sheet,handle body made of mild steelsheet,sharemade of used
leaf springsteel,hitch assemblyandtie barsmadeof mild steel flat
iron [Link] shareis forgedto a screwdriverpoint shapewith
[Link] shareis held to the triangularbody of the plough with the
help of U -clamps. The share after becoming dull can be
sharpenedor replaced. Similar to other ploughs found in the
region, it has specialbracketshaving a numberof holes to which
the beam can be [Link] holes serve the purpose of
adjusting the plough suiting to the height of the animals being
[Link] handle is also placed at a convenientheight for the [Link] implementis
popularin the Malwa regionsof MadhyaPradesh.

Specifications
Overall dimensions (mm)
Length x Width x Height 1480 x 120 x 950
Working width (mm) 130
Capacity (ha/day) 0.25-0.30
Weight (kg) 13
Uses
It is used for primary tillage in kharif and rabi seasons.

Source (Appendix)
358,514,538,838, 1572,1633

ANIMAL DRAWN CHISEL PLOUGH

Features
It is a pointed curved bar type implement useful for breaking hard layer of soil below the
normal ploughing depth to facilitate infiltration of rainwater. Use of this implement leads to

16
increase in yield by up to 15 per cent compared to
conventional method of field preparation by
country plough without any deep ploughing. It is
usually operated by a pair of bullocks. The
equipment is commercially available.

Specifications

Dimensions(lxwxh) (mm) 1150x 380x 1050

Weight (kg) 50
Radiusof curvatureoftyne (mm) 370
No. of tyne One
Powersource Pair of heavybullocks

Performance results
Width of cut (rom) 40
Spacebetweensuccessivepass(mm) 900
Depth of cut (rom) 300
Operatingspeed(km/h) 2.1
Field capacity(ha/h) 0.2
Draft (N) 1200
Labourrequirement(man-h/ha) 5

Uses
It is a pointed curved bar type implementuseful for breakinghard layer of soil below the
normal ploughingdepthto facilitate infiltration of rainwater.

Sources(Appendix)
185, 1287,1589,1656

MP IRON WEDGE PLOUGH

Features
The plough is similar to the indigenous plough in shape. It consists
of mild steel box section frame, a shank attached to the frame,
plough body made of mild steel sheet attached to the shank, share
attached to the body of the plough, hitch assembly and handle. The
share point is fabricated from used leaf spring steel and forged to
the required shape. The share can be replaced upon becoming dull.
It requires a pair of bullocks to pull; the share cuts a slice, which is
inverted on both sides by the body of the plough. It has several
holes on the brackets meant for attaching the beam such that the
implement can be easily adjusted for varying heights of animals.
The handle provided at a convenient height enables the operator to
guide it with easewhen pulled by the animals.

Specifications
Overall dimensions (mm)
Length x Width x Height : 850 x 305 x 820
Working width (mm) : 305
Capacity (ha/day) : 0.20-0.25

17
Powerrequirement A pair of bullocks
Weight (kg)
Uses
It is used for primary tillage and in biasi cultivation.

Source (Appendix)
358,514,538,838, 1572, 1633

BIRSA ANIMAL DRAWN RIDGER PLOUGH

Features
It is a ridger plough to perfonn all functions of country plough with
added efficiency and advantages. It is suitable for hilly region of
Chota Nagpur region. It saves 9 per cent labour and operation time
and 5 per cent cost of operation compared to the conventional
method of using country plough. The Birsa ridger plough was found
to be better than the country plough in its perfonnance.

Specifications
Dimensions(lxwxh) (mm) 250x150x80
Weight (kg) 5 (without beam)

Performance results
Width of cut (mm) 156
Depth of cut (mm) 1082.68
Operatingspeed(km/h)
Field capacity(ha/h) 0.022
Field efficiency (per cent) 63
Draft (N) 450
Labour requirement(man-h/ha) 46

Uses
It perfonns all functions of countryploughwith addedefficiencyandadvantages.

Sources(Appendix)220

ANIMAL DRAWN KAP AS RIDGER

Features
The ridger is more popular in the cultivation of cotton, ;(
therefore has been named as kapas ridger. The ridger
consists of a sturdy frame, share, two mouldboards
with tail, head wheel, double handle and hitch
assembly. The share of the ridger is made from
medium carbon steel or alloy steel and hardened to
resist wear in the soil. The mouldboards are adjustable
and the wingspan can be adjusted according to row
width. Tailpieces are provided for increasing the
furrow width. The head wheel regulates the depth of
the furrow. For operation, the implement is drawn by a pair of bullocks, the depth of furrow is

18
adjusted by the head wheel, width of the furrow is adjusted by the wingspan of mouldboard
and tail pieces. The ridger has two handles, which helps in keeping the implement stable
during operation: The furrow is formed in a single pass and the ridge in the return pass.

Specifications
Length (mm) : 1300
Width (mm) .: 720
Height (rom) : 400
Weight (kg) : 44

Uses
It is used for making ridges and furrows for cultivation in maize, sorghum, cotton, millets,
cowpea, groundnut and other arable crops.

Source (Appendix)
283

BULLOCK DRAWN RIDGER

Features
The ridger plough consists of single share and double
mould board attachedto a short (steel) or long beam
(wooden).Two handlesareprovidedto balancethe ridger
during operation. During operationthe sharecuts furrow
slice and pulverises the soil, which moves on to the
mouldboard and is inyerted. During the onward
movement,a furrow is formedandridges get formed in its
[Link] point of the ridger canbe replacedafter it
is worn out. In certain designs,the width of ridges can
also be adjusted.

Specifications
Wing width (mm) 690780
Length (from share point to wing) (mm)
Weight (kg) 25
Uses
It is used for making ridges and furrows for potato and sugarcane planting and making field
channels for irrigation.

Source (Appendix)
117,220,283,293,464,358,514,538,825,838,938, 1084,1087, 136,1291,1387,1572,
1631,1633,1665

BULLOCK DRAWN DISC HARROW

Features
The harrowconsistsof a frameand shaftson which discsare [Link] shaftsare held in
bearingsfor smoothrotation of [Link] shaftsare called gangson which discsare arranged
and equally spacedwith the help of spoo)[Link] gangand double gangdisc harrows are
equally popular and operatedusing a pair of [Link] discs are fabricated from carbon
steelsand the cutting edgesare [Link] harrowis provided with anoperator'sseatand

10
also has a transport wheel which aids in easy
transportation. The operator's seat enables the
operator to ride instead of walking, which helps in
deeper penetration and reduces drudgery.

Specifications
Number of djscs : 4-6-8
Disc diameter (mm) : 400-450
Number of gangs : 1-2
Width of cut (mm) : 800-1200
Depth of cut (mm) : 50-120
Capacity (ha/day) : 1.5-1.75 (8 hrs)
Weight (kg) : 80-120
Power requirement : Pair of bullock

Uses
It is used for seedbedpreparation, cutting and burying of grass and weeds.

