MJSAT 4 (3) 249-255

` Malaysian Journal of Science

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Advanced Technology

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Enhancing Cybersecurity: Machine Learning Approaches for Predicting DDoS Attack

Farhan Sadik Ferdous1, Tapu Biswas 1, and Akinul Islam Jony*1

1
Department of Computer Science, American International University-Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh.

KEYWORDS ABSTRACT
Attack Dealing with network security has always been challenging, particularly with regard to the
Cyber Security detection and prevention of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Attacks like
DDoS DDoS bring threats to the network by violating its availability to the probable people who
Machine Learning are in need of using that particular server. It is a type of cyber-attack where a network is
CIC-DDoS2019 Dataset flooded with a huge amount of traffic, overwhelming the system, and making it
Security unavailable. This type of attack focuses on making the service unavailable to rightful
users, without breaching the security perimeter. In a DDoS attack, a master computer
hacks a network of vulnerable computers to send a huge quantity of packets to a server
ARTICLE HISTORY from already captured zombie computers. Researchers have suggested various Machine
learning (ML) algorithms to detect such attacks. To study and analyse DDoS attacks,
Received 3 April 2024 researchers have used the CIC-DDoS2019 dataset. To find out how often a DDoS attack
Received in revised form happens to a server along with the possible pattern of the attack and type of the attack.
14 June 2024 This dataset is utilized to train and evaluate ML models for detecting DDoS attacks. In this
Accepted 22 June 2024 paper, the primary objective is to propose a decent version of DDoS dataset for
Available online 4 July 2024 investigation and evaluate the performance of various state-of-the-art classifiers, such as
Gaussian Naïve Byes (GNB), Bernoulli Naïve Byes (BNB), Random Forest (RF), ID3
Decision Tree (ID3 DT), Logistic Regression (LR), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN),
AdaBoost, CART, and Bagging Classifier ML algorithms to detect DDoS attacks
accurately. Along with that, the experimenter showed that DDoS attacks can be identified
even more accurately if the attacks are stored in a binary way rather than categorized into
13 different types of attacks in the dataset.

© 2024 The Authors. Published by Penteract Technology.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license ([Link]

1. INTRODUCTION consequence of the worm [2]. In August 2016, a botnet of over

The Internet is crucial in the current era as it acts as a 24,000 computers in 30 countries launched a DDoS attack [3].
global information source for all users, making its availability That’s why this paper is motivated to showcase the prevention
imperative. The internet is vast, providing access to of DDoS attack incidents from happening in the future.
information, services, and resources for all sectors. In today's DDoS attack aims to exhaust computing resources,
digital era, information security must be given top priority as preventing normal work from proceeding. Unlike Denial of
everything is connected to the internet. To protect sensitive Service (DoS) attacks, which don't attempt to destroy or
data and personal information from cyber threats and corrupt data, DDoS attacks are modified to include multiple
malicious attacks, it is important to take the necessary steps to sources attacking the targeted system simultaneously [4].
ensure robust and reliable security protocols are in place. As DDoS attacks require a controlling master computer, a target,
its demand grows, security issues arise. There are various and intermediary computers used to generate the attack.
types of attacks targeting the internet that need to be Firstly, in a DDoS attack, the master computer hacks a
recognized, classified, and protected against [1]. Among them, network of computers ("zombies") and uses them to run DoS
one of the most common attacks is DDoS in today's cyber programs, making the attack difficult to detect and defend
world [2]. Although the Morris Worm is the first recorded against [5]. DoS and DDoS attacks try to render resources of a
instance of a DDoS attack, the attack was an unintentional network and make them unavailable to its targeted users [6].
*Corresponding author:
E-mail address: Akinul Islam Jony < akinul@[Link] >.
[Link]
2785-8901/ © 2024 The Authors. Published by Penteract Technology.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license ([Link]
 Akinul Islam Jony et al./ Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology 250

This type of attack can cause significant financial and resource Some of the examples of DDoS attacks are DNS, NTP,
damage to a company. DDoS attacks have gradually become SSDP, LDAP, SNMP, TFTP, MSSQL, Portmap, SYN,
common in the present time where so much of the whole NetBIOS, UDP, and UDP-Lag. These attacks get activated in
infrastructure and services rely on the internet. many network layers. The hacker can either use a single or
many computers as a bot to activate an attack into the network
layer. More than one attack also happened on a server at a
time. When the attacker uses multiple computers, these
computers are called bots or zombies.

