PATHFit 1

Movement
Competen
cy
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Module 2: Core Anatomy
Desired Learning Outcomes
In this module, challenge yourself to attain the following desired learning outcomes:
 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the anatomical positioning of human body
 Identify the different anatomical terms
 Find interest and value the benefits of practicing correct position and posture.

Introduction
Anatomy is a field in science concerned with the identification and description of the body
structures of living things. It is used in the medical field to identify the different parts of the body for
better diagnosis of injuries and illnesses. In Physical Education, anatomy is used to identify the body
parts that are utilized when engaging in physical activities. When dealing with the utilization of the
different body parts and to have a better understanding of their functions, we need to equip ourselves
with knowledge about physiology. Physiology is the study of how the human body works. It deals
with the functions of every part of our body. One of the major functions of our body is to execute
various types of movements and this is where kinesiology comes into play. The study of movement is
what we call kinesiology.

Core anatomy identifies the group of trunk and hip muscles that surround the spine,
abdominal viscera and hip. Core muscles are essential for proper load balance within the spine,
pelvis, and kinetic chain. They prevent the spine from receiving excessive load and are essential for
load transfer between the upper and lower body. Core exercises train the muscles in your core to
work in harmony that leads to better balance and steadiness, also called stability. Stability is
important when we are engaging in various physical activities.

Engaging in physical activities, especially those that concentrates on our core muscles allow
us to enhance our muscular strength and endurance as well as our range of motion.

Pre-Test
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if the statement is wrong.

_____ 1. An adult human body is composed of a total number of 260 bones.

_____ 2. The two bones located on our forearm are called tibia and fibula.

_____ 3. Sagittal plane is the plane that divides our body horizontally into upper and lower portions.

_____ 4. The frontal plane is the plane that divides our body into an anterior and posterior portion.

_____ 5. The movement along the sagittal plane that decreases the angle of the joint is called flexion.

_____ 6. An example of open kinetic chain is opening a door.

_____ 7. The inward curve of the lumbar spine is called lumbar lordosis.

_____ 8. Thoracic kyphosis is the excessive curvature in the thoracic spine.

_____ 9. The shoulder is proximal to the elbow.

_____ 10. The heart is inferior to the abdomen.

Module in PE4 – Sports | 1

Lesson 2.1 Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
Understanding anatomical position and directional terms is fundamental to studying human
anatomy. These concepts provide a standardized reference point for describing the locations and
relationships of body structures, which is crucial for clear and precise communication in the medical
and scientific fields or even in studying Physical Education

In this module, we will explore the anatomical position, the foundational stance from which all
anatomical terms are based. You’ll learn how this position serves as the reference point for describing
the relative positions of different body parts.

We will also explore into the key directional terms used to describe locations and movements
in the body. Terms like anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, medial, and lateral are not just jargon
but essential tools for effectively communicating anatomical and clinical information.

By mastering these concepts, you will gain a clearer understanding of how to describe body
structures and their relationships, setting the stage for more advanced studies in anatomy and related
fields. Let’s begin our journey into the fascinating world of anatomical terminology!

Muscles of the Core

“All the muscles in your core work together to allow movement in

different directions, support your spine, and keep your organs in place,”
explains Danyele Wilson, CPT, trainer for the app Tone & Sculpt. “When all
these muscles are strong and working together, your functional
performance improves, along with your balance and stability.” In fact,
studies show that all types of athletes—from hockey players to runners—
perform better with core training.
A strong core can potentially prevent
injuries (particularly to your back), too. Plus, if you're
mending a current injury, consistent
core work (coupled with regular full-
body strength training) is your best
bet at easing back pain, according to
research published in the Journal of
Physical Therapy Science.

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What Is the “Core”?
There are many common misconceptions about the “core”
even among fitness professionals. Most people probably
think that the core is simply the abdominals, aka “6-pack.”
However, the core is much more than that.
The core is the center of our body and it functions to stabilize the
trunk while the arms and legs move during functional movements.
When we view it this way, we see that the core actually includes:
 Muscles that stabilize the hips.
 The system of muscles that make up the torso (on the front, the
sides, and the back of the body).
 Muscles that stabilize the shoulders.

Why Is the Core so Important?