Source (Appendix)
204,213,283,332,617,697,747,850,851, 1419,1520,1581,1750

ANIMAL DRA WN PA TELA HARROW

Features
The animal drawn patela harrow consists of a
heavy batten made of Sal wood having 1500mm
length and 100mm thickness on which a Mild
Steel angle frame is fixed by means of screws. The
frame carries a bar to which curved and pointed
hooks are attached. The bar can be raised or
lowered by means of the lever having a slotted
sector to lock its position. Some models may be up
to 2000mm in length. It is secondary tillage
equipment for clod crushing, stubble or trash
collection, levelling and smoothing of land surface before seeding.

Specifications
OverallDimensions,.
Length (rom) 1500
Width (mm) 230
Height (mm) 100
Weight 65
Working width (mm) 1500/2000
Working depth (mm) 60
Draft (N) )
600
Operating speed (km/h) 2.5
Field capacity (ha/h) 0.3
Field efficiency (%) 70
Labour requirement (man-h/ha) 3-4

20
996,
Uses
It is a secondary tillage equipment and used for breaking of clods, collection of stubble or
trash and levelling of the field surface before the application of seedlings

Sources(Appendix)
254,1288

ANIMAL DRA WN DISC HARROW

Features
It is a single acting double gang type disc harrow
suitable for secondary tillage operation. The
harrow is provided with an operator's seat and a
transport wheel which aids in easy transportation.
Th~ operator's seat enables the operator to ride
instead of walking, which helps in deeper
penetration and reduces drudgery. Also the disc
angle can be adjusted easily with the help of the
slotted bracket and the depth and width of
operation can be controlled. It saves 89 per cent
labour and operating time and also results in 80 per cent saving in cost of operation compared
to conventional method of ploughing by bullock drawn country plough. The equipment is
commercially available.

Specifications
Dimensions (lxwxh) (m) I.20x I.00xO.68
Weight (kg) 80
Disc diameter (rom) 400
No. of gangs 2
No. of discs per gang 3

Performance results
Width of cut (mm) 750
Operating speed (km/h) 2.3
Field capacity (ha/h) 0.13
Field efficiency (per cent) 75
Draft (N) 430
Labour requirement (man-h/ha) 8
Uses
It is used for secondary tillage operation

Sources(Appendix)
204,213,283,332,617,697,747,850,851,996,1419, 1520,1581,1750

BLADE HARROW
Local Name:Bakhar
Features
The implement consists of a blade, blade holding prongs, wooden body and a wooden beam.
The blade is attached to the bakhizr frame prongs with the help of rings, which are hammered

21
into place. It cuts a thin slice of soil and removes the weeds
etc and requires a pair of bullocks to pull the implement.
The V-shape of the blade has a self-cleaning advantage,
which prevents adherence of weeds and its roots, thus
enabling speedier operation and improving the uniformity
of cut as compared to the straight bladed version.

Specifications
Cutting width of blade (mm) 500-600
Shapeof blade Straightor V shape
Weight of blade (kg) 4-5
Weight of the implement(kg) 25-30
Working capacity(ha/day) 0.5-0.6
Uses
It is used for the primary tillage operations.

Source (Appendix)
29,358,464,514,,$38,825,838,861,1249,1477,1572,1633

BLADE HARROW
Local Name:MP SingleDora

Features
The implementconsistsof mild steelbox type frame,a weedingblade,
blade holding prongs, hitching arrangement,handleand a steelbeam.
All the parts of the dora are madeof [Link] bladeis attachedto the
dora prongswith the help of rings. The bracketfor fixing the beamhas
multiple holes so that the height of the beam can easily be adjusted
accordingto the height of the animals being [Link] implementis
pulled by a pair of bullocks and scrapsthe soil. The shapeof the blade
is slightly concave. This implementhasmultiple utilities and canalso
be used for exposingpotato tubers and digging out groundnutvines
from the soil. Onceits soil-working componentgetsworn out it canbe
reshapedand fitted againto improve its performance.

Specifications
Overall dimensions (mm)
Length x Width x Height 500 x 300 x 500
Working width (mm) 300
Cutting width of blade (mm) 350
Shape of blade Concave
Weight (kg) 12
Capacity (ha/day) 0.5-0.6
Power requirement A pair of bullocks

Uses
It is used for the weedingof crops sown in line suchas cotton, maize, sorghumand similar
cropsand also for digging out potatoand groundnut.

Source (Appendix)
358,514,538,838,1572, 1633

22
BLADE HARROW
Local Name:MP Double Dora
Features
The implement consists of two mild steel box type frame, two
weeding blades, blade holding prongs for each blade, common
hitching arrangement, flat iron curved part to join the box frames,
handle and a steel beam. All the parts of the dora are made of
steel. The blade is attached to the dora prongs with the help of
rings. .The bracket for fixing the beam has multiple holes so that
the height of the beam can easily be adjusted according to the
height of the animals being used. The implement is pulled by a
pair of bullocks and scraps the solI. The shape of the blade is
slightly concave. With the dora, two rows can be weeded in a
single pass, thus improving its field capacity but requires a heavier
p~ir of animals.

Specifications
Overall dimensions (rom)
Length x Width x Height 700 x 700 x 840
Working width (rom) 700
Cutting width of blade (rom) 350
Shape of blade Concave
Weight (kg) 18.50.8-1
Capacity (ha/day)
Power requirement A pair of bullocks
Uses
It is used for the weeding of crops sown in line such as cotton, maize, sorghum and similar
crops.
Source (Appendix)
358,514,538,838, 1572,1633

BULLOCK DRAWN BUND FORMER

Features
The implementconsistsof two blades,flat iron frame bent at
an angle a handle attachedto the frame with tie bars and
wooden beam. The operator's handle is made of wood for
providing better grip and convenience in operation and
attachedto the frame with the help of [Link]
frame is bent at an angle and hasholes for adjustingthe space
betweenthe [Link] profile of bladesis madeto a shapeso
that bund fonned is trapezoidaland [Link] blades
are attachedto the frame with [Link] operation,a pair
of bullock pulls the implement,the bladesgatherthe loose soil
and accumulateit in the fonn ofbund.

Specifications
Size (mm) 750-1050
Sizeofbunds Adjustable
Capacity (ha/day) 3-4
Power requirement A pair of bullocks
Weight (kg) 25-30

It is used for making bunds for irrigation purpose.

Source (Appendix)
116,283,293,358,464,697,700,825,861,961, 36, 1633

PATELAPUDDLER

Features
The unit consists of a frame made of mild steel frame,
a wooden plank, a gang consisting of pegs for turning
the soil, and sliding type pegs (10 nos.), handle and
hitch system. The operator can stand on the plank
while in operation to provide additional depth. A pair
of bullocks is used for the operation of the implement
to prepare homogenized puddled tilth for mechanised
paddy transplanting. It breaks the soil clods to obtain a
smooth puddle. Soil moisture is maintained near the
saturation level at the time of operation. It is suitable -
for shallow puddling with high mechanical dispersion of soil particles.

Specifications
Overall Dimensions
Length(mm) 1500
Width (mm) 700
Height (mm) 780
Weight (kg) 40
Working width (mm) 1500
Working depth(mm) 100
Draft (N) 600
Operatingspeed(km/h) 1.4
Field capacity(ha/h) 0.15
71
Field efficiency (%)
Labourrequirement(man-h/ha)
Uses.
U sed for shallow puddling of the field surface and higher mechanical dispersion of soil

Sources(Appendix)
254,1288

BULLOCK DRAWN PUDDLER

Features
Various designs of puddler are available and their shape, size and other features differ from
region to region. Basically, the unit consists of frame, steel blades mounted on a shaft in a
staggered fashion either on straight or inclined position, and operator's handle and hitch

24
[Link] shaft carrying blades rotate in the bushes
mounted on the frame. A pair of bullocks pulls the [Link]
blades on the implementrotate and impart a lateraland turning
action on the soil particles,thus achievinga goodpuddle.