Fig. 1. DDoS Attack from 2018-2023 [7]

ML is a sector of computer science that makes machines
predict from data byself without being explicitly programmed
[8]. This is achieved through the use of algorithms that
iteratively adjust and improve their performance as they
process more data. By building a model that accurately
represents a selected dataset, ML can effectively solve
problems [9]. The study used nine different supervised ML
models, including GNB, BNB, RF, ID3 DT, LR, KNN,
AdaBoost, CART, and Bagging classifier. Every one of these
algorithms considers various features of the dataset and gives
correct classifications of the data. The primary focus of this
study is to present a decent DDOS dataset (modified version
of CIC-DDoS2019 Dataset) and find the best ensemble
framework of a supervised model that can help identify and
prevent DDoS scenarios.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
This part covers a brief analysis of all the DDoS attacks
and the present research in this sector of work. Fig 3. DDoS Attack on Different Network Layer
DDoS attacks are intended [10] to make the server Hariharan. M et al. [14] describe this paper as aiming to
ineffectual to give general services, resulting in a network identify DDoS attacks by utilizing the C5.0 ML algorithm.
failure. It is frustrating for users who rely on these services, The objective is to assess the results obtained with other
but thankfully, some measures can be taken to prevent and classifiers such as NB and C4.5 DT. The study will help
mitigate these attacks. Direct DDoS and Reflection-based determine the effectiveness of the C5.0 algorithm in
DDoS are two common types of DDoS attacks [11, 12]. A identifying DDoS attacks and how it compares to other
DDoS is an attack that originated to make networks and commonly used classifiers.
systems’ resources unavailable for legitimate users [13].
K. Narasimha Mallikarjunan et al. [15] contributed to
creating a real-time dataset by using a Naive Bayes technique
for identifying and evaluating its accuracy with the remaining
methods like RF and J48.
Iman Sharafaldin et al. [16] analyzed the existing dataset
completely and proposed a classification for DDoS attacks.
Then present the CICDDoS2019 dataset including 11 DDoS
attacks, which remedies all current shortcomings. Recommend
an identification and classification way of detection based on a
set of features from network flow with a prediction percentage
of 78% in ID3, 77% in RF, 41% NB, and 25% LR.
Sagar Dhanraj Pande et al [17] demonstrated the
classification of normal and attack samples was performed
using the RF algorithm. The accuracy of the classification was
Fig. 2. DDoS Attack 99.76%, which indicates that the algorithm was highly
effective in distinguishing between the two types of samples.
 Akinul Islam Jony et al./ Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology 251

