Multi Engine Exam

.
1- The multi-engine service ceiling is that altitude where the maximum rate of climb
is
A- 0 f.p.m
B- 50 f.p.m
C- 100 f.p.m

2- What is the safest procedure to follow when the accelerate-stop distance is longer
than the available runway and the existing airport density altitude is higher than
the single-engine service ceiling?
A- Off-load fuel, baggage, or passengers to reduce weight and/or wait for more
favorable winds and density altitude conditions.
B- Make the takeoff without flaps and hold the airplane on the runway until
reaching the single-engine best rate-of-climb speed.
C- Take off eith partial flaps using a full power runup prior to brake release; if an
engine fails, land on the remaining runway.

3- A significant difference between takeoffs in multi-engine and single-engine

airplanes is that pilots of multi-engine airplanes must
A- use additional planning for crosswind conditions.
B- have a predetermined plan of action in case an engine fails.
C- make allowances for much more stringent performance criteria.

4- During the takeoff run, the pilot should check the r.p.m., manifold pressure, and
oli pressure/temperature in addition to checking the
A- fuel-flow indicators and the airspeed indicator.
B- Flight instruments and the fuel quantity gauges.
C- Exhaust gas temperature gauges and fuel selectors.

5- What principle is illustrated during an engine-out loss of directional control

demonstration?
A- VMC is a theoretical value which may not affect aircraft control.
B- Power from the operating engine can be controlled at any airspeed by proper use
of the flight controls.
 C- There is an airspeed below which the capacity of the flight controls are
insufficient to offset the asymmetrical thrust and roll developed by the operating
engine.

6- A takeoff normally should not be attempted when existing weather is

A- below landing minimums.
B- 100 feet above landing minimums.
C- Below landing minimums at the destination airport.
7- After the landing gear and flaps have been retracted following a normal takeoff,
the airplane should be accelerated to
A- VY to gain maximum altitude in the shortest time.
B- VX to gain maximum altitude in the shortest distance.
C- VYSE to gain maximum altitude in the event of an engine failure.

8- During a normal landing approach, power is gradually reduced to idle

A- at the key position
B- as the airplane approaches touchdown.
C- When established on the final approach

9- An accelerate-stop distance chart is used to determine the distance required to

A- accelerate to Vmc, then stop.
B- accelerate to liftoff speed, experience an engine failure, then stop
C- accelerate to liftoff speed, climb to obstacle clearance altitude, then land and
stop.

10-What design feature of a fuel-injected engine prevents the engine from failing
in the event the
engine-driven fuel pump stops operating ?
D- Fuel continues to flow to the engine by gravity .
E- Auxiliary or boost fuel pumps may be operated to provide sufficient fuel-flow to
continue operating the engines with limited power .
F- Auxiliary or boost fuel pumps may be operated to provide sufficient fuel-flow to
continue operating the engines to the maximum rated power output .

11- On a multi-engine aircraft equipped with a conventional constant-speed, variable-

pitch, full-feathering propeller, which direction does increasing oil pressure in the
propeller hub move the blades ?
 A- Toward low-pitch, [Link].
B- Toward high-pitch, low-r.p.m.
C- Toward low-pitch, low-r.p.m.

12- What action could you take to restore induction airflow to a fuel-injected engine if
you encounter induction system icing that begins cutting off airflow into the engine ?

A- Select the carburetor heat controls to the ON position.

B- Select the alternate air controls for the engines to the ON position.
C- Close the cowl flaps fully on both engines to warm the air sufficiently in the
nacelles to melt the ice .

13- When a constant-speed, variable-pitch, full-feathering propeller is in he governing

range, what will
happen to the propeller r.p.m. and blade- pitch if the aircraft pitches down with no
change to the
engine controls ?
A- The engine r.p.m. will remain constant, and the blade-pitch will decrease.
B- The engine r.p.m. will increase, and the blade-pitch will remain unchanged.
C- The engine r.p.m. will remain unchanged, and the blade-pitch will increase.

14- During takeoffs, a propeller synchronizer may be used to balance the r.p.m.
between the engines
A- True
B- False

15- The landing gear warning horn will not sound if the gear is up and only one throttle
is reduced to idle
A- True
B- False

16- How is the payload of an aircraft defined ?

A- Weight of the passengers and baggage
B- Weight of the passengers, baggage, and cargo
c- Ramp weight minus the basic empty weight

17- The maneuvering speed is constant for a given aircraft

A- True
B- False

18- In transport category aircraft, the center of gravity is usually expressed in terms of
the percentage of
mean aerodynamic chord.
A- True
B- False

19- The leading edge mean aerodynamic chord ( LEMAC ) is

 A- 0 % MAC
B- 37 % MAC
C- 100 % MAC

20- The trailing edge mean aerodynamic chord ( TEMAC ) is

A- 0 % MAC
B- 37 % MAC
C- 100 % MAC

21- The boundary layer begins at a specific distance from the surface of an object and
ends where the
freestream air is encountered.
A- True
B- False

22- The speed of sound is a function of what variable?

A- Altitude
B- Temperature
C- True airspeed

23- An aircraft with swept wings typically has a higher critical Mach number than an
aircraft with
relatively straight wings .
A- True
B- False

24- What would a high Reynolds Number ( RN ) indicate ?

A-Laminar airflow
B- Turbulent airflow
C- Maximum velocity airflow

25- Piston engine types Such as

a- in line – opposed – v-type – radial
b- turbo jet – turbo prop – turbo shaft – turbo fan
c- in line – opposed – turbo fan – turbo jet

26- Gas Turbine Engine Types such as

a- in line – opposed – v-type – radial
b- turbo jet – turbo prop – turbo shaft – turbo fan
c- in line – opposed – turbo fan – turbo jet

27- Piston engine component ( Block / Engine core )

a- piston , Cylinder , connecting rod , crank shaft
b- inlet section – compressor – combustion chamber – turbine – exhaust section
c- piston – cylinder – compressor – turbine

28- Main Components for Gas Turbine Engine

a- piston , Cylinder , connecting rod , crank shaft
b- inlet section – compressor – combustion chamber – turbine – exhaust section
c- piston – cylinder – compressor – turbine

29- For Gas Turbine Engine the highest pressure is

a- inlet compressor
b- outlet compressor
c- inlet turbine

30- For Gas Turbine Engine the highest Temperature is

a- inlet compressor
b- inlet combustion chamber
c- outlet combustion chamber

31- How is the payload of an aircraft defined ?

a- weight of the passenger and baggage .
b- weight of the passenger , baggage and cargo.
c- Ramp weight minus the basic empty weight.

32- Maximum weight approved for ground maneuvering (includes weight of start, taxi,
and run up fuel)
a- maximum Ramp weight
b- maximum take off weight.
c- maximum landing weight.

33- The point at which an airplane would balance if suspended. Its distance from the
reference datum is found by dividing the total moment by the total weight of the
airplane
a- datum
b- Arm
c- C.G ( Center of gravity ).

34- If your Airplane over weight and C.G out of limit. Can it Fly ?
a- yes.
b- No.
c- not important.

35- Define take off decision speed ( v1 )

a- the speed at which the nose wheel is lifted, committing the aircraft to flight even if a
power plant should fail
b- the highest speed at which the pilot must initiate action to stop the airplane in the event of
an aborted takeoff.
c- the maximum speed at which the airplane can experience an engine failure and still be
stopped with in the accelerate – stop distance.

36- Select the true statement regarding an engine failure during take off
a- most POHs recommend that the takeoff be continued if an engine fails at lift off speed.
b- as long as your airplane is not loaded over maximum takeoff weight , you should be able
to continue a climb if an engine fails at vv.
c- in a light twin , limited climb performance with an in operative engine most likely will
preclude continuing a takeoff at v1 or shortly after liftoff.

37- Power is the rate at which work is done

a- true
b- false

38- The multi-engine absolute ceiling is the point where

A- VX and VY converge.
B- Rate of climb is 50 f.p.m.
C- Critical altitude is reached.

39- In which direction does engine torque tend to roll a conventional twin-engine
airplane ?
A- Toward the engine with the highest power setting
B- The same direction as engine and propeller rotation
C- The opposite direction of engine and propeller rotation

40- The purpose of counterweights on propellers of multi-engine aircraft is to

A- aid in feathering operations.
B- More effectively balance a three-bladed propeller.
C- Help synchronize the propellers by stabilizing r.p.m.