Specification
Working width (mm) 600-700
Number ofblades 12
Capacity (ha/day) 1-3
Power requirement A pair of bullock:
Weight (kg) 35

Uses
It is used for puddling of [Link] paddycultivation.

Source (Appendix)
117,282,283,701,825,861, 54, 1589,1665

BULLOCK DRAWN PUDDLER

Features
The unit basicallyconsistsof mild steelangle iron frame, steel
blades mounted on a shaft in a staggeredfashion in ~traight
position, handle and hitch arrangement.A mild steel sheetis
provided on the frame so that the puddled splashesare not
thrown on the operatorduring operationof the [Link]
shaft carrying blades rotate in the bushes mounted on the
frame. The bladeson the implementrotate and impart a lateral
and turning action on the soil particles,thus achievinga good
puddle.
Specifications
Overall dimensions (mm)
Length x Width x Height 945 x 700 x 1060
Working width (mm) 700 -800
Number of blades 20
Capacity (ha/day) 2-3 ,/

Power requirement A pair ofbullock~

Weight (kg) 40

Uses
It is used for puddling of soil for paddycultivation.
Source (Appendix) I
358,514,538,838, 1572, 1633 I

ANIMAL QRAWN PUDDLER

I
It is. ~ rectangular blade type puddlfr. suitable for puddling o~erati~n under wetland
[Link] has a woodenframe on which bushesare mountedusmgmud steelflats. The

25
183,1249;
Features
shaft carrying the blades fixed in a staggeredfashion
rotates in the [Link] bladesare fixed at an angle
to the direction of motion. The blades on the
implement rotate and impart a lateral and turning
action on the soil particles, thus achieving a good
puddle. It has an operator's seat, which helps in
[Link] saves66
to 88 per cent labour and operatingtime and 66 to 82
per centon costof operationcomparedto conventional
method by using bullock drawn country plough. The
implementis very popularamongthe farmersof Andhra Pradesh.

Specifications
Dimensions(lxwxh) (mm) 900x 650x 580
Weight (kg) 40
No. of rows 3
No. of bladesin one row 5
Size of blade (mm) 190xl05
Effective dia (mm) 405
Powersource A pair of bullocks
Performance results
Centre APAU, lIT,
Rajendranagar Khar 'agpur
Width of cut (mm) 750 700
Depth of cut (mm)eed 100 NA
Operating SPI (km/h) 1.5 2.40.11
Field capaci~y (ha/h) 0.07
Field efficienlCY(per cent) 60 70
Draft (N) 600 480
Labour requi rement(man-h/ha) 15 9

Uses
It is usedfor puddling operationunderwet land condition.
Source (Appendix)
89,116,446,700,1181,1732

ANIMAL DRAWN PUDDLER

The animal drawn puddler consistsof tubular steel

sectionmain frame on which other componentsare
mounted,mild steel sheetleveller for levelling the
puddled soil simultaneously,operator's seatwhich
helps in increasingthe depth of puddling to the
required depth by operator's weight, a steel beam
for pulling the puddler by a pair of animals,three
number of concentric circular wheels used for:
transportingand also help in puddling the soil. The
wheelsaremountedon the axle, which is connected
to the hitching frame. Mild steelangle sectionsin the particular geometryare welded to the
wheels for carrying out puddling [Link] operation,the puddleris transportedto the

26
field, which has been flooded with water. As the animals move forward, the wheels start
revolving and anglesmountedon the wheelscut the soil andweedsand puddling takesplace.
For transplantingof paddywith rice transplanters,field shouldbe properlylevelled. A levelier
mounted behind the puddler accomplishestask of levelling. The beam of the puddler is
hitched to the yoke of the animalsand adjustedaccordingto their [Link] puddleris suitable
for shallowpuddling. With the puddlera higher field capacityand better puddling index can
be achievedoverthe traditional puddling methods,andresultsin reducedcost of operationin
additionto quality output.

Specifications
Overall dimensions
Length (mm) 1020
Width (mm) 1304
Height (mm) 1101

Performance
Working width (mm) 1140
Working depth (mm) 100
Pull (N) 650
Speed (km/hr) 1.35
Field capacity (ha/hr) 0.10
Field efficiency (%) 65

Uses
The animal drawnpuddleris used for shallowpuddlingand levelling of puddled soil and also
to uprootthe weeds.
Sources(Appendix)
254

ANIMAL DRAWN HELICAL BLADE PUDDLER

Features
It is a helical blade type of puddler suitable for
puddling in wetlandconditionsand also for cutting
and mixing of greenmanurecrop. The implement
consists of tow angle iron brackets carrying a
bush. A shaft carrying specially shaped slots
accommodatesthe blades. These blades are
imparteda twist along their lengthto form a helix,
thus its nomenclature. The blades on the
implementrotate and impart a lateral and turning
action on the soil particles,thus achievinga good
puddle. The handle for the operator is made of
wood and helps in [Link] saves30 per cent labour, 46 per cent operating
time and 30 per cent on cost of operationcomparedto conventionalmethodof using country
plough or tractorwith cagewheelsfor puddling.

Specifications
Dimensions (lxwxh) (mm) 1200x 1100x 800
Weight (kg) 52
Width of blade (mm) 220

27
of blades 8
Power source A pair of bullocks

Performance results
Width of cut (mm) 700
Depth of operation (mm) 60-120
Operating speed (km/h) 2.2
Field capacity (ha/h) 0.12
Field efficiency (per cent) 75
Draft (N) 520-600
Labour requirement (man-h/ha) 8.5

It is suitablefor puddlingwetlandandalso for cutting and mixing of greenmanurecrops.

Source (Appendix)
1589,1656,1683

BULLOCK DRAWN LAND LEVELLER

Features
The bullock drawn land leveller is fabricatedfrom steelsheets
and two handlesare fixed to it with the help of [Link]
steel round bar is bent to a suitable shapewith holes at its
extremities for fixing to the [Link] steel round has a
semi-circular loop to which the rope from the yoke of the
animal can be attached for towing. One pair of animals is
required to operate the implement. The levellers are of
different design and shape,but the scoop type and terracer
blade type are most [Link] leveller is used for filling
minor depressionand levelling minor irregularitiesin the field. Scooptype has got a bucketof
0.15-0.2cu.m (approx.)and is operatedby a personwalking behindit. The terracerbladetype
has got sitting arrangementand is provided with pneumaticwheels. Initial ploughing and
looseningof the soil is necessary
beforethe levellercould be put to use.

Specifications
Volumetric capacity (m3) 0.15to 0.20
No. of scoops 1
Power source One pair of bullocks

It is usedto fill minor depressions

andto removeminor irregularitiesof the field.

