Dave R.

Merabite
Grade – 8 Cargado

SCIENCE

KEY TERMINOLOGIES

 Earthquake – is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release
of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
 Intensity – is the time averaged value of the Poynting vector for electromagnetic
waves.
 Mercalli Scale – is based on observable earthquake damage.
 Seismologists – can tell the location of the epicenter by measuring the time lag between
the arrival of the P – and S – waves.
 Lithosphere – is the rocky outer part of the Earth.
 Faults – are fractures or breaks in Earth’s crust.
 Magnitude – is a number that characterizes the relative size of an earthquake.
 Richter Scale – quantitative measure of an earthquake's magnitude (size),
 Crust – is part of the lithosphere where earthquakes originate.
 Asthenosphere – zone of Earth's mantle lying beneath the lithosphere and believed to
be much hotter and more fluid than the lithosphere.
 Seismic Waves – are released outward from the focus and travel horizontally and
vertically in different directions.
 Epicenter – the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake.
 Lithospheric Plates – are on top of the asthenosphere that exhibits plastic property.
 Plate Boundaries – are the edges where two plates meet.
 Tsunami – is a series of huge waves caused by an earthquake underneath or near the
ocean.
 Seismograph – is use to detect, measure , and record seismic waves generated by
earthquakes.
 Focus – is the point at which an earthquakes originates, while epicenter is the area on
the crust that is directly above the focus.
 Subduction Zone – oceanic trench area marginal to a continent in which, according to
the theory of plate tectonics, older and denser seafloor underthrusts the continental
mass, dragging downward into the Earth's upper mantle the accumulated trench
sediments.
 Faulting – a crack in the earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one side with
respect to the other.
 Shadow Zone – is the area of the earth from angular distances of 104 to 140 degrees
from a given earthquake that does not receive any direct P waves.
 UNIT TEST

I.
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. B
10. A

II.
A.

Classification of Seismic waves

- There are two broad classes of seismic waves: body waves and surface waves. Body waves travel
within the body of Earth. They include P, or primary, waves and S, or secondary, waves. P waves
cause the ground to compress and expand, that is, to move back and forth, in the direction of
travel.
Types of Seismic Waves
- P – Waves / Primary Waves
- S – Waves / Secondary Waves
- L – Waves / Love Waves
- R – Waves / Rayleigh Waves
Seismic Waves
- Seismic waves are seismic energy that is released from the facturing of rocks in the foci of
earthquakes. Were used by Earth scientist to identify the characteristics of Earth’s interior.
Reasons for Classifying Seismic Waves
- the different types of seismic waves can tell us much about the nature of the Earth's structure.
Properties of Each Type of Seismic Waves
 - At all distances from the focus, mechanical properties of the rocks, such as incompressibility,
rigidity, and density, play a role in the speed with which the waves travel and the shape and
duration of the wave trains.

B. Illustrate a flowchart that shows how an earthquake occurs.

III.
1. Why are seismic waves essential in the study of Earth’s interior?
- Knowing how the waves behave as they move through different materials enables us to learn
about the layers that make up the Earth. Seismic waves tell us that the Earth's interior consists of
a series of concentric shells, with a thin outer crust, a mantle, a liquid outer core, and a solid inner
core.
2. Why are surface waves not utilized in studying Earth’s interior?
- Surface waves are important, but they don't provide much information about what happens below
the surface. For this, we need to study body waves so that we can see what Earth's 'body' is like.
There are two types of body waves, called P waves and S waves.
3. How do magnitude and intensity complement each other?
- Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of earthquakes. Magnitude measures
the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Magnitude is determined from measurements
on seismographs. Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a
certain location.
4. How do tectonic forces affect faults?
- A fault is formed in the Earth's crust as a brittle response to stress. Generally, the movement of
the tectonic plates provides the stress, and rocks at the surface break in response to this.

KEY TERMINOLOGIES

 Troposphere – is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere.