41- In high angle of attack maneuvers, the left-turning tendency of a conventional

multi-engine airplane generally is more pronounced than that of a single engine
airplane because

A- most multi-engine airplanes have three-bladed propellers.

B- gyroscopic forces are doubled with the addition of another engine and propeller.
C- The more powerful engines normally utilized are displaced from the lateral axis.

42- When a go-around from the final approach becomes necessary, the first steps
should be to
A- increase the power, accelerate to VXSE, then retract the landing gear.
B- increase the power, accelerate to VYSE, then retract the landing gear
C- increase the power, raise the flaps to the takeoff setting, and then retract the landing
gear.
43- A maximum zero fuel weight is established for some multi-engine airplanes to
A- increase the payload.
B- limit the ratio of loads between the fuselage and wings.
C- limit the landing weight, so the gear is not overstressed.

44 – When an engine has lost power, the pilot should delay feathering the propeller if
A – an abrupt increase in oil temperature is accompanied by a large drop in oil
pressure.
B – an in-flight engine fire occurs.
C – the engine is producing partial power.

45– If an engine failure occurs on takeoff before the airplane reaches VMC the
appropriate procedure is to
A – retard the throttle on the operative engine, retract the flaps (if extended ). And
apply
immediate, heavy braking.
B – retard both throttles immediately, apply barking as necessary to stop the airplane,
and make
nochange in the takeoff configuration.
C – place both mixtures in idle cutoff and apply full flaps for aerodynamic braking.

46 – Which statement is true concerning VMC ?

A – VMC as published in the POH. May differ from actual VMC .
B – VMC is established with a 5" bank toward the operative engine.
C – VMC decreases as the center of gravity moves aft.

47– What statement best describes the significance of the single-engine best rate-of-
climb speed?
A – It is the minimum airspeed at which an aircraft is controllable with the critical
engine
feathered.
B – It produces the maximum climb rate or the minimum rate of descent with one
engine inoperative.
 C – It is used for obstruction clearance with one engine inoperative.

48 – If an engine failure occurs at the multi-engine service ceiling, the airplane will
descend initially to the
A – single-engine service ceiling.
B – single-engine absolute ceiling.
C – turbocharger critical altitude.

49 – What is the advantage of banking toward the operating engine during engine-out
operations ?
A – Induced drag decreases and V MC increases.
B – Turns toward the operating engine are easier.
C – This technique reduces the amount of rudder deflection required to
maintain directional control.

50 – Since certain procedures vary for different aircraft, pilots should always follow the
recommendations
A – in the POH for the airplane they are fliying.
B – of flight instructors.
C – extracted from general performance figures.

51 – What three fundamental skills are required for normal multi-engine instrument
procedures?
A – Instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control
B – Climb, descent, and straight-and-level
C – Situational awareness, systems understanding, and positional awareness

52- The Maximum weight approved for the start of the take-off run is
a- maximum Ramp weight
b- maximum take off weight.
c- maximum landing weight

53- The weight of an empty airplane including full engine oil and unusable fuel is
a- maximum Ramp weight
b- Basic empty weight.
c- maximum landing weight

54- The Fuel available for flight planning is

a- usable fuel
b- unusable fuel
c- useful load

55- The point at which an airplane would balance if suspended. Its distance from the
reference datum is found by dividing the total moment by the total weight of the
airplane is
a- center of gravity
b- weight
c- arm

56- When Mach number is less than 0.7

a- sub sonic
b- sonic
c- super sonic

57- The Aircraft Baron G58

a- sub sonic speed
b- sonic speed
c- super sonic speed

58- Best angle for standard turn equation

a-the true air speed divided on 5 then + 10
b- the true air speed divided on 10 then +10
c- the true air speed divided on 10 then + 5

59- Best time for standard complete turn (360 degree)

a- one minute
b- two minutes
c- three minutes
60- Engine Systems such as
a- fuel, lubrication, induction ,exhaust and cooling system.
b- landing gear, hydraulic, Pneumatic and fuel system.
c- both a and b.
A- General
1. What are the requirements for a multi-engine rating?
Prerequisites: The pilot seeking multi engine rating must have a current Federal Aviation Administrat
medical and provide citizenship proof (like a passport or birth certificate) or have TSA (Transportation
Administration) approval.
1. What is the weight ?
2. What is the max ramp weight?
Maximum Ramp Weight is the Maximum weight approved for ground maneuvering (includes
weight of start, taxi, and run up fuel).

3. What is the max takeoff weight?

Maximum Take-off Weight is the Maximum weight approved for the start of the take-off run.

4. What is the max landing weight?

Maximum Landing Weight is theMaximum weight approved for the landing touchdown.
5- What is the Maximum Zero Fuel Weight
Maximum Zero Fuel Weight is the Maximum weight exclusive of usable fuel
Define the terms zero fuel weight and maximum zero fuel weight ?
Zero fuel weight is determined by subtracting the weight of the unusable fuel on board the
aircraft from the total weight. Maximum zero fuel weight is established by the
manufacturer as a structural limit to ensure a safe ratio of loads between the fuselage and
wings is maintained
6- What is the Basic Empty Weight
Basic Empty Weight is the The weight of an empty airplane including full engine oil and
unusable fuel. This equals empty weight plus the weight of unusable fuel, and the weight of all
the engine oil required to fill the lines and tanks, Basic empty weight is the basic configuration
from which loading data is determined.
7- How is the pay load of an Aircraft defined ?
Weight of the passengers, baggage and cargo
7- What is the Useful Load
Useful Load is the Difference between Ramp Weight, and Basic Empty Weight.
8- What is the Usable Fuel
Usable Fuel is the Fuel available for flight planning.
9- What is the Unusable Fuel
Unusable Fuel is the Fuel that is not available for flight planning.
10- What is the Airplane Center of Gravity(C.G.)
 Center of Gravity is The point at which an airplane would balance if suspended. Its distance
from the reference datum is found by dividing the total moment by the total weight of the
airplane.
11- What is the Arm:
Arm is The horizontal distance from the reference datum to the center of gravity (C.G.) of an
item. (May be positive or negative depending on the direction of measure)
12- What is the Reference Datum
Reference Datum is An imaginary vertical plane from which all horizontal distances are
measured for balance purposes.
13- What is the MAC (Mean Aerodynamic Chord) ?
The MAC is the chord of an imaginary airfoil that has all of the aerodynamic characteristics of
the actual airfoil. It can also
be thought of as the chord drawn through the geographic center of the plan area of the wing.
13- What is the Leveling Points :
Leveling Points isThose points which are used during the weighing process to level the airplane.
14- What are vital in the weight and balance considerations of an aircraft ?
Two elements are vital in the weight and balance considerations of an aircraft.
• The total weight of the aircraft must be no greater than the maximum weight allowed by the
Manufacturer for the particular make and model of the aircraft.
• The center of gravity, or the point at which all of the weight of the aircraft is considered to be
concentrated, must be maintained within the allowable range for the operational weight of the
aircraft.

15- What are the problems which caused by overloading an aircraft

Some of the problems caused by overloading an aircraft are:
 the aircraft will need a higher takeoff speed, which results in a longer takeoff run.

 both the rate and angle of climb will be reduced

 the service ceiling will be lowered.

 the cruising speed will be reduced.

 the cruising range will be shortened.

 maneuverability will be decreased.

 a longer landing roll will be required because the landing speed will be higher.

 excessive loads will be imposed on the structure, especially the landing gear.

16- How to Determine the CG ?

Determining the CG
One of the easiest ways to understand weight and balance is to consider a board with weights placed
at various locations.
We can determine the CG of the board and observe the way the CG changes as the weights are
moved. The CG may be determined by using these four steps:
1. Measure the arm of each weight in inches from the datum.
2. Multiply each arm by its weight in pounds to determine the moment in pound-inches of each
weight.
3. Determine the total of all weights and of all the moments. Disregard the weight of the board.
4. Divide the total moment by the total weight to determine the CG in inches from the datum.
Determine the CG by dividing the total moment by the total weight.
CG= = = 110 Inch from the datum.
17- What are Ways to Express CG Location?
• Two Ways to Express CG Location

The location of the CG may be expressed in terms of

1- inches from a datum specified by the aircraft manufacturer,
2- a percentage of the MAC. The location of the leading edge of the MAC, the leading edge mean
aerodynamic
cord (LEMAC), is a specified number of inches from the
datum.
17- What are basic types of scales used to weigh aircraft ?
There are two basic types of scales used to weigh aircraft:
1- scales on which the aircraft is rolled so that the weight is
taken at the wheels.
2- electronic load cells type where a pressure sensitive cell are placed between the aircraft jack and
the jack pads on the aircraft.