Source (Appendix)
23, 117,283,293,358,514,538,838,861,966, 1572,1633,1665,1775

BULLOCK DRAWN CUL TIV A TOR

Features
The bullock drawn cultivatorsare available in fixed or expandableframe [Link] unit
consists of reversibletines, frame, handle and a woodenbeam. The working width of the

Uses
No.
cultivator can be adjusted by varying the spacing
between the tines or expanding the frame. For
operation the implement is attached to a pair of
bullock by beamand moved in the soil. The beamis
attachedto the unit with the help of V-bolts and can
be adjustedas per the height of the animalpair. The
operator'shandle canalso be adjustedby varying the
position of the supportingbracket. The tines dig into
the soil and cut a small furrow slice. During weeding
operation,the tines also uprootweedsand createsoil
mulch. Seedingattachmentcan also be provided on
the frame, increasingthe versatility of the unit.

Specifications
Number of tines : 3-5
Shovel type : Reversible
Working width : Adjustable
Capacity (ha/day) : 0.6-0.7 (8 hrs)
Weight (kg) : 20 (approx.)
Power requirement: A pair of bullocks

Uses
It is usedfor shallowploughing, weedingand interculturaloperations.
Source (Appendix)
117, 187,220,283,297,464,825,861,938, 1109, 1136, 1164, 1249, 1477, 1509, 1635, 1665,
1673,1775,1777

TRACTOR MOUNTED MOULDBOARD PLOUGH

Features
It is a tractor-operatedimplementand consistsof share
point, share,mouldboard,landslide, frog, shank, frame
and hitch [Link] sharepoint is of bar type and is
made from high
carbon steel or low
alloy steel. The
share is also made
from high carbon
steel or low alloy
steel. Both are
hardenedand temperedto suitable hardness(about 45
ARC). The working of the plough is controlled by
hydraulic system lever and three-pointlinkage. Its bar
point makesit suitableto breakhardpanof the soil.

Specifications
2-bottom 3-bottom
Length (mm) 1778 2392
Width (mm) 889 1194
Height (mm) 1092 1092
Weight (kg) 253 386

29
Powerrequirement 30-40 hp 40-50 hp
Capacity(ha/day) 1.5 2.0
Uses
Ploughs are used for primary tillage operations. It cuts trash and buries it completely. It is also
used for turning green manure crop for decaying under the soil, which adds humus to the soil.
Compost, farmyard manure or lime when spread in the field, the mould board plough is used
for turning and mixing these materials in the soil.

Sources(Appendix)
13,21,36,47,49,55,85,86,94,99,106,110,112,115, 116, 120, 123, 130, 155, 168, 172,
203,204,206,209,211,218,224,256,257,266,269,272, 276, 307, 318, 338, 349, 382, 384,
385,387,394,396,419,420,421,424,463,475,500,519, 522, 533, 540, 543, 557,569,598,
628,633,634,648,654,658,661,681,700,701,713,750, 754, 783, 787, 807, 814, 815, 818,
826,831,840,841,857,858,859,862,870,875,877,884, 890, 917, 920, 926, 928, 938, 944,
959,963,997,1005,1009,1010,1039,1052,1054,1057, 1059, 1060, 1077, 1079, 1085,
1116,1128,1135,1146,1147,1149,1161,1165,1167, 1190, 1197, 1203, 1204, 1229, 1231,
1260, 1261, 1272, 1282, 1291, 1304, 1342, 1343, 1355, 1370, 1385, 1389, 1391, 1396, 1402,
1405, 1408, 1412, 1413, 1427, 1435, 1508, 1509, 1513, 1519, 1520, 1521, 152&, 1530, 1536,
1556, 1563, 1566, 1574, 1576, 1598, 1600, 1604, 1606, 1612, 1631, 1664, 1665, 1673, 1684,
1686,1689,1692,1703,1709,1711,1717,1720,1732, 1736, 1764, 1771

TRACTOR DRAWN DISC PLOUGH

Features
The plough consistsof commonmainframe,disc beam
assemblies,rockshaft category -lor category -2, a
heavyspringloadedfurrow wheeland a gaugewheel. In
somemodelsdisc plough is designedto operateas 2, 3
or 4 bottom, by
adding or
removing the
sub beam
assemblies
according to
[Link] disc anglerangesfrom 40 to 450to
obtain the desired width of cut and the tilt angle
rangesfrom 15 to 250 for [Link] discs of
the plough are made of high carbon steel or alloy
steeland the edgesare hardenedand [Link] t
discs are mounted on taperedroller [Link] build up ()n the discs in
sticky soils. The furrow slicerides alongthe curvatureandis pulverizedto someextentbefore
beingthrown.

Specifications
Numberof furrows 2-4
Disc size (mm) 600-800
Length(mm) 1180-2362
Width (mm) 889-1194
Height (mm) 1092-1118
Width of cut per disc (mm) 200-300
Adjustableworking width (mm) 600-1200

30
Working depth(mm) up to 300
Powerrequirement(hp) 25-50,tractor
Weight (kg) 236-376

Uses
Pisc plough is used for primary tillage and is especiallyuseful in hard and dry, trashy, stony
or stumpyland conditionsand in soil where scouringis a majorproblem.

Sources(Appendix)
86,92,94,97,168,192,203,256,272,303,307,318,328, 384, 446, 448, 452,453, 459, 540,
610,647,648,679,748,755,765,798,875,920,939,975, 1044, 1047, 1076, 1121, 1246,
1260,1261,1335,1386,1405,1429,1430,1453,1509,1598,1612, 1665,1673,1710

TRACTOR MOUNTED DISC HARROW

Features
The tractor mounted disc harrow consists of two
gangsof discs mountedone behind the other. The
discs on the front gang throw soil outwardand the
rearganginward. Therefore,no soil remainsuncut
by the offset disc [Link] harrowconsistsof a
sturdy frame, discs arranged in two gangs, and
three-point linkage. Discs are important
componentof the harrow and are made from high
carbon steel
or alloy
steel;the cutting edgesare hardenedand temperedto
[Link] gangscan be moved in either
direction on the hitch frame. The rear gang can be
moved the same amount as the front gang. When
operatingin orchardsor plantations,the harrowcanbe
offset to the
right or left,
thus
enabling soil to be thrown towards or away from
the trees. The offset-featuremakes it possibleto
work under low-hanging branches. Discs with
notches on the outer rim are also available for c~
operationin weed-infestedfields. Three point hydraulic linkage and hydraulic control makes
it highly manoeuvrable.