Kimmi Kumari and M. Mrunalini [18] used the CAIDA 3. METHODS AND MATERIALS
2007 dataset for expletory research. The implementation of the
Naïve Byes (NB) and LR algorithm was done using the Weka
data mining platform. The results of this study were carefully
analyzed and compared in order to draw valid conclusions
with a percentage of 99% in both algorithms.
Marwane Zekri et al. [19] implemented a highly effective
system for detecting DDoS that utilizes advanced algorithms
such as Naive Bayesian, C4.5, and K-Means to reduce the
DDoS threat. This system also incorporates signature
detection techniques, which enable it to generate a decision
tree (DT) for automatic and accurate identification of
signature attacks for DDoS flooding attacks.
Raniyah Wazirali and Rami Ahmad contributed [20] to
the evaluation of the use of ML approaches in WSN node
traffic and how they impact the overall WSN network lifetime.
The author thoroughly analyzes the performance metrics of
different ML classifications such as KNN, LR, SVM (Support
Vector Machine), DT, NB, Gboost, LSTM (Long Short-Term
Memory) (e.g., [24]), and MLP, (Multi-Layer Perceptron) on a
WSN-dataset of different sizes. To accurately assess the
effectiveness of these algorithms, the author used various
performance metrics such as Accuracy, F1-score, FPR (False
Positive Ratio), FNR (False Negative Ratio), and training
execution time.
Salim Salmi and Lahcen Oughdir demonstrated [21] that
several deep learning (DL) algorithms like DNN, CNN, RNN,
CNN+RNN based IDS (were trained on WSN-DS dataset) for
identifying 4 types of DoS attacks (Blackhole, Grayhole, Fig. 4. Working Procedure
Flooding, and Scheduling) that affect WSNs. 3.1 Dataset
Mohamed Idhammad et al. [10] present an innovative The dataset is about DDoS attacks [23]. DDoS attacks are
approach for detecting DDoS attacks online using network a significant threat to network security. The attacks
Entropy estimation, Co-clustering, Information Gain Ratio, overwhelm the target network with malicious traffic, making it
and Extra-Trees technique. They used 3 (three) public inaccessible to users. The dataset used in this study was
datasets such as NSL-KDD, UNB ISCX 12, and UNSW- obtained from the Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity [23].
NB15, and achieved a predictive accuracy of 98.23%, 99.88%, The dataset has 87 feature columns and 1 target column,
and 93.71% respectively. Moreover, the false positive rates totaling 88 columns. There are 14 different categorical values
were minimal, with values of 0.33%, 0.35%, and 0.46%, in the target column, including NTP, DNS, LDAP, MSSQL,
respectively. NetBIOS, SNMP, SSDP, UDP, UDP-Lag, WebDDoS, SYN,
TFTP, Portmap, and BENIGN (represents non-attack).
Rami J. Alzahrani and Ahmed Alzahrani [22] worked on Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity has created two datasets
implementing six ML algorithms that include NB, KNN, DT, – one is for training and the other one is for testing [16]. The
SVM, RF, and LR by using WEKA tools to identify DDoS training dataset was created for the day of January 12th,
attacks from the same CICDDoS2019 dataset. The most starting at 10:30 AM and ending at 5:15 PM. This dataset
satisfying accuracy result in the introduced determination was includes 12 types of DDoS attacks, such as NTP, DNS,
obtained by DT and RF methods with 99% accuracy. LDAP, MSSQL, NetBIOS, SNMP, SSDP, UDP, UDP-Lag,
The previous research mentioned datasets were unable to WebDDoS, SYN and TFTP. The testing dataset was created
execute and capture all the DDoS attacks presented in the for the day of March 11th, starting at 9:40 AM and ending at
dataset CIC-DDoS2019, which doesn't contain enough data to 5:35 PM. This dataset includes 7 types of attacks, such as
match the credibility of the dataset. The created dataset in this Portmap, NetBIOS, LDAP, MSSQL, UDP, UDP-Lag, and
paper was used to obtain accuracy through various ML SYN.
algorithms, but only random data from every attack was 3.2 Dataset Preprocessing
chosen to create an idealized dataset. This research study
highlighted the difference in accuracy when the target To propose the modified version of the dataset, both the
variables are modified. Also, this paper initiated to highlight training and testing datasets were used. Here data were
the accuracy, recall, precision, and F1 score by various ML randomly selected 50,000 data for each type of attack (NTP,
techniques using the CIC-DDoS2019 dataset. DNS, LDAP, MSSQL, NetBIOS, SNMP, SSDP, UDP, UDP-
Lag, SYN, and TFTP) from the training dataset, including all
BENIGN data. Additionally, 50,000 Portmap attack data were
also randomly collected, including all benign data from the
testing dataset. WebDDoS data was removed from the dataset
since there was the minimum account of data available for
 Akinul Islam Jony et al./ Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology 252

WebDDoS. After merging all datasets, a new dataset was 3.3.2 Random Forest (RF)
created that contained 661597 records. The new dataset has 87 RF is a well-known [17] ML technique that is commonly
feature columns, 1 target column with 13 target variables. used for classification which was established by Leo Breiman.
After removing the object datatype column during data RF combines [16] the concepts of DT and ensemble learning.
cleaning, the dataset was left with a total of 82 columns. After It uses a forest of several DTs, each using randomly selected
replacing the infinity values with NaN, the corresponding data attributes as its input. To prevent the DT [25] from being
rows are removed from the dataset. The final dataset contains identical, in an RF, a subset of characteristics is randomly
638455 records. The target variable in the final dataset was selected for each node. The rest of the parameters are then
renamed from its original names (DrDoS_DNS, used for the DT within the forest.
DrDoS_LDAP, etc.) to more concise names (DNS, LDAP, 1
etc.). 𝑃(𝑌 = 1|𝑋) = (2)
1+ 𝑒(−(𝑏0+𝑏1×𝑋1+𝑏2×𝑋2+⋯+𝑏𝑛×𝑋𝑛)) )