[Link]
max rated horse power at sea level? At 12,000 msl?
effect on performance, it is necessary to review two dominant ... Under standard conditions at sea
average pressure ... Density altitude (feet). 15,000. 14,000. 13,000. 12,000. 11,000. 10,000. 9,000 ... The
level flight speed for the aircraft is obtained ... of the aircraft by the rated horsepower of the engine. It.
3. What is the rated engine speed?
The rotative speed of an engine specified as the allowable maximum for continuous reliable
performance
4. What is the engine type?
is carbureted, dircet-drive ,horizontally opposed ,air cooled engines.
5. What are the type of propellers?
tow-bladed,constant-speed ,controllable pitch and full-feathering hartzell prprllers
13. Weight and Balance. Beware of C.G. loaded with and without fuel.
f the fuel load is mismanaged by supplying the engine(s) unevenly from tanks on one side of the
airplane. The pilot can compensate for the resulting wing-heavy ..
14. Using the above situation. less than full fuel will be allowed. Be prepared to calculate time
and/or distance with the fuel available. Don't forget VFR or IFR reserves.
En route instrument flight rules (IFR) navigation is evolving from the ... calls in the aircraft's
position and time at a predetermined ... separation distances for all aircraft flying through their ...
listed in the CS and can also be found on [Link], ... Where more than one route is listed,
the routes have equal priority for use.