Specification
Length (rom) : 1980-2260
Width (rom) : 1150-1900
Height (rom) : 1143-1350
Number of discs : 10-16
Diameterof discs (rom) : 457-660
Pitch of discs : 228-280
Weight (kg) : 330-490
Powerrequirement(hp) : 20-60,tractor
Capacity(ha/day) : 2.5

31
Uses
The disc harrow is used for primary and secondarytillage. It is ideal for field disking,
especiallyin orchards,plantationsand vineyard. It is suitablefor working undertreescloseto
bundsand fenceposts.
Sources(Appendix)
6, 11, 13, 16, 18,21,27,33,37,47,48,49,50,53,57,63,72,78,80,88, 93, 96, 99,109,110,
112, 115, 116, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 146, 147, 155, 160, 162,164, 165, 169, 171,
172,177,178,184,185,186,187,192, 194, 197,203,206,209,218,224,242,245,256,267,
268,272,273,274,287,296,303,305,305,310,311,314, 317, 318, 343, 345, 347,349,354,
364, 366, 367, 385, 387, 388, 394, 396, 397, 398, 402, 405, 414, 419, 420, 421, 424, 426, 441,
450,457, 458, 459, 466, 467,472,473,475,476,480,483,486,488,489,490,493, 494, 497,
501,502,506,507,512,513,514,515,518,519,520,522, 523, 526, 529, 537, 540, 541, 543,
545,552,557,559,566,569,587,590,593,595,597,598, 599, 603, 606, 609, 610, 612, 614,
615,616,618,622,623,630,633,634,637,641,648,654, 658, 660, 661, 670, 679, 681, 687,
689,693,694,695,700,701,702,705,711,713,714,732, 740, 741, 743, 749, 751, 754, 755,
765,770,783,798,808,814,815,831,840,854,857,858, 859, 860, 870, 880, 884, 890, 912,
917,926,928,931,937,938,939,942,946,948,949,959, 975, 993, 997, 1001, 1004, 1009,
1010, 1023, 1025, 1029, 1039, 1043, 1044, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1054, 1055, 1057, 1059, 1060,
1076,1077,1107,1108,1112,1114,1116,1120,1121, 1127, 1128, 1137, 1146, 1148, 1156,
1157,1160,1171,1191,1204,1224,1229,1231,1236, 1239, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1255,1256,
1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1269, 1272, 1275, 1278, 1279, 1282, 1284, 1291, 1300, 1304, 1305,
1320, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1335, 1350, 1358, 1361, 1363, 1364, 1369, 1370, 1372, 1376, 1381,
1386, 1394, 1398, 1400, 1402, 1405, 1413, 1422, 1424, 1428, 1429, 1438, 1441, 1452, 1453,
1454, 1477, 1485, 1486, 1509, 1521, 1528, 1536, 1547, 1554, 1556, 1564, 1567, 1569, 1573,
1574, 1584, 1587, 1598, 1604, 1608, 1610, 1612, 1617, 1630, 1651, 1657, 1662, 1666, 1670,
1673,1684,1687,1692,1693,1710,1711,1712,1714, 1720,1721,1723,1732,1736,1765,
1770, 1771

SPRING TYNE CULTIVATOR

Features
Cultivator consistsof a frame, tynes with reversible
shovels, land wheel, hitch system and heavy-duty
springs. The function of springs is to save the
cultivator tynes from
breaking when some
hard object comes in
contact with the
shovel or under the
tyne. The shovelsare.
made of heat-treated
steel for longer life. The implementis mountedtype
and is controlledby the hydraulic systemof the tractor.

Specifications
Sourceof power (hp) 35, tractor
Length(mm) 1960-3000
Width (mm) 970-1560
Height (mm) 1070-1350
Numberof tynes 9-13
Diameterof springwire (mm) 9.5

32
Number of coils in spring 28
Numberof springsper tyne 2
Working Width(mm) 2100-3000
Working Depth (mm) 140-170
UnderFrameClearance(mm) 450-550
Capacity(ha/h) 0.35-0.50
Type of shovels Reversibleshoetype
Weight (kg) 120-300
Uses
Cultivators are used for seedbed preparation both in dry and wet soils. It is also used for
interculture purpose by adjusting the tynes in wider row crops. It is also used for puddling
purposes.
Sources(Appendix)
1.0,18,23,27,33,35,60,63,66,68,69,78,94,105,108, 109, 113, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132,
133, 142, 147, 161, 163,164,165,172,175,184,186, 192, 194, 197, 199,242,245,258,271,
274,287,296,297,301,305,311,314,317,345,349,354, 366, 367, 386, 388, 396, 402, 414,
418,424,441,466,472,476,478,479,480,489,490,506, 507, 513, 514, 515, 517, 518, 524,
537,540,541,542,543,566,587,593,597,606,607,608, 609, 610, 611, 618, 622, 627, 630,
648,660,670,687,688,689,694,695,707,711,719,732, 738, 740,741,749,762,814,821,
822,823,830,837,844,847,854,881,885,895,907,931, 935, 939, 944, 948, 949, 954, 974,
990,993,1016,1033,1040,1043,1045,1046,1052,1058, 1081, 1112, 1131, 1132, 1137,
11-48,1152,1161,1165,1172,1174,1191,1204,1228, 1230, 1234, 1236, 1240, 1260, 1263,
1269, 1305, 1334, 1342, 1343, 1357, 1368, 1370, 1380, 1381, 1393, 1404, 1405, 1412, 1422,
1433, 1441, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1448, 1464, 1482, 1.483,1492, 1507, 1513, 1547, 1549, 1554,
1561, 1567, 1569, 1572, 1586, 1588, 1598, 1604, 1607, 1608, 1617, 1630, 1654, 1657, 1678,
1693,1700,1708,1718,1719,1720,1723,1724,1725, 1737, 1738, 1740, 1765, 1770

RIGID TYNE CULTIVATOR

Features
It is a tractor-mountedimplementand consistsof
mainframe made of box section, rigid tines, U-
clamps and [Link] clamping of tines makes
possible to adjust the distance between them
according to crop rows. The shovels are made
from medium carbon steel or low alloy steel,
hardenedand temperedto [Link]
shovels are mounted on the tynes with fasteners
and can be replaced e&sily on wearing or ,
becoming dull. The depth of operation is
controlled by the hydraulic systemof the tractor. The shovelscan be replacedby duck foot
sweepsfor shallowtillage.

Specifications
Length (mm) 850
Width (mm) 2000
Height (mm) 1010
Type Mounted Implement
Weight (kg) 235
Power requirement (hp) 35 -40, tractor

33
Number of tines 9
Underframe clearance(mm) 470
Capacity,ha/day 4

Uses
A versatile implement used for loosening and aeratingthe soil and preparing seed beds
quickly and [Link] is useful for subsoil cultivation and also eliminatesthe use of
plough even for hard soils. The duck foot shovelversionis ideal for surfacecultivation i.e.
shallow cultivation andinterculture.
Sources(Appendix)
10,18,23,27,33,35,60,63,66,68,69,78,94,105,108, 109, 113, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132,
133,142,147,161,163,164,165,172,175,184,186,192, 194, 197, 199,203,242,245,258,
271,274,287,296,297,301,305,311,314,317,345,349, 354, 366, 367, 386, 388, 396, 402,
414,418,424,441,466,472,476,478,479,480,489,490, 506, 507, 513, 514, 515, 517, 518,
524,537,540,541,542,543,566,587,593,597,606,607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 618, 622, 627,
630,648,660,670,687,688,689,694,695,707,711,719, 732, 738, 740, 741, 749, 762,814,
821,822,823,830,837,844,847,854,881,885,895,907, 931, 935, 939, 944, 948, 949, 954,
974,990,993,1016,1033,1040,1043,1045,1046, 1'()52,1058, 1081, 1112, 1131, 1132,
1137,1148,1152,1161,1165,1172,1174,1191,1204, 1228, 1230, 1234, 1236,1240,1260,
1263, 1269, 1305, 1334, 1342, 1343, 1357, 1368, 1370, 1380, 1381, 1393, 1404, 1405, 1412,
1422, 1433, 1441, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1448, 1464, 1482, 1483, 1492, 1507, 1513, 1547, 1549,
1554,1561,1567,1569,1572,1586,1588,1598,1604, 1607, 1608, 1617, 1630, 1654, 1657,
1678,1693,1700,1708,1718,1719,1720,1723,1724, 1725, 1737, .1738,1740,1765,1770

RIGID TYNE SHOVEL TYPE CULTIVATOR

Features
Theseare one of the most selling cultivatorsused in
agricultural operation. It consists of a rectangular
frame made ()f mild steelangle or channelsection,
heavy-duty rigid tynes made of mild steel flat or ~
plate section,reversibleshovelsjoined to tynes with
fasteners, and hitch assembly. The tynes are
mounted on the frame and distancebetween them
can be varied. The shovels are made of medium
carbonsteel,old leaf springsteelor low alloy'steelandhardenedto 40-45HRC.