3.3.3 Decision Tree (DT)

DT will be immensely effectual [15] in terms of modeling
and extraction from vast amounts of data by generating a set
of decision rules [25]. The leaves of the tree present classes,
while every child node and its branches present a composition
of attributes that result in classification. To classify an object,
the process starts with the root node and then moves down the
corresponding branches until reaching the leaf node.
3.3.4 Logistic Regression (LR)
Fig. 5. Target Matrix Visualization (13 types of attacks) LR [16] is a classification method that can be used to
solve multiclass problems. LR is similar to other regression
After that, a new target column was created named analyses in that it can be used to represent data and establish
“Class”. Here The attacks and non-attacks are identified as the relationship between features (attributes) and target
“ATTACK” and “BENIGN”. variables (classes).
3.3.5 K Nearest Neighbor (KNN)
Another supervised ML technique is KNN which
classifies a new object based on its nearest neighbors, with the
value of k being a positive integer that is defined beforehand.
KNN has proven to be extremely effective [19], particularly in
classification problems across various domains. Essentially,
KNN will locate all points that are less distant from the
unknown data, and then select those that are closest to it. As a
result, it is sometimes referred to as a distance-based
algorithm. It can be time-consuming to train KNN classifiers
when values are not readily available, and KNNs can also be
quite expensive in terms of storage time due to the vast data
involved.
Fig. 6. Target Matrix Visualization (Attack/Non-attack)
3.3.6 Adaboost
3.3 Machine Learning Algorithms The AdaBoost algorithm [26] is a powerful technique
proposed by Freund and Schapire for creating a strong
3.3.1 Naïve Byes (NB)
classifier by linking multiple weak classifiers together in a
NB is a powerful tool [15] in machine learning that allows series. The key to its success is the ability to identify and focus
to classify data based on assigned class labels. It is based on on difficult-to-classify samples, assigning higher weights to
the Bayes theorem [25] and uses conditional probabilities to misclassified points as the process continues. As a result,
make predictions. The main assumption of Naive Bayes [22] subsequent weak classifiers are better equipped to handle
is that all attributes are independent of each other. When this these challenging samples. By combining the predictions of all
assumption is met, Naive Bayes classifiers can outperform the weak classifiers final prediction is made, with each
other models like LR while using less training data. classifier's contribution weighted based on its individual
performance. Overall, the AdaBoost algorithm is an effective
tool for improving classification accuracy and producing
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐴) robust classifiers.
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = (1)
𝑃(𝐵) 3.3.7 Cart
CART measures [27] The system analyses the amount of
impurity in the data provided and creates a binary tree
structure. Every internal node of the tree generates a decision
based on a specific attribute, resulting in exactly two possible
 Akinul Islam Jony et al./ Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology 253

classes being outputted. CART calculates the Gini index for

each attribute and selects the one with the lowest value. By
selecting the attribute with the lowest Gini index recursively,
the tree is built. It's an interesting approach that seems to be
effective in certain scenarios.
3.3.8 Bagging
One of the most well-known and frequently used
ensemble techniques for data classification and prediction is
Bootstrap Aggregation [27]. By joining the outcomes of every
classifier to create a final output class, an improved combined
classifier is created. Studies have shown that this bagging
approach can show better results than individual classifiers
built from the real training data, as it can remove the
inconsistency of single inducers. To combine the results of
each classifier, a voting approach is used. With the measure
same probability each classifier selects each instance, unlike in Fig. 7. DDoS Attack Detection Result (13 types of attacks)
boosting where it depends on its weight.
In Fig. 7, the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores of
3.4 Evaluation Metrics nine ML classifiers are shown. The table indicates that the NB
Four performance metrics precision, recall, accuracy, and has the lowest accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score which
F1-measure are used to assess the dataset prediction. is 20%, 32%, 20%, and 15%. While the RF classifier performs
exceptionally well with high accuracy, precision, recall, and
Accuracy is the proportion of accurately categorized
F1 score which are 78%, 78%, 78%, and 78%. On the other
DDoS attack instances or benign instances out of all instances
hand, the performances of ID3 DT, KNN, CART, and
in the dataset. It identifies the ratio of accurate predictions
Bagging classifiers are very similar to the RF classifier whose
corresponding to every sample [21, 24].
accuracy is 73% to 75%. Along with the NB classifier BNB,
𝑇𝑃 LR, and AdaBoost were unable to predict a decent amount of
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 = (3) attack from the dataset.
𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁 + 𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑃
Table 1. Performance Metrics for ML Algorithms (13 Types
Precision is the proportion of identifying correctly of Attacks)
detected attacks to every packet categorized as attacks. [16,
21]. Prediction Model Accuracy Precision Recall F1 Score
𝑇𝑃 Gaussian NB 0.20 0.32 0.20 0.15
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 = (4) Bernoulli NB 0.41 0.37 0.40 0.34
𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑃
Random Forest 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78
ID3 Decision Tree 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Logistic 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66
Recall is the ratio of the capacity to accurately classify an Regression
attack upon all generated flows [16, 21]. KNN 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72
𝑇𝑃 AdaBoost 0.44 0.39 0.44 0.38
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (5) CART 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁 Bagging Classifier 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77
F-Measure is an integration mean of the precision and
recall into a single measure [16, 21, 24].
𝑇𝑁 + 𝑇𝑃
𝐹 − 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = (6)
2𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁 + 𝐹𝑃