17. Methods for checking gear down

What all the pilots are saying is that with consistency and procedure checks it ... I failed my check
ride by putting the gear down while on approach, before doing ...
18. What if the indicator lights for the landing gear are not on?
Landing gear indicator lights Position status indication of the gear is ... Control lever UP or OFF
selected and gear not up and locked (gear...
19. Correct crossfeeding with one engine out and feeding both engines from one tank.
This prohibition means that we are not allowed to crossfeed (1) to correct a ... revealed that both
engines had been drawing fuel from the same tank on one side, ... out, while at the same time
allowing the feeding of both engine's from one fuel ...
20. Calculate % performance lost when one engine inoperative versus 2 engines from one tank.
with the numerous aspects of one engine inoperative (OEI) flight. However ... There is a dramatic
performance loss associated with the loss of an engine ... to airplanes with two or more engines.
Propellers ... (takeoff) fuel tanks to reconfirm fuel flow prior to takeoff. ... it reaches design limits,
and the pilot may find the airplane.
(2 engine climb rate - 1 engine climb rate) / 2 engine climb rate * 100.
21. Calculate Accelerate-stop distance. (Don't forget Density Altitude)
What Is Density Altitude? How Will High Density Altitude Affect Me? Tips for Flying in High Density
Altitude Areas; Calculating Density Altitude; Additional ...
22. Calculate single engine ceiling
You can use the given chart to define (single engine) ceilings. There should be separate graph for
both engines running case. Note: it is important to understand...
23. Define the critical density altitude. Where Vmc equals Vs.
So at some point, Vmc and the this indicated single-engine power-on stall speed (which we will call
Vs) will be exactly the same. The point at which this occurs is known as the "Critical Density
Altitude".
24. Describe Propeller operation and how the propeller feathers.?
In aeronautics, a propeller, also called an airscrew, converts rotary motion from an engine or ... A
dirigible airship was described by Jean Baptiste Marie Meusnier presented in 1783. ... This is called
feathering, a term borrowed from rowing. ... The propellers on some aircraft can operate with a
negative blade pitch angle, and ...
25. Describe the unfeathering procedures.
An unfeathering accumulator is a device that permits starting a feathered engine in flight without
the use of the electric starter. ... To start a feathered engine in flight, the pilot moves the propeller
control out of the feather position to release the accumulator pressure.
26. Know V-Speeds
Vso/ 55KIAS
Vs1/
Vmc/ 56KIAS
Vx
Vy
Vxse/ 82KISA
Vyse/ 88KISA
Va/ 112KIAS (2700 ibs.) to 135 kias (3800 ibs.)
Vfe/ 111KIAS
Vlo up/
Vlo down/
Vle/ 140 KIAS
Vno/ 169 KIAS
Vne/ 202 KIAS
Max X-wind/27 KIAS
27. What is Vsse?
is specified by the airplane manufacturer in new Handbooks and is the minimum speed at which to
perform intentional engine cuts
28. What does the white arc represent and what is the speed range?
The white arc indicates the flap operating range, VSO to VFE, used for approaches and landings.
The yellow arc cautions that flight should be conducted in this range only in smooth air
29. What does the green arc represent and what is the speed range?
single and multi-engine aircraft have common markings. For instance, the green arc indicates the
normal operating range of the aircraft, from VS1 to VNO
30. What does the yellow arc represent and what is the is the speed range?
the yellow arc marks the speed range within which you can operate the plane with caution, in
smooth non turbulent air and without making sudden movements of the controls.
31. How many red radials are there? What are their significance?
The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the ...
and timing ring and cams in red. ... More Twin Wasps were produced than any other aviation
piston engine in the history of ... This led to significant arguments in the industry in the late 1930s
about the possibility ... 29, 31 & 44.
32. How many blue radials are there? What are their significance?
The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the ...
slaved connecting rods in blue, ... More Twin Wasps were produced than any other aviation piston
engine in the history of aviation; ... integrated in the SNECMA company and had plans for a 32-
cylinder diesel engine of 4,000 ...
[Link] are the maneuvering limits?
In aviation, the maneuvering speed of an aircraft is an airspeed limitation selected by the designer
of the aircraft. At speeds close to, and faster than, the maneuvering speed, full deflection of any
flight control surface should not be attempted because of the risk of damage to the aircraft
structure.
34. What are the load limits?
In aeronautics, limit load (LL) is the maximum load factor authorized during flight, Mathematically,
limit load is LL = LLF x W, where LL = limit load, LLF = limit load factor, and W = weight of the
aircraft. Limit load is constant for all weights above design gross weight.
35. What is the suction range?
Vacuum, Suction, Negative Pressure Gauges - Vacuum range gauges for measuring absolute
vacuum or suction pressures which can be permanently installed ...
36. How many carburetors?
Multiple carburetors can be mounted on a single-engine, often with progressive linkages; two four-
barrel carburetors (often referred to as "dual-quads") were frequently seen on high-performance
American V8s, and multiple two barrel carburetors are often now seen on very high-performance
engines.
37. What are the certification standards (11 factors) for computing Vmc?
Maximum take-off Power at Sea Level. (Density Altitude is at Sea Level) Increase. At Gross Weight.
Decrease. Decrease. Most Adverse CG (usually Aft) Increase. Increase. Gear Up. Increase. Increase.
Take-off Flaps. Increase. Take-off Trim. Decrease. Take-off Cowl Flaps. Decrease. Windmilling
Propeller on Critical Engine. ...
38. What condition is Vmc for your airplane? (stalled or unstalled)
the stall speed in the landing configuration. • VMC—minimum control speed with the critical
engine ... In this situation, the airplane would ordinarily have a reserve of 225 thrust ... In contrast,
the constant-speed propellers installed on most.
39. What is Vmc?
Visual meteorological conditions (VMC) are the meteorological conditions expressed in terms of
visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or better than specified minima
40. Explain correct recovery in Vmc demonstrations.
are performed to reestablish controllable, single-engine flight. ... Note: If a VMC demonstration
cannot be accomplished under existing conditions of density ..
41. When performing the demonstration of Vmc, how much bank is the pilot limited to using?
A bank limitation of up to 5 degrees during Vmc demonstration is applicable only to certification
tests of the airplane and is not intended as a limit in training or testing a pilot's ability to extract
maximum performance from the airplane
42. Explain spin recovery.
Recovery – With appropriate control inputs, the yaw rotation is slowed or stopped and the aircraft
nose attitude is lowered, thus decreasing the wing's angle of attack and breaking the stall.
Airspeed increases quickly in a nose low attitude and the aircraft is no longer in a spin
43. Explain MEL - minimum equipment list.
A minimum equipment list (MEL) is a list which provides for the operation of aircraft, subject to
specified conditions, with particular equipment inoperative (which is) prepared by an operator in
conformity with, or more restrictive than, the MMEL established for the aircraft type.
44. Explain how to determine if flight can be conducted with a component inoperative. Placarde
inoperative and component not required by FAR's.
An approved Minimum Equipment List exists for that aircraft. ... issued by the responsible Flight
Standards office, authorizing operation of the aircraft under the ... (3) Instruments and equipment
required for specific operations by this part. ... conducted under this part with inoperative
instruments and equipment without an
45. Methods of emergency gear extension.
the popular small aircraft retraction system uses a free-fall valve for emergency gear extension.
46. Calculate takeoff and landing distances.
to calculate the runway length required for takeoff and landing under various conditions. The FARs
require you to determine these distances
47. Is this airplane approved for flight in icing conditions?
Certification. Pilots must determine if the aircraft to be flown is certificated for flight in icing
conditions. An aircraft that is certificated for instrument flight rules (IFR) is not necessarily
certificated for flight in icing conditions
48. Know the RPM drop limitations during the magneto check.
Drop-off must not exceed 175 RPM and must not exceed 50 RPM between magnetos. Smooth
operation of the engine but with a drop-off that exceeds the normal specification of 175 RPM is
usually a sign of propeller load condition at a rich mixture. If the RPM drop exceeds 175 RPM,
slowly lean the mixture until the RPM peaks
49. Describe the 10 items of Vmc.
as power decreases with altitude, the thrust moment of the operating engine lessens, thereby
reducing the need for the rudder and it's countering yaw.
50. Describe the capacity of the battery and the alternators.
Battery capacity (AH) is defined as a product of the current that is drawn from he ... Equation
(20.6b) can be used to explain the term 'rated capacity' and 'rated ... Examples for mechanical
energy harvesting generators are (i) a device of 11 mm ..
51. What is the first indication of engine failure?
he control column is shaking, indicating a stall. The airplane strikes the ground tail first in a right
roll, bursts into flame immediately and skids .
52What is the minimum feathering rpm?
approximately 800
The pin senses a lack of centrifugal force from propeller rotation and falls into place, preventing
the blades from feathering. Therefore, if a propeller is to be feathered, it must be done before
engine rpm decays below approximately 800
. 53. What items should be systematically checked if engine roughness occurs?
if engine roughness occurs, enrichen the ... limited to about 3 or 4 items at a time. ...
Systematically run your hand over the propeller blades to check the propeller .
54. What steps must be taken if an engine failure occurs during flight below Vmc?
pilots of single-engine airplanes are already familiar with many ... failure. To feather a propeller is
to stop engine rotation with the propeller blades streamlined with the ... process may take up to
10 seconds. ... If an engine fails below VMC while the airplane is on ... If engine failure occurs at or
before lift-off, abort the takeoff.
55. When is the gear extended before landing with one engine inoperative?
this chapter deals extensively with the numerous aspects of one engine inoperative (OEI) ... mode
is an emergency procedure used to extend airplane range and ... This suggested check is not
required prior to every flight. Crossfeed lines ... if the landing gear has not been selected up, the
takeoff should be rejected, even if ..
56. What is the final approach speed on one engine? (runway made, no go around possible)
airplane and a single-engine airplane is the potential problem involving an ... new V-speeds unique
to twin-engine airplanes are listed below. ... for final approach, which adjust the normal approach
speed for ... test pilot must be able to (1) stop the turn that results ... The regulations do not
specifically require that
57. When are the flaps extended on a single engine approach?
pilots of single-engine airplanes are already familiar with many performance “V” ... particularly in
the takeoff or landing configuration, may be considered to be a ... be made with a minimum wing
flap setting (flap extension increases the AOA
58. How do you crossfeed?
crossfeed allows for fuel from one wing tank to be burned by the engine on the other wing. In
some cases, the fuel is routed directly from the tank to the engine while in others, it is transfered
from one wing tank to the opposite wing tank before feeding to the engine
59. What restrictions are there during crossfeed operations?
the term “light-twin,” although not formally defined in the regulations, is used ... in the opposite
wing. On most multiengine airplanes, operation in the crossfeed
60. What is the purpose of the red light in the upper center part of the panel?
traffic lights, traffic signals, stoplights or robots are signalling devices positioned at road ... At night
a red light would command "Stop" and a green light would mean use ... Bells played the role of
today's amber lights, ringing when the flags ... That is, green on top and red below is the standard
placement of the signal colours .
61. When does the gear horn sound?
complex airplane is an airplane that has a retractable landing gear, flaps, and a ... gear remains
extended, and the warning horn may sound as an alert to the ..
62. What can be done if the landing gear does not extend?
further steps could include crew visual inspection (depending on aircraft design), alternate
extension procedures which may include manual emergency landing gear extension, or flight
manoeuvres designed to force the drop of the landing gear
63. What should be done if suction is below 4.3" Hg?
to do this, it's important to judge engine performance by the general location and ... Hg. A quick
opening and closing of the throttle should cause the vacuum to drop ... A vacuum reading at idle
that is much lower than normal might indicate
64. What should be done if the alternator overvoltage light illuminates?
the light does not illuminate, normal alternator changing has resumed. If the ... physically broke,
but the over voltage light did not illuminate
65. What should be done if a door opens in flight?
Ignore the open door, climb to a safe altitude (as, say, for stall practice). In straight-and-level flight
with traffic checked (and reduced power if you prefer), glance over at the window handle, then
reach over and grab it. While holding the handle, turn your attention back to flying
66. What should be done if a propeller overspeed occurs?
overspeed is a condition in which an engine is allowed or forced to turn beyond its design limit. ...
In propeller aircraft, an overspeed will occur if the propeller, usually connected directly to the
engine, ... Along with overspeed protection by automation controls, there are ways to prevent
overspeed by maneuvering controls
67. What re the normal panel indications when an engine is shut down?
68. How is a vacuum pump failure noted?
most general aviation pilots have never had a vacuum pump failure. ... pilot noticed low vacuum-
pressure readings, followed by slow failure of .
69. What instruments should be monitored in this case?
the other's responsibilities are aircraft handling during instrument flight ... In the "history" section
the term "monitored approach" in quotes will be used as it ... Typically in these cases the flight has
started with the crew using
70. How many alternators are required for VFR or IFR flight?
s it legal to fly a multi-engine airplane with an alternator failure if the second alternator is ok? Does
it make a difference if the flight is VFR/IFR/Day/Night? ... that only one alternator is required for
day – VFR, otherwise 2 are required. ... It may not be just an alternator problem but something
deeper- the alternator may be just a .

71. What happens if the heater overheats?

short cycling is another symptom of overheating. You'll notice that the furnace quickly turns on
and off during the day, since it is trying to reach the set thermostat temperature and keeps
shutting down when the unit overheats. You may notice your home not feeling warm enough or
heat the unit frequently shutting down
72. What is the maximum allowable RPM drop during the feathering check in the runup?
full feathering check (twin engine) on the ground is not recommended but the feathering action
can be checked by running the engine between 1000-1500 RPM, then momentarily pulling the
propeller control into the feathering position. Do not allow the RPM to drop more than 500 RPM
73. What is the strut inflation for the nose gear?
generally main struts should be inflated so that around five inches of the piston is exposed, and
nose struts to around four inches
74. What is the strut inflation for the main gear?
Shock struts should always be inflated slowly to avoid excess heating and over inflation. Once
inflated, tighten the swivel nut and torque as specified. Remove the ...