The core muscles have two main functions
1) to spare the spine from excessive load and
2) to transfer force from the lower body to the upper body and vice versa.
Having a strong, stable core helps us to prevent injuries and allows us to perform
at our best.
Injuries to the spine tend to come from a combination of bending forward,
side to side or rotating excessively. Back injuries are not usually linked to one
specific incident (lifting something heavy), but rather to a history or excessive
load with bad mechanics. In order to protect the back, ideally, we want to create
360 degrees of stiffness around the spine as we move, run, jump, throw, lift
objects and transfer force throughout our body. We do this when all of the
muscles in our hips, torso and shoulders work together.
Having a stable core is important for preventing injuries and also for
enhancing performance in sports and other activities. Don’t worry about training
specific muscles - they are ALL important for spinal stability. Think instead about
how the body moves and how to challenge the core from bending and twisting
too much in any direction. Having a neutral spine throughout the duration of the
exercises is critical to executing them correctly and safely.
The muscles of the core are built for endurance, not for maximum
strength, so it’s best to increase reps as strength improves. Finally, working with
a fitness professional to help ensure safety and proper technique is

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recommended to help develop a core stability program that will deliver positive
results.

Definition of Body Planes and Sections: Planes are imaginary lines that create
sections or slices of the body when a cut is made down that plane.
Types of Body Planes
There are 3 main body planes - sagittal, coronal, and transverse.
Oblique and longitudinal planes are minor planes discussed at the end.
A simple trick to remember the 3 major body planes is to take the word section,
since we are discussing body planes and sections, and abbreviate it “SCT”.
This will help you remember Sagittal, Coronal, and Transverse.
Section = “SCT”
1. S = Sagittal Plane (Vertical)
2. C = Coronal Plane (Vertical)

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 3. T = Transverse Plane (Horizontal)

Sagittal Plane: The sagittal plane runs vertically from top to bottom and
front to back, and divides the body into right and left sections.

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Coronal Plane: A coronal plane runs vertically from top to bottom and
right to left, and divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior)
sections.
Transverse Plane: A transverse plane runs horizontally from right to left
and front to back, and divides the body into top (superior) and bottom
(inferior) sections

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 Anatomical Directional Terms
Anatomical Position: The standard
body position is used to describe
anatomical directional terms, body
planes and sections, and anatomy
definitions.
Finally, right and left refer to the
patient’s right and left side as
indicated by the “R” and “L” below.
In other words. If you were looking at
the patient, then the right side would
be on your left and the left side would be on your right.
The anatomical position gives us a consistent, universal way of discussing
anatomy.

Medial vs Lateral
The first pair of directional terms is
medial and lateral.
To better understand medial and
lateral, let’s divide the body into right
and left sections using a sagittal plane.
Anatomical Directional Terms: A
midsagittal plane through the midline
of the body will be used as our
reference point for medial and lateral.
Medial
If we move toward the midline
of the body, then we are
moving medial.
Therefore, medial is defined as
“the middle or toward the
midline or middle of the body”.
In other words, we are moving
away from the sides and
toward the midline.
This is medial.
Medial is easy to remember, simply use the letter “M” to think of “Medial”,
“Midline”, and “Middle”.
Lateral
If we move away from the midline of
the body, then we are moving lateral.
Therefore, lateral is defined as “the
side or toward the side of the body”.
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In other words, we are moving away from the midline and toward the sides.
Examples of Medial and Lateral

Examples of Medial and Lateral Examples of

Let’s start with some basic examples Let’s say the
of medial and lateral. on her face as
We can say the nose is medial to You could des
the eyes, as the nose is more lateral to freck
toward the midline compared to the Or you could
eyes. to freckle 1.
Or we can say the eyes are lateral
to the nose, as the eyes are more
toward the side of the body
compared to the nose.

Summary of Medial and Latera

Hopefully medial and lateral make more sen
Remember medial is toward the midline, and “Medial”, “Midline”
the letter “M”.
Lateral is toward the side, and the “Lat” muscles stretch towa

Superior vs Inferior
The next pair of directional terms is superior and
inferior.
Rather than dividing the body into right and left sections like we
did above, we will now divide the body into upper and lower
portions using a transverse plane.
You might recall in the previous lecture on body planes that the
transverse plane runs horizontally, and it divides the body into
upper and lower sections.
The transverse line will be our reference point when describing
superior and inferior.
Anatomical Directional Terms: A transverse plane will be used as our
reference point for superior and inferior.
Superior
If we move toward the head,
then we are moving superior.
Therefore, superior is defined