Specifications
Number of tynes 7-11
Earth clearance (mm) 450-500
Cutting width (mm) 1500-2400
Cutting depth (mm) 175-225
Power requirement (hp) 15-55,tractor
Weight (kg) 127-350

Uses
It is used for looseningand aeratingof the soil, preparingseedbed,subsoilcultivation, and
weeding/interculture.
Sources(Appendix)
211,297

34
BAR POINT CULTIVATOR

Features
The cultivator consistsof rectangularframe made of mild
steel angle or channelsection. Rigid tynes of heavy flat
$ectionare mountedon the frame with the help of clamps.
Bar point sharesarejoined to the end of tynes. Bar points
shares are made of medium carbon or low alloy steel,
hardenedand temperedto [Link] pointscan
be replacedORwearing or becomingdull. In place of bar
points, duckfoot shovelscan be attachedto the cultivator.
The cultivator is mountedtype and is operatedby tractor. The tynes of cultivator can be
adjustedvertically by moving in the clamp.

Specifications
Number of tynes 7-11
Cutting width (mm) 1950
Cutting depth (mm) 200-250
Earth clearance (mm) 375-525
Weight (kg) 225-255
Power requirement (hp) 25-50, tractor

Uses
The cultivator is used for inter cultivation in light and heavysoils for looseningand aerating
the soil, preparingof seedbeds,and subsoilcultivation. The duck foot shovelversionis ideal
for shallowcultivation and interculture.

Sources(Appendix)
211

DUCKFOOT CUL TIV A TOR

Features
The duckfoot cultivator consists of a box type steel
rectangularframe, rigid tines and [Link] sweeps
are triangular in shapesimilar to foot of duck, hence
called duckfoot cultivator. The sweepsare made from
old leaf spring steelandjoined to tines with fasteners,
which makesthemreplaceableafter being worn out or
becomingdull. The tines are made of mild steel flat
and forged to [Link] is a tractor-mountedimplement
and depth of operation is controlled by hydraulic
[Link] cultivator is popular in black cotton soils. Sweepsare attachedto thesetines.
Three-pointlinkage of the tractoris attachedto the [Link] implementis mostlyused
for shallowploughingand in hardsoils.

Specification
Number of sweeps 5,7
Length (mm) 1980-:23101501050
Width (mm) 830-1
Height (mm) 1000-
Power requirement (hp) 25-50,tractor

35
Weight (kg) 200-300

Uses
Used for primary tillage operation, destruction of weeds and retention of soil moisture.

Sources(Appendix)
10,35,60,68,69,94,105,108,113,161,175,199,349, 386,424,514,515,542,627,688,
707,814,822,823, '830, 844, 881, 885, 907, 935, 944, 990, 1016, 1045, 1052, 1058, 1081,
1131,1132,1152,1161,1165,1174,1228,1230,1240, 1334, 1342, 1343, 1357, 1380, 1393,
1404, 1412, 1433, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1445, 1448, 1482, 1483, 15l3, 1549, 1554, 1561, 1572,
1607,1678,1708,1718,1724,1737,1738,1740

TRACTOR DRA WN BASIN LISTER

Features
It is an attachmentfitted behind 9-tine tractormounted
cultivator. It is used for water harvesting and
conservation of soil and moisture. The lister
attachmentconsists of mild steel framework, ground
wheels with lugs, lister bottoms (trencher), roller
follower, cam, hitch [Link]
cultivator tills the soil and the lister bottoms form the
trenches.

Specifications
Dimensions (lxwxh) (m) : .55 x 1.07xO.98
Weight (kg) : 18
Number of trenchers :
Width of trencher (mm) : 290
Spacing (mm) : 400
Power transmission : Trenchersareoperatedby a cam driven by groundwheel
Power source (hp) : 30, tractor
Width of cut (mm) : 1600
Depth of operation (mm) : 160
Operating speed (km/h) : 3.78
Field capacity (ha/h) : 0.60
Field efficiency (per cent) : 80
Fuel consumption (l/h) : 2.88
Labour requirement (man-h/ha) : 2

Uses
It is used for water harvesting and conservation of soil and moisture.

Sources(Appendix)

TRACTOR DRAWN SPIKED CLOD CRUSHER

Features
It is used as a combination tillage tool with tractor drawn harrow or cultivator. The clod
crusher consists of a mild steel sheet drum and pegs are welded on its surface, a rectangular

36
frame made from mild steel angle section, hitch
frame and a shaft for carrying the drum. The shaft
is mountedon [Link] soil clodsare
piercedand brokenby the pegsof the crusher.

Specifications
Dimensions (lxwxh) (m) 1.76xO.83xO.35
Weight (kg) 150
Length of roller (mm) 1500
Diameter of roller (mm) 350
Power source (hp) Tractor, 25 or more

Performance results
Soil moisture,per cent(db) : 9.73-11.5
Width of coverage(mm) : 1500
Initial clod size (mm) : 160-180
Operatingspeed(km/h) : 4.00-4.25
Field capacity(ha/h) : 0.4-0.60
Draft (N) : 750
Labour requirement(man-h/ha): 1.69-2.5
Uses
It is usedas a combinationtillage tool with tractor drawn harrow or cultivator. It is suitable
for breakingand segregationof clods for seedbedpreparationafterpaddyharvest
Sources(Appendix)
1177

PEG TYPE PUDDLER

Features
The peg type puddler is a tractor-mounted
implement using the three-point linkage of a
tractor of 35 hp or more. It consists of a frame
made of mild steel angle sections on which the
three cross bars and the cleats for the three-point
linkage are welded in place. It is operated when
the soil moisture is near the saturation level to
obtain a fine tilth and good puddle to facilitate
mechanical transplanting. For achieving better
performance, the tractor is fitted with cage wheels
to iD;)provetraction and achieve higher fiefd capacity.

Specifications
Overall Dimensions
Length (mm) : 2000
Width (mm) : 630
Height (mm) : 680
Weight (kg) : 90
Working width (mm) : 2000
Working depth (mm) : 110

37
Draft (N) 1000
Operatingspeed(km/h) 2.40
Field capacity(ha/h) 0.40
Field efficiency (%) 78
Labour requirement(man-h/ha) 2.5
Uses
Usedto breakthe soil clods andpuddlethe soil for rice transplanting.
Sources(Appendix)
254

ROTAVATOR
Features
It consists of a steel frame, a rotary shaft on which
blades are mounted, power transmission system,
and gearbox. The blades are of L-type, made from
medium carbon steel or alloy steel, hardened and
tempered to suitable hardness. The PTO of tractor
drives the rotavator. Rotary motion of the PTO is
transmitted to the shaft carrying the blades through
gearbox and transmission system. A good seedbed
and pulverization of the soil is achieved in a single
pass of the rotavator.