75. What is the ground limitation for pitot heat?

total pressure is transmitted to the ASI from the pitot tube's pressure chamber via ... but the actual
height of the aircraft above the ground would be lower then the ... Some important airspeed
limitations are not marked on the face of the ASI, but ...
76. How long do you wait for an oil pressure indication after engine start before shutting down?
 If you see a dashboard oil warning light, there are some important ... Running the engine with low
oil pressure can quickly destroy it. ... the best thing you can do is shut the engine off and not drive
the vehicle until the matter is resolved. ... If you wait until the engine starts making new and
disturbing noises... ,
77. What is the limit on cranking the starter?
Start studying Engine starter cranking limits. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards,
games, and other study tools.
78. What are the procedures for starting with external power?
Exhibits satisfactory knowledge of the elements related to recommended engine starting
procedures. This shall include the use of an external power source, ...
79. Why is it a poor procedure to idle an engine at a low power setting for extended periods of
time?
Your vehicle does not need more than a few seconds to start up. Leaving it idling actually can be
detrimental, and it wastes fuel, which causes a negative environmental impact as well.
80. Why not operate at high power settings on the ground?
typically has higher power-to-weight ratio than a comparable four-stroke engine. ... By the 1930s,
pioneer aviation inventors were laying the ground work for ... propeller systems are capable of a
range of pitch settings. A constant-speed ... When the engine is not running, the manifold pressure
gauge indicates ambient air ...

81. What is the normal magneto drop during the runup and what are the limitations?
Typical is about 50 rpm. It is possible for the rpm drop on each mag to be within limits but the
difference between the mags to be excessive. The most common problem here is improper timing
of one or both magnetos.
82. When is the landing gear retracted after takeoff?
Landing gear is the undercarriage of an aircraft or spacecraft and may be used for either takeoff ...
Play media. Retraction of the landing gear of a Boeing 727 after take-off ... Track-type gear was
also tested using a C-47, C-82 and B-50. A much ...
83. What should be done if the cylinder head temp becomes too hot?
What to Do When Your Engine Overheats
[Link] the A/C and crank the heat. ...
[Link] a safe place to pull over. ...
[Link] and add coolant (if you have it). ...
[Link] the engine. ...
[Link]'t panic. ...
[Link]'t keep driving. ...
[Link]'t open the hood immediately. ...
[Link]'t let the issue linger.
84. What happens if the alternator voltage becomes too high?
My car alternator runs at 16 to 16.5 volts when I hit the gas, and 15v idling. ... specs for a new
resistor to do the trick while lowering my voltage from 16v to ... the alternator thinks the battery is
low so obediently goes to full ...
85. What is the maximum alternator output?
6000 RPM
Typically, alternators have their full output rated at 6000 RPM but can continue to spin up to
12,000 RPM or more without any additional increase in output. The speed of an alternator is
different for different type of car. The speed of an alternator depends on the speed of the engine.
86. The total output of both alternators should not exceed what amperage?
Technician A says during a load test, the battery voltage must not fall below 9.6 volts. ... reading
for a satisfactory 12-volt battery should not exceed how many volts? ... the starter armature will
result in increased amperage draw. Who is correct? Both ... Technician A says a scan tool may be
used to full field some alternators.
87. What keeps the gear in the retracted position?
When you select gear up, the hydraulic actuator overcomes the over-center link and begins to
retract the wheel and strut assembly. Once fully up, hydraulic pressure in the lines keeps the
wheels retracted. ... In short, you simply release the pressure in the system, and the gear free-falls
to the down position.
88. What happens if the hydraulic system malfunctions or leaks?
Even a very small leak in such a system poses significant potential danger. Hydraulic fluid under
several thousand pounds of pressure can cut like a razor blade penetrating clothing, skin, and
bone.

89. Which annunciation lights come on when the battery switch is turned on?
When the battery switch is placed OFF on the ground only. ... the light does not extinguishe after
the APU switch is placed to OFF. the light ... 7, If the APU runs down due to fuel starvation, the
Master Caution annunciation system will show. APU only. APU and ... 13, How is the APU is
switched onto the AC electrical system?
90. Why are the prop controls pushed forward before landing?
It happens for two reasons: 1) the spring behind the prop hub piston forces the piston forward,
and 2) the natural twisting moment of the blades moving through the air causes them to return to
the low pitch/high RPM takeoff and landing setting.
91. Howa re the gear lights dimmed?
My '98 Baron gear indicator lights nearly blind me during night landings. I believe they are
supposed to auto-dim. Does anyone have ...
92. What is the normal final approach speed?
For a short-field landing in smooth conditions, make the power-off approach at 60 KIAS with full
flaps. (Slightly higher approach speeds should be used under turbulent conditions.)” For normal
landings on longer runways, final approach should be flown at 70-80 knots without flaps, or 60-70
knots with full flaps.
93. Can your aircraft be flown with full fuel, max. number of passengers and full baggage?
In many modern aircraft, it is not possible to fill all seats, baggage compartments, and fuel tanks,
and still remain within the approved weight and balance limits. If the maximum passenger load is
carried, the pilot must often reduce the fuel load or reduce the amount of baggage.
94. What happens when the CG is too far forward?
In extreme cases, a CG location that is beyond the forward limit may result in nose heaviness,
making it difficult or impossible to flare for landing. Manufacturers purposely place the forward CG
limit as far rearward as possible to aid pilots in avoiding damage when landing.
95. What happens when the CG is too far aft?
If the CG is too far aft, it will be too near the center of lift and the airplane will be unstable, and
difficult to recover from a stall. ... At slow takeoff speeds, the elevator might not produce enough
nose up force to rotate and on landing there may not be enough elevator force to flare the
airplane.
96. Where is the datum line?
A datum line is the theoretical straight line established on the center of a cylinder bore or cylinder
shaft, or a ridge such as the target's edge. A datum line can be a datum axis or datum axis line.
97. What does the basic empty weight include?
Basic Empty Weight - The starting point for weight computations is the basic empty weight, which
is the weight of the standard helicopter, optional equipment, unusable fuel, and full operating
fluids including full engine oil. ... It includes the flight crew, usable fuel, drainable oil, if applicable,
and payload.
98. What happens to the CG as the fuel is burned or gear retracted?
As the CG moves aft, a less stable condition occurs, which decreases the ability of the aircraft to
right itself after maneuvering or turbulence. ... For example, most small aircraft carry fuel in the
wings very near the CG and burning off fuel has little effect on the loaded CG.
99. How many fuel tanks, and where are they located?
A fuel tank is a safe container for flammable fluids. Though any storage tank for fuel may be so ...
These tanks are commonly found in smaller general aviation aircraft, such as the Cessna 172.
Bladder tanks, or fuel cells, are reinforced ...
100. Where are the electric fuel pumps?
In modern cars the fuel pump is usually electric and located inside the fuel tank. The pump creates
a higher pressure in the fuel lines, pushing the gasoline to the engine.
101. What kind of trim tab is on the airplane?
The plain old trim tab is one of the most common types of tabs used in small single-engine
airplanes.
102. What direction do the props rotate as seen from the cockpit?
Counter-rotating propellers, also referred to as CRP, are propellers which spin in opposite
directions to each other. They are used on some twin- and multi-engine propeller-driven aircraft.
The propellers on most conventional twin-engined aircraft spin clockwise (as viewed from behind
the ... This can in turn affect performance under extreme conditions and therefore ...
103. Explain the use of the electric boost pumps; low and high setting?
Constant speed pumps are switched on by a normally closed low-pressure switch and will content
to run until the pressure rises to open the high pressure switch. They will cycle whenever enough
water is used to cause a pressure drop below the low set point. An accumulator in the upstream
pipeline will reduce cycling.
104. What is the purpose of the alternate air?
As a precaution against possible blockage of the air filter by ice or impact ice (snow) build-up. In all
airplanes with alternate air, the alternate is also used as an emergency bypass of the air filter in
the event of a filter blockage or obstruction.
105. How many cowl flap setting are there, and when are they used?
Cowl flaps are small doors located in the bottom of the engine ... You can easily identify this
much-loved Cessna model on the ramp because it ... If transitioning to a high-performance aircraft,
refer to the pilot's operating handbook for the proper use of cowl flaps. ... Reset Settings
Statement Hide Interface.
106. What is the advantage of counter-rotating props?
In a counter-rotating installation, the propellers on the right wing turn counter-clockwise while
those on the left wing turn clockwise. The principle advantage of counter-rotation is to balance
propeller torque effects thus eliminating any problems associated with a Critical Engine.
107. What is the critical engine?
The critical engine of a multi-engine, fixed-wing propeller-driven aircraft is the one whose failure
would result in the most adverse effects on the aircraft's handling and performance.
108. What controls the pitch of the prop?
For a variable pitch propeller, the pilot controls the blade pitch with the propeller control. ... A
more sophisticated variant of the variable pitch propeller is the constant speed propeller which,
while in flight, will maintain the same RPM irrespective of throttle lever movement or airspeed.
109. Prop overspeeding and sluggish rpm control are indications of what problem?
The overspeed governor, which serves as a backup if the primary control ... A constant speed
propeller is a propeller with a control system that maintains a constant ... may not require
feathering the propeller, depending on the type of problem. ... (NP) is also an indication that the
propeller has lost the ability to change pitch.
110. How long does it take for the prop to feather?
The inflight feathering of the propeller, on an engine that has failed or has been intentionally shut
down, greatly reduces the drag that would...
[Link] the gear system.?
Gear systems consist of several gears and are major components of many engineering applications
such as drive trains in cars. In operating gear systems, non-smooth dynamics such as gear
hammering or high frequency oscillations may occur.