4. RESULTS AND FINDINGS

The experiments are conducted using the CIC-DDoS2019
dataset [23]. This research paper experimented with nine
different machine learning models to predict their accuracy,
precision, recall, and F1 score. The models that have been
used in this paper include GNB, BNB, RF, ID3 DT, LR, KNN,
AdaBoost, CART, and the Bagging classifier.

Fig. 8. DDoS Attack Detection Result (Attack/Non-attack)

 Akinul Islam Jony et al./ Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology 254

In Fig. 8, the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores of

nine classifiers are displayed. Here the target variable is class
where the attacks are categorized as “ATTACK” and non-
attacks are categorized as “BENIGN”. The table indicates that
the Naïve Bayes technique has the lowest accuracy, precision,
recall, and F1 score which is almost 90% while the RF, ID3
DT, and Bagging classifier perform exceptionally well with
very high accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score which is
100%. On the other hand, the performances of KNN and
CART classifiers perform well too with an accuracy of 99%.
In Table 2, three of the classifiers identified the attacks
with almost 100% accuracy with a recall of also nearly 100%.
Here we can see the prediction model performs much more
efficiently when it has fewer labels to identify in the target.
Fig. 10. Confusion Matrix (13 types of attacks)
Whenever the attacks are categorized in 13 different names the
accuracy seems to be less than it is in 2 categories.
Table 2. Performance Metrics for ML Algorithms
(Attack/Non-attack)
Prediction Model Accuracy Precision Recall F1 Score
Gaussian NB 0.89 0.66 0.56 0.57
Bernoulli NB 0.97 0.89 0.95 0.92
Random Forest 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99
ID3 Decision Tree 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Logistic 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
Regression
KNN 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
AdaBoost 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
CART 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
Bagging Classifier 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.99
Fig. 11. Confusion Matrix (Attack/Non-attack)
Here the prediction model performs much more 5. CONCLUSION
efficiently when it has fewer labels to identify in the target
DoS and DDoS attacks are becoming [28] increasingly
variable. Whenever the attacks are categorized in 13 different

Fig. 9. Comparison Between Table 1 and Table 2

names the accuracy seems to be less than when it is in 2 sophisticated, making it difficult for real (target) users to
categories. So, in the end, the result showcased that if attacks access network resources. It's crucial to develop a
are stored in the dataset as attack and non-attack it can be comprehensive defense strategy to combat these attacks. The
identified way more accurately rather than when it is research study presented in this paper started by understanding
categorized. Also, for identifying the attack RF, ID3 DT, and analyzing the relationship between the instance of the
KNN, AdaBoost, CART, and the Bagging are most dataset time of the CIC-DDoS2019 Dataset. It also tries to
recommended. Among them, RF and AdaBoost are the best analyze the DDoS attack ways and gives a thorough analysis
models to predict attacks because they can overcome of how it happens. An observant fact has been identified that
overfitting and improve performance through ensemble requests [18] tend to decrease as the rate at which requests are
methods. processed increases. This shortening was chosen carefully
using a random function so that there would be no bias in
choosing the data. Various ML [20] models have been
introduced to identify DDoS attacks. The outcome showcases
 Akinul Islam Jony et al./ Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology 255

that the proposed way of work is not only feasible but also [14] M. Hariharan, H.K. Abhishek, and B.G. Prasad, "DDoS attack detection
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