Specifications
Power source (hp) : 35 or above,Tractor
Length (mm) : 1760-2080
Width (mm) : 950-1050
Height (mm) : 935-1110
Working width of rota vat or (mm) : 1000-2000
Shape of blade : L-Shape
Orientation of blade (degrees) : 45 -47
Length of blade along the flange (mm) : 160-170
Length of blade along the rotor shaft (mm) : 115-130
Thickness of blade (mm) : 7-10
Distance between consecutive flanges (mm) : 213-220
Total number of flanges : 6-8
Number of blades per flange : 6
Diameter of rotor shaft (mm) : 70-90
Rotor diameter (mm) : 420-435
Revolution of rotor shaft (rpm) : 210-237
Weight (kg) : 280-415
Uses
It is suitable for preparingseedbedin a single passboth in dry and [Link] is
also suitablefor incorporatingstrawand greenmanurein the field.

38
Sources(Appendix)
4,124,128,291,307,396,451,458,463,500,584,592, 700, 712, 721, 841, 864, ~65, 875,
915, 1085, 1102,1233,1374,1405,1413,1490,1599,1673

PULVERISING ROLLER

Features
Pulverising roller is an attachmentto commercially
available cultivator. The pulverizing roller consistsof
star wheels, central shaft, pulverizing members,
mounting link and depth controlling tee. The
pulverizing membersare similar to lawn mowerblades
and are inserted in the cast star wheels in sucha way
that it forms helical shapeand progressivelycome in
contactwith soil. The roller is attachedto the cultivator with the help of two mountinglinks
having bearinghousingon one sideandtensilespringson otherside.

Specifications
Length (rom) 950
Width (rom) 2340-2760
Height (rom) 390
Working width (rom) 2010-2385
Number of star wheels 6
Distance between star wheels (rom) 400-475
Material of star wheel Cast iron
Shaft diameter (rom) 35
Number of pulverizing members 6
Number of springs 2
Weight of the machine (kg) 115-125
Power source (hp) 35, tractor or above

Uses
Pulverisingrollers are used for puddlingas well as dry seedbedpreparationin two runs, and
createsgood puddle. It saves20-35 % fuel consumptionand 20-30 % water requirementin
comparisonto traditionalmethod.
Sources(Appendix)
326,480,600,939, 1194,1302

TRACTOR DRAWN COMBINED TILLAGE TOOL

Features
It is a tillage tool having cuttingblade with rotary
slicermaking it suitablefor seedbedpreparationin
one pass under irrigated soil conditions. It
consists of a frame, hitching bracket, gearbox,
chain drive system, cutting blades, rotary slicer
and cover. The blade mountedin front loosensthe
soil. The rotary slicer operatedwith tractor pto
pulverises the loosened soil. The tractor drawn
combine tillage tool can serve the purpose of
mouldboardplough andcultivator.

39
Specifications
Dimensions (lxwxh) (m) 1.93xO.92xO.62
Weight (kg) 180
Primary share blade angle (degrees) 23., with horizontal
Speed of rotor (rev/min) 110
Number of blades on rotor 35
Blade type 'L'shaped
Power source (hp) 35 or higher, Tractor

Performance results
Width of coverage (mm) 1850
Depth of cut (mm) 150-190
Operating speed (km/h) 1.70
Field capacity (ha/h) 0.2271
Field efficiency (per cent)
Fuel consumption (l/h) 2.3
Labour requirement (man-h/ha) 9
Uses
It is suitablefor seedbedpreparationin onepassunderirrigatedsoil conditions.
Sources(Appendix)
47

LAND LEVELLER
Features
It is a tractor-mounted implement controlled by
tractor hydraulics and three-point linkage. It
consists of hitch system, replaceable cutting blade
with sharp edge, and a curved plate with side
wings, which form a bucket. The blade is made
from medium carbon steel or low alloy steel,
hardened and tempered to suitable hardness. During
operation, the blade digs into the soil and extra soil
is collected in the bucket, which is released in the
depressions of the field. The angle and pitch of leveller is adjustable. The leveller can also
angled left or right, or reversed for back filling.

Specification
Length (mrn) 1156
Height (mrn) 978
Type Mountedtype251
Weight (kg)
Forward angular adjustment (degrees) 0., 15.,30. and45. to RH or LH
Reverse angular adjustment (degrees) 0., 15.,30. and45. to RH or LH
Tilt angular adjustment (degrees) 0., 15.,30. to RH or LH
Power requirement (hp) 35 -45, tractor
Capacity (ha/day) 3

,
40
Uses
It is suitable for land preparationoperationssuch as scraping,grading, levelling and back
filling. It is alsousedfor irrigation, terracework and generalcleaningof field.

Sources(Appendix)
9,16,18,24,27,50,51,62,97,140,165,167,168,172, 174, 178, 196,203,203,204,205,
218,221,256,267,269,317,318,339,343,349,361,369,
. 388, 396, 419, 421,424, 457,466,
475,480,488,497,513,514,519,537,540,543,585,592, 595, 598, 618, 654, 681, 687, 693,
695,697,732,738,740,742,749,815,840,862,877,890, 939, 959,1001,1025,1039,1055,
1129,1147,1185,1204,1244,1260,1261,1283,1304, 1305, 1324, 1326, 1335, 1342, 1350,
1356, 1361, 1364, 1370, 1386, 1389, 1398, 1413, 1424, 1427, 1464, 1468, 1480, 1508, 1509,
1554,1556,1563,1567,1574,1598,1600,1604,1630, 1665, 1673, 1690, 1719, 1720, 1771

TRACTOR DRA WN LEVELLER

Features
The leveller consistsof frame, 3-point linkage,
cutting or scrapingblade,and thick curved sheet
closedfrom sidesto form a [Link] scraping
blade is made from mediumcarbonsteel or low
alloy steel, hardenedand temperedto about 42
HRC. The blade is joined to the curved sheet
with fastenersand can be replaced after being
worn out or becomingdull. The working depth
of the implement is controlled by hydraulic
systemof the tractor.

Specifications
Length(rnm) 1840
Width (rnm) 700
Height (rnm) 700
Size of Blade
Length (rnm) 1830
Width (rnm) 75
Thickness (mm) 8
Power requirement (hp) 35, tractor
Weight (kg) 90
Uses
Levelling of fields and pulling or pushing loosened soil from one place to other.