112. How long does it take for the prop to feather?

The inflight feathering of the propeller, on an engine that has failed or has been intentionally shut
down, greatly reduces the drag that would...

113. Describe the gear system.

Gear systems consist of several gears and are major components of many engineering applications
such as drive trains in cars. In operating gear systems, non-smooth dynamics such as gear
hammering or high frequency oscillations may occur.
114. How long does gear extension or retraction take?
...time of landing gear extension in normal conditions ? I would like to know it especially for the
ATR-42 but any other typical value is welcome!
115. How is the gear held in the extended position?
For emergency gear extension, the hydraulic pressure holding the gear up is released, and the gear
freefalls into the extended position... ;
116. Describe the procedure for emergency gear extension, and how the system works.?
Activated from the flight deck, when the free-fall valve is opened, hydraulic fluid is allowed to flow
from the gear-up side of the actuators to the gear-down side of the actuators, independent of the
power pack. Pressure holding the gear up is relieved, and the gear extends due to its weight.
117. How do you know the gear is down and locked if the horn and light are inoperative?
Red warning lights will illuminate and intermittent horn will sound. ... 14, Classics only - Indications
that the landing gear is down and locked, when looking through the gear viewers are ... The
alternative anti-skid system is inoperative.
118. Where is the gear pump and reservoir located?
Hydraulic pumps are used in hydraulic drive systems and can be hydrostatic or hydrodynamic. ...
The swept volume or displacement of gear pumps for hydraulics will be between about 1 to 200
millilitres. ... of these pumps can continuously alter fluid discharge per revolution and system
pressure based on load requirements, ...
119. Is there a squat switch(s), where is it located, what is it's purpose?
This switch usually is located in the port landing gear. ... retraction lock — A lock in the landing
gear that prevents the landing gear from being retracted inadvertently on the ground. Also called a
squat switch. Retraction lock or squat switch is mounted in a bracket on one of the main gear
shock struts.
120. Is it possible to retract the gear on the ground?
Well, the short answer is no. Modern airplanes have something called “Squat switch”. Essentially it
is a sensor, which can tell if a plane is still standing on the ground. ... When the squat switch is
activated, meaning that the plane is still on the ground, it is physically impossible to retract the
landing gear.
121. What is the range of the nose wheel steering?
When the pilot turns the rudder pedal to maximum, the nose wheels turn a maximum of 8 degrees
in the left or right direction. The hand wheel is used in the low speed. When the ground speed of
the aircraft is more than 10 knots the angle of steering available decreases.
122. Is the hydraulic reservoir for the brake the same as for the gear?
A rule of thumb for sizing a hydraulic reservoir suggests that its volume should equal ... but a
selection of thermometers is available, many in the same housing as the ... Reservoirs for mobile
equipment often use a dipstick to check fluid level ...
123. What are the flap setting and speeds?
Extending flaps reduces your aircraft's stall speed. ... Aircraft use takeoff flap settings that are
usually between 5-15 degrees (most jets use...
124. How are the flaps operated?
On a light aircraft, the answer is somewhat similar to the mechanism you might be used to in a RC
aircraft. The image below shows the...

125. Can both engines run off the same fuel tank?
Your only concern will be that both engines can get their full draw of fuel. ... 6 oz. tank thru the
same fuel lines, starvation of the motors shouldn't be a problem unless ... You can't adjust the
needles with only one engine running because the tank pressure ... One engine was off it's
maximum rpm by 1000 rpm.