 Tropical Cyclone – is a rapid rotating storm originating over tropical oceans from where
it draws the energy to develop.
 Trade Winds – are winds that reliably blow east to west just north and south of the
equator.
 Latent Heat of Condensation – is energy released when water vapor condenses to form
liquid droplets.
 Coriolis Force – is an inertial or fictitious force that acts on objects that are in motion
within a frame of reference that rotates
 Surface Friction – Resistance to movement of air flowing along the surface of the earth
or other surface such as an airplane wing. In the atmosphere, surface friction is related
to turbulent drag.
 PAGASA - would like to inform and caution the public of unauthorized individuals posing
to be officials of the agency soliciting money for a foundation.
 Philippine Area of Responsibilty –would like to inform and caution the public of
unauthorized individuals posing to be officials of the agency soliciting money for a
foundation.
 Flashfloods – can be caused by a number of things, but is most often due to extremely
heavy rainfall from thunderstorms.
 Landslides – also known as landslips are several forms of mass wasting that may include
a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures,
mudflows, and debris flows.
 Public Storm Warning Signals – are issued by PAGASA to forewarn the public against
the onslaught of tropical cyclones.
 ITCZ – is the region that circles the Earth, near the equator, where the trade winds of
the Northern and Southern Hemispheres come together.
 Color – coded rainfall warning signals – Pagasa uses a new set of color-coded rainfall
advisories composed of 3 colors: Yellow, Orange and Red. The darker the color is, the
more dangerous it gets
 Storm Surges – is an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the
predicted astronomical tides.

UNIT TEST

1. A
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. A
9. D
10.A
 KEY TERMINOLOGIES

 Milky Way – The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes our Solar System, with the name
describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky
formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye.
 Heliocentric – A Copernican model of the of the solar system that states that the sun is
the center of the solar system.
 Yucatan - Yucatán, the Mexican state, is known for its Gulf of Mexico beaches and
Mayan ruins. Famed Chichén Itzá encompasses a massive pyramid, ball court and stone
temples. Other Mayan sites include Ek Balam, noted for well preserved sculptures, and
Uxmal, with its intricate carved facades. Yucatán’s capital and largest city, Mérida, has a
Spanish colonial history reflected in buildings such as 16th-century Mérida Cathedral.
 Meteor Shower - A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are
observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are
caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at
extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories.
 Aphelion – in astronomy, the point in the orbit of a planet, comet, or other body most
distant from the Sun. When Earth is at its aphelion in early July, it is about 4,800,000 km
(3,000,000 miles) farther from the Sun than when at its perihelion in early January.
 Leonids – The Leonids get their name from the location of their radiant in the
constellation Leo: the meteors appear to radiate from that point in the sky.
 Ecliptic – The ecliptic is the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun. From the perspective
of an observer on Earth, the Sun's movement around the celestial sphere over the
course of a year traces out a path along the ecliptic against the background of stars.
 Inner Solar System -The inner Solar System is the region comprising the terrestrial
planets and the asteroid belt. Composed mainly of silicates and metals, the objects of
the inner Solar System are relatively close to the Sun; the radius of this entire region is
less than the distance between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn.
 Oort Cloud - The Oort cloud, sometimes called the Öpik–Oort cloud, first described in
1950 by the Dutch astronomer Jan Oort, is a theoretical concept of a cloud of
predominantly icy planetesimals proposed to surround the Sun at distances ranging
from 2,000 to 200,000 AU.
 Perihelion –The perihelion is the point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet that is
nearest to the sun. It is the opposite of aphelion, which is the point farthest from the
sun.
 Craters – A crater is a bowl-shaped depression, or hollowed-out area, produced by the
impact of a meteorite, volcanic activity, or an explosion. Impact Craters. Craters
 produced by the collision of a meteorite with the Earth (or another planet or moon) are
called impact craters.
 Asteroids – An asteroid is a minor planet of the inner Solar System. Historically, these
terms have been applied to any astronomical object orbiting the Sun that did not
resolve into a disc in a telescope and was not observed to have characteristics of an
active comet such as a tail.
 Asteroid Belt – The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System, located
roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars. It contains a great many
solid, irregularly shaped bodies, of many sizes but much smaller than planets, called
asteroids or minor planets.
 Atens – any of a class of asteroids having orbits that are mainly within the Earth's orbit
but that may extend beyond it at their outermost point
 Eccentric – From the Greek ekkentros, "out of the center," this word originally had to do
with the orbits of planets that were observed to be slightly out of whack
 Outer Solar System – NASA’s Planetary Science missions to the outer planets help reveal
secrets about the solar system by observing those outer distant worlds up close.
 Meteor Storm – A particularly intense meteor shower, especially occurring when the
earth intercepts a meteor stream soon after the originating comet has passed.
 Kuiper Belt – The Kuiper belt is a circumstellar disc in the outer Solar System, extending
from the orbit of Neptune at 30 astronomical units to approximately 50 AU from the
Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, but is far larger—20 times as wide and 20–200
times as massive.
 Natural Satelites – A natural satellite is any celestial body in space that orbits around a
larger body. Moons are called natural satellites because they orbit planets
 Amors – (Roman mythology) god of love; counterpart of Greek Eros. Cupid. Roman
mythology - the mythology of the ancient Romans.