Sources(Appendix)
9,16,18,24,27,50,51,62,97,140,165,167,168,172, 174, 178,196,203,203,204,205,
218,221,256,267,269,317,318,339,343,349,361,369, 388, 396, 419, 421, 424, 457, 466,
475,480,488,497,513,514,519,537,540,543,585,592, 595, 598, 618, 654, 681, 687, 693,
695,697,732,738,740,742,749,815,840,862,877,890, 939, 959,1001,1025,1039,1055,
1129,1147,1185,1204,1244,1260,1261,1283,1304, 1305, 1324, 1326, 1335, 1342, 1350,
1356, 1361, 1364, 1370, 1386, 1389, 1398, 1413, 1424, 1427, 1464, 1468, 1480, 1508, 1509,
1554, 1556, 1563, 1567, 1574, 1598, 1600, 1604, 1630, 1665, 1673, 1690, 1719, 1720, 1771

41
CHANNEL FORMER

Features
The channel fonner consists of two inner
blades, two outer blades, hitch frame,
mainframe and shovel. The front portions of
the two inner blades are joined togetherand
fonn an angle of 300 in betweenthem. At the
junction of thesetwo inner bladesa cultivator
shovel is fixed to penetrateinto the soil. The
inner blades can be mounted 50 to 100 mm
lower than the outerbladesand fonn a furrow
at a lower depththan the surfaceof the bed for the flow of irrigation water. The two outer
bladesare placedone on eachside of the innerbladesand at an angle of 600to the direction
of the travel. The soil collected from the furrow is fonned as bund on both the sides of the
irrigation furrow.

Specification
Length (mm) 2200
Width (mm) 1126
Height (mm) 900
Size of innerblades(mm) 1000 x 250
Size of outerblades(mm) 1300 x 250
Weight (kg) 90
Powerrequirement(hp) 35-45
Capacity(ha/day) 1.2 -1.5

Uses
It is used for making channels and beds at regular intervals for irrigation.

Sources(Appendix)
203,241,388,396,592, 1187,1260,1598

TRACTOR BUND FORMER

Features
The bund former consists of mild steel angle iron
frame; hitch system, and two blades (wings). The
bladesare madeby mountingmild steelsheeton an
angle iron frame. The blades are adjusted in
converging manner and has wider opening in the
front in comparisonat the rear end. The distance
betweepbladescanbe adjustedaccordingto size of
bund [Link] implementis mountedtype and
operatedin tilled soil.

Specifications
Length (mm) : 1200
Width (mm) : 810
Height (mm) : 1000
Numberofbunds : One at a time

42
Capacity (ha/h) 0.3-0.4
Weight (kg) 53

Uses
Making ofbunds in the field.

Sources(Appendix)
18,27,192,513,610,687,695,740,749,862,931,993, 1107,1191,1325,1630, 1719

TRACTOR DRAWN CHANNEL CUM BUND FORMER

Features
It is a tractor-mountedimplementand consistsof
innerwing, adjustablehandle,frame, hitch pin and
outer wing. The wings are reinforced or tensioned
at,the bottom edgeand are made from thick mild
[Link] is operatedunderwell-preparedand
pulverised soil conditionand canbe usedunder all
types of soil and crop conditions. The distance
betweenwings can be adjusted accordingto the
sizeofbund.

Specifications
Pimensions(lxwxh) (m) 1.82xl.21xl.15
Weight (kg) 55
Size of soil working components(mm) Adjustable -from 500 to 1300
Powersource(hp) 20, Tractor

Performance results
Width of coverage (mm) 500-1000 for bund, 1000-1300 for channel
Depth of cut (mm) 10-50
Operating speed (km/h) 2.5
Spacing (m) 10 crosswise
Field capacity (ha/h) 4 when spacing is 1.0m crosswise
Field efficiency (per cent) 70
Range ofbund size (mm) 250-1000 base width and 120-350 height
Range of channel size (mm) 100-450 width and up tol000 height
Labour requirement (man-h/ha) 0.25

Uses
It is used for making field channels to manage the iuigation water effectively and making
small bunds across the slope for inter-plot rainwater harvesting under rainfed areas.

Sources(Appendix)
1353,1701

TRACTOR DRAWN RIDGER

Features
The ridger is used in sugarcanegrowing areaof the country. It consistsof rectan~lar frame
made of mild steelangle or channelsection,3-point hitch assembly,shanksand ridger body.

43
The ridger body consistsof two mouldboards,share,
point and tie barsto vary the wingspanof [Link]
sharepoint is made from mediumcarbonsteelor low
alloy steel,hardenedand temperedto about42 HRC.
Upon wearingor becomingdull the sharepoint canbe
replaced. The ridger is operated in tilled soil by a
tractor, the ~are point penetratesin the soil, ridger
body displacesthe .soil to both sidesand a furrow is
[Link] soil massbetweenfurrows forms a ridge.
The depth of operation is controlled by hydraulic
systemof the tractor.

Specifications
Length(mm) : 1000-2000
Width (mm) : 600-2000
Height (mm) : 1000-1100
Wingspan adjustment(mm) : 350-500
Number of base : 2-5
Row spacing (mm)' : Adjustable 610 to 860
Weight (kg) : 150-230
Power requirement (hp) : 30-50, tractor
Capacity (ha/day) : 2

Uses
It is used for making furrows and ridges for sugarcane,cotton, potato and other row crops.

Sources(Appendix)
27,37,131, 147, 184, 192, 194, 197,203,211,274,388,396,541,592,607,610,618,670,
689,738,740,993,1191,1208,1260,1268,1324,1325, 1567,1568,15981630,1700, 1704

TRACTOR DRA WN BED-FURROW FORMER

Features
The tractor drawn bed-furrow former consistsof mild
steelangle iron frame; three point linkage, lifting pin,
furrow former, bed formerand stiffeners. The bed and
furrow formers are made of mild steel sheetand bent
in [Link] stiffenersareusedto strengthen
the fortners. The implement is operatedin the tilled
soil.

Specifications
Dimensions (lxwxh) (rom) 2240x900x1000
Weight (kg) 115
Formers (mm) Three 'V ' shaped, depth 150 and top width 450
Power source (hp) 35, tractor
Performance results
Width of coverage (mm) 2250 (3-furrows at 750 mm centre distance)
Depth of cut (mm) 140
Operating speed (kiri/h) 3.2

44
Field capacity (ha/h) : 0.75-1.00
Field efficiency (per cent) : 43.6
Labour requirement (man-h/ha) : 8
Uses
It is used for forming alternatebeds and [Link] beds are suitable for planting crops
like sorghum, maize, cotton. This bed and furrow systemis ideal for efficient irrigation
management.
Sources(Appendix)
195, 1287,1589,1656

TRACTOR MOUNTED SUBSOILER

Features
It consistsof beammade of high carbon
steel, beamsupports which are flanged
at upper and lower edges for rigidity,
hollow steel adaptorwelded to bottom
end of the beamto accommodateshare
base, sharebase having squaresection,
shareplate made from high carbonsteel
and shankdrilled and counterbored for
set board which securesthe base in the
[Link] is made from high
carbonsteel,hardenedand temperedto
suitable [Link] symmetrically
located bolt holes allow reversibility of share. The working depth of the subsoiler is
controlled by hydraulic systemand linkage of tractor.

Specifications
Length (mm) 600
Width (mm) 490
Height (mm) 1325
Maximum working depth (mm) 535
Weight (kg) 62
Uses
It is used to break hardpanof the soil, looseningof the soil and helps the waterto seepinto
the soil for improving drainage.A mole ball canbe attachedto createa small tunnel in the
soil, which servesasdrainagechannelfor water.
Sources(Appendix)
211,1598

Common questions