126. Should both engines be on crossfeed?

The fuel crossfeed function can be tested simultaneously with both engines. Proper function can
be tested by running the engines for approx. 30 seconds with CROSSFEED selected. The operation
of both engines with both FUEL SELECTORS in CROSSFEED position, other than for this test, is
prohibited.
127. Describe the electrical system. Sources, volts, amps, limits, safety items?
This video will present electrical safety precautions and introduce common electrical ... Outlets for
three-phase AC power can provide up to 480 volts and over 10 amps. ... Before changing a setup,
turn off or unplug power sources used in the ... A knob varies the output voltage between zero and
100% of its maximum value.
[Link] is the external power plug located?
A standard AN external power receptacle is located in the right wing root ... Disconnect battery
temperature indicator system plug located directly below the ...
129. What warns of alternator malfunction?
If the alternator starts to die, you might notice your headlights and/or dashboard lights beginning
to dim. Once the dash light or headlights dim, it is a clear indication of potential alternator
malfunction.
130. With only the master switch on and no other electrical equipment operating, what is
indicated on the ammeters?
Complete electrical installations for all lighting, sockets, and power outlets. HVAC and ... These
Specifications indicate the operation requirements of all the extra low voltage ... any other part of
the installation required by the Engineer. ... disconnect switch, with nominal rating equal to
standard circuit breaker ... ammeters. b.
131. What instruments belong to the pitot-static system and how are they operated?
Three instruments are connected to this system: Altimeter: measures altitude. Vertical speed
indicator: measures the speed at which an aircraft is ascending or descending (in feet per minute)
Air speed indicator: measures the aircraft's speed through the air.
132. Where is the alternate static source?
The alternate static source is normally found inside the flight deck. Due to the venturi effect of the
air flowing around the fuselage, the air pressure inside the flight deck is lower than the exterior
pressure.
133. How is the alternate static source operated?
utilized for the operation of the airspeed indicator (ASI), altimeter, and vertical ... become blocked.
The alternate static source is normally found inside the flight ...
134. How is the static source drained?
In addition to drains on the pitot tube itself some aircraft have separate "drip chambers" and
drains for the pitot (and occasionally static) system...
135. Where is the heater located?
136. Where is the fuel drawn for the heater? Rate per hour?
137. How is the static system drained?
How often should I press the drain valves? If I see moisture in my gauges is that a sign of water in
the static system, and if it is can I drain in flight or will that ...
138. What is the maximum altimeter/airspeed error when utilizing the alternate static source?
two remaining instruments (altimeter and VSI) utilize only the static pressure that is ... static
source become blocked. The alternate static source is normally found inside the flight ... error is
generally greatest at low airspeeds. In the cruising and ...
139. Where is the heater located?
140. When does the heater fan automatically shut off?
If your fan limit switch is set to AUTO but the fan continues to run without ever stopping, you'll
need to call a professional. Two problems that could cause your fan to run without stopping
include: A bad fan limit switch that needs to be replaced. Bad thermostat wiring.
141. Where is the fuel drawn for the heater/
As the water grows warmer, it rises in the tank, where it is drawn off by the hot water discharge
pipe to provide hot water wherever it is called for.
142. What is a synchrophaser?
A synchrophasor is a sophisticated monitoring device that can measure the instantaneous voltage,
current and frequency at specific locations on the grid. This gives operators a near-real-time
picture of what is happening on the system, and allows them to make decisions to prevent power
outages.
143. What is the main gear tire pressure?
Aircraft tires generally operate at high pressures, up to 200 psi (14 bar; 1,400 kPa) for airliners, and
even higher for business jets.
144. What is the nose gear tire pressure?
CHINE TIRES. The “chine” tire is a nose wheel tire designed to deflect water and ... 8. TYPE VII. TYPE
VII are high pressure tires widely used on jet aircraft. ... 144 T. 225 49 x 17. 30/32. 40 x 14.0 R16.
22. A300. 600. 165.9 T. 225 49 x 17. 30/32.
145. Where are the batteries located?
146. Where is the aircraft serial number located?
Inside the battery compartment, look for a range of numbers or characters – this is your serial
number. This number may also be labelled 'Serial number' or simply as 'S/N' or 'SNID'.
147. What are the four ways to disconnect the autopilot?
4-2. You will learn how the autopilot and the flight management system (FMS)/area ... disable the
FD and fly using only the flight instruments. Flight Director With ...
148. When can you reset a CB?
Most experts recommend that the circuit should be drawing no electrical load at the moment the
tripped circuit is reset. This is not mandatory but is a highly recommended safety practice. Turn off
all light fixtures and appliances plugged into the circuit.
149. What is the engine setting for zero thrust?
establishing“ zero thrust( ”the zero thrust manifold pressure/rpm ... the airspeed and power
setting when the engine failed, the pilot may make...
150. What is the 2-engine service ceiling?
Performance and Limitations
The all-engine service ceiling of multiengine airplanes is the highest altitude at which the airplane
can maintain a steady rate of climb of 100 fpm with both engines operating. The airplane has
reached its absolute ceiling when climb is no longer possible
151. What is the single engine absolute ceiling?
The single engine absolute ceiling is where the rate of climb is zero. The single engine service
ceiling is the altitude at which a twin-engine aircraft with one engine feathered can no longer climb
at 50 feet per minute in smooth air.
152. What is the 2-engine rate-of-climb at sea level and gross weight?
at a rate of approximately 1 "Hg per 1,000 feet of altitude gain to 10,000 feet. [Figure ... air, of
course, has a pronounced effect on aircraft and engine performance. ... of the two factors,
contribute to positive climb performance in most aircraft: 1. ... cruise, the gross weight of the
aircraft varies and optimum airspeed, altitude, and ...
153. What is the single engine rate-of-climb at seal level and gross weight?
Under standard conditions at sea level, the average pressure exerted by ... A standard temperature
lapse rate is one in which the ... takeoff and landing distance, rate of climb, ceiling, payload, range
... knots. The pilot leaves the engine power setting constant but ... cruise, the gross weight of the
aircraft varies and optimum.
154. How is the stall warning horn differentiated from the gear warning horn?
An aircraft Stall Warning System is that system which provides the pilot with ... with the flaps and
landing gear in any normal position; The stall warning may be ... of 5 knots greater than stalling
speed (Vs) and continue until the stall ... The simplest such device is an airframe mounted stall
warning horn which...
155. The minimum airspeed for unfeathering their propeller is?
VMC—minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative—marked ... considered to be a
single-engine airplane with its powerplant divided into two ... To unfeather a propeller, the engine
must be rotated so that oil pressure can be ...
156. With an engine inoperative & feathered, where is the ball?
Rudder and ailerons used together in the proper combination result in a bank of approximately 2°
towards the operative engine. The ball is displaced approximately one-third to one-half towards
the operative engine.
157. If the runway length is critical but no obstructions are present, the recommended flap setting
for takeoff is?
There are several unique characteristics of multiengine airplanes that make ... VMC—minimum
control speed with the critical engine ... particularly in the takeoff or landing configuration, may be
... propellers of many single-engine airplanes, but this is not the case. ... of runway lengths in
excess of the bare minimum required.
158. As altitude increases, stall speed (TAS)?
And as stall speed is directly related to AoA it also remains the same (ignoring compressibility); but
the TAS, where the stall occurs, increases with altitude because of the lower air density (1/2 ρ).
159. As altitude increases, Vmc (TAS)?
Performance. For an airplane with non-supercharged engines, Vmc will Decrease as Density
Altitude Increases. So directional control can be maintained at a lower airspeed than it can at sea
level. ... So for a given bank, the heavier the airplane, the lower the aircraft's Vmc.
160. As the CG moves aft, Vmc?
Vmc increases as the C of G is moved aft. The further aft the C of G, the shorter the rudder's arm is.
The shorter the arm, the less effective the rudder. Vmc will be higher since the rudder produces
less force at any speed than if the C of G was forward.
161. How would Vmc be effected with a larger engine?
As density altitude increases, VMC speed decreases due to the fact that as density altitude
increases engine power will decrease. The decrease in engine power results in less asymmetrical
thrust, meaning the yawing from a failed engine will be less at a high density altitude than a lower
density altitude.
162. How does turbocharging effect Vmc compared to non-turbos?
The non-turbocharged engine will not have a more difficult task of maintaining directional control.
For the same horsepower, they would be equal at sea level. The ...
163. What is the highest single drag item on the airplane?
So when it comes to flying, drag is the resistance of an aircraft's ... is formed, creating a drag sum
greater than the drag that components ... Form drag is the result of an object's general shape in
relation to the relative wind.
164. What is the second highest drag item on the airplane?
When two masses are in contact, they resist each other's motion. ... So when it comes to flying,
drag is the resistance of an aircraft's ... This same principle can be applied to most aircraft, where a
smooth skin reduces skin friction drag, ... Form drag is the result of an object's general shape in
relation to the...
167. What is the purpose of the springs on each gear?
Their purpose is to apply axial force on clutch plates. As the clutch plates wear, disc springs provide
a constant force by adjusting on their force curve. Because near constant force is desired during
the wear of the clutch plates, slotted disc springs are often used due to their flatter load curve
characteristics.
168. What is the purpose of the springs on the nose gear?
These aircraft use strong, flexible materials like steel, aluminum or composites to help absorb the
impact of a landing. spring-steel-small Gord...
169. Will the heater operate with the right engine inoperative?
with the numerous aspects of one engine inoperative (OEI) flight. However ... Whenever available,
pilots should operate the airplane from ... of one engine would leave only 25 (200 minus 175)
thrust ... continued flight to a suitable airport following an engine ... Combustion heaters are
common on multiengine airplanes.
170. Which items draw the most electrical current?
Top Ten Most Electricity-Drawing Appliances and How to Save
Refrigerator (17-20 cubic foot): 205 kWh/month.
Dryer: 75 kWh/month.
Oven Range: 58 kWh/month.
Lighting 4-5 room household: 50 kWh/month.
Dishwasher: 30 kWh/month.
Television: 27 kWh/month.
Microwave: 16 kWh/month.
Washing Machine: 9 kWh/month.
171. When installed, what is the function of the warning horn silence button?
Single Test/Silence Button: Allows you to test the alarm or silence nuisance alarms. Testing the
alarm assures you that the unit is functioning correctly and ready to protect you and your family.
The alarm can be silenced for up to 9 minutes in the event of a nuisance alarm.
172. Be prepared to discuss the following:
Does a single engine airplane have a Vmc speed?
Which item, of which Vmc is a function, will cause Vmc to increase substantially?
How should the minimum length runway at sea level, no wind, standard day?
Explain the difference between a windmilling propeller and zero thrust.
What throttle positions used to cause the propeller to windmill? Produce zero thrust?
What is the reason multi-engine airplanes have feathering propellers?
Discuss the relationship between Vmc and Vs in this plane and in a conventional twin
with clockwise rotating propellers. Graph Vmc versus Vs for each case.

Multi-Engine Exam
1- What is the engine? and What does mean Multi engine ? Illustrate with Example for Aircrafts?
- Engine is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical work and it gives
power or thrust.
- Multi Engine:- Aircraft which has two engine or more.
- Example:-
For small Aircraft – Baron G58 and Cessna Citation 510.
For Large Aircraft – Airbus and Boeing Families.

2- Mention Engine Systems ? and Mention Aircraft System ?

- Engine Systems such as fuel, induction, ignition, cooling, exhaust and oil system.
- Aircraft Systems such as hydraulic, landing gear, Fire and protection, ice and rain , Air-
conditioning , pressurization and Oxygen system.
3- What the difference between service ceiling and absolute ceiling?
All Engine Service Ceiling ‐ the highest altitude at which the airplane can maintain a
steady rate of climb of 100 fpm with both engines operating at full power.

All Engine Absolute Ceiling ‐ the altitude where climb is no longer possible with both
engines operating at full power.

Single Engine Service Ceiling ‐ the highest altitude at which the airplane can maintain a
steady rate of climb of 50 fpm with one engine operating at full power and one engine’s
propeller feathered.

Single Engine Absolute Ceiling ‐ the altitude where climb is no longer possible with one
engine operating at full power and one engine’s propeller feathered.
4- List five items that may be affected by the weight of your Aircraft
Rate of climb , Cruising speed , stall speed , total fuel burned and aerodynamics stability .
5-What The basic differences between operating multi‐engine airplanes and single‐engine Airplanes
?
multi‐engine airplanes are:
− Generally capable of flying at faster airspeeds and higher altitudes,
− Typically larger in size and have more complex systems, and
− More demanding and that pilots have additional knowledge and understanding of
the conditions associated with operating with one engine inoperative.
6- Define VLOF – Lift‐off speed ?
VLOF – Lift‐off speed. The speed at which the airplane leaves the surface. Some
manufacturers reference takeoff performance data to VR, others to VLOF.

7- Define VX – Best angle of climb speed ?

VX – Best angle of climb speed. The speed at which the airplane will gain the greatest
altitude for a given distance of forward travel.
8- Define VY – Best rate of climb speed?
VY – Best rate of climb speed. The speed at which the airplane will gain the most altitude for a
given unit of time.

9- Define VMC – Minimum control speed ?

VMC – Minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative. The minimum speed at which
directional control can be maintained under a very specific set of circumstances
outlined in 14 CFR Part 23, Airworthiness Standards.
10- What the difference between Accelerate stop Distance and Accelerate go
distance ?
Accelerate stop distance is the runway length required to accelerate to a specified speed
(either VR or VLOF, as specified by the manufacturer), experience an engine failure, and
bring the airplane to a complete stop.

Accelerate go distance is the horizontal distance required to continue the takeoff and
climb to 50’ AGL., assuming an engine failure occurs at VR or VLOF, as specified by the
manufacturer (see diagram below).

11- Complete :- A significant difference between takeoffs in multi-engine and single-engine

airplanes is that pilots of multi-engine airplanes must ……..

( have a predetermined plan of action in case an engine fails )

1 – An accelerate-stop distance chart is used to determine the distance required to

…………………………( accelerate to liftoff speed, experience an engine failure, then stop. )

……………….……………..

19 – The multi-engine service ceiling is that altitude where the maximum rate of climb is
…………………………… ( 100 f.p.m. )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………..………..……………………………………
20 – During an obstruction clearance climb with both engines operating, the most important
speed governing performance is
……………………………( V x. )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………….……………….……………………………….……………..
6 – During practice of stall recognition in a multi-engine aircraft, when should recovery

normally be initiated?

…………………………………………( At the first aerodynamic indication of a stall )

……………………………………………………………………………………………

7 – On an instrument approach with one engine inoperative in a light multi-engine airplane,

flaps should not be fully extended until

………………………………………( a safe landing is ensured )

……………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………

….……………..

8 – During a normal landing approach, power I gradually reduced to idle

………………………………………… ( as the airplane approaches touchdown

)………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

9 – A predominant factor which contributes to the left-turning tendency of a conventional

multi-engine airplane during climb is

……………………………………( asymmetrical loading of the propeller

)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

10 – A significant difference between takeoffs in multi-engine and single-engine airplanes is

that pilots of multi-engine airplanes must

…………………………………………( have a predetermined plan of action in case an engine fails )

………………………………………

11 – Use the accompanying chart and determine the landing distance under the given
conditions.
OAT …………………………………………… 70 F
Pressure altitude …………………………. 6,000 ft.
Takeoff weight …………………………… 3,750 lbs.
Headwind …………………………………. 10 kts.
…………………………( 2,465 ft. )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
………………………………………………………….……………..
12 – An operational advantage of alternator systems over generator systems is that
alternators
……………………………………………( provide adequate electrical power at lower r.p.m. )
…………………………………………………………………
13 – During the takeoff run, the pilot should check the r.p.m., manifold pressure, and oil
pressure/temperature in addition to checking the
…………………………( fuel-flow indicators and the airspeed indicator. )
……………………………………………………………….…………………………
14 – During practice of stall recognition in a multi-engine aircraft, when should recovery
normally be initiated?
…………………………( At the first aerodynamic indication of a stall )
………………………………………………………………………..……………………………
15 – Although the maximum holding airspeed for Category A and B aircraft is 175 KIAS, a
lower airspeed may be advantageous for
…………………………( conserving fuel, easier altitude control, and decreasing holding
pattern size ) …….…
16 – The airspeed associated with the blue radial line shown on the airspeed indicator of some
multi-engine airplanes is
………………………………………( VYSE
)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….……………..
17 – An accelerate-stop distance chart is used to determine the distance required to
…………………………………………( accelerate to liftoff speed, experience an engine failure, then
stop ) ………….……..

11- Complete :- A significant difference between takeoffs in multi-engine and single-engine

airplanes is that pilots of multi-engine airplanes must ……..

( have a predetermined plan of action in case an engine fails )

F- Performing Maneuvering and Procedure

[Link] are the maneuvering limits?
In aviation, the maneuvering speed of an aircraft is an airspeed limitation selected by the designer
of the aircraft. At speeds close to, and faster than, the maneuvering speed, full deflection of any
flight control surface should not be attempted because of the risk of damage to the aircraft
structure.
34. What are the load limits?
In aeronautics, limit load (LL) is the maximum load factor authorized during flight, Mathematically,
limit load is LL = LLF x W, where LL = limit load, LLF = limit load factor, and W = weight of the
aircraft. Limit load is constant for all weights above design gross weight.
4 – For nearly all situations, adequate maneuverability for taxiing may be obtained by use of

…………………………( nosewheel steering. )

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………….……………..

G- Mastering engine out operation

107. What is the critical engine?
The critical engine of a multi-engine, fixed-wing propeller-driven aircraft is the one whose failure
would result in the most adverse effects on the aircraft's handling and performance.

51. What is the first indication of engine failure?

he control column is shaking, indicating a stall. The airplane strikes the ground tail first in a right
roll, bursts into flame immediately and skids .
. 53. What items should be systematically checked if engine roughness occurs?
if engine roughness occurs, enrichen the ... limited to about 3 or 4 items at a time. ...
Systematically run your hand over the propeller blades to check the propeller .
54. What steps must be taken if an engine failure occurs during flight below Vmc?
pilots of single-engine airplanes are already familiar with many ... failure. To feather a propeller is
to stop engine rotation with the propeller blades streamlined with the ... process may take up to
10 seconds. ... If an engine fails below VMC while the airplane is on ... If engine failure occurs at or
before lift-off, abort the takeoff.
55. When is the gear extended before landing with one engine inoperative?
this chapter deals extensively with the numerous aspects of one engine inoperative (OEI) ... mode
is an emergency procedure used to extend airplane range and ... This suggested check is not
required prior to every flight. Crossfeed lines ... if the landing gear has not been selected up, the
takeoff should be rejected, even if ..
56. What is the final approach speed on one engine? (runway made, no go around possible)
airplane and a single-engine airplane is the potential problem involving an ... new V-speeds unique
to twin-engine airplanes are listed below. ... for final approach, which adjust the normal approach
speed for ... test pilot must be able to (1) stop the turn that results ... The regulations do not
specifically require that
57. When are the flaps extended on a single engine approach?
pilots of single-engine airplanes are already familiar with many performance “V” ... particularly in
the takeoff or landing configuration, may be considered to be a ... be made with a minimum wing
flap setting (flap extension increases the AOA
2 – What principle is illustrated during an engine-out loss of directional control

demonstration?

…………………………( There is an airspeed below which the capacity of the flight controls

are insufficient to offset the asymmetrical thrust and roll developed by the operating

engine. ) ………………………..

3 – The greatest risk involved when operating a multi-engine airplane with the GG aft of its

limits is

……………….………( a very unstable pitch condition, regardless of airspeed. )

……………………………………………….………………..

5 – When choices are available, what type of instrument approach should be flown with one

engine inoperative?

…………………………( Precision )

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………….……………..

18 – What gear and flap configuration is commonly used to determine published VMG?
………………………………………( Gear retracted and flaps at takeoff setting )
…………………………………………………………………..…………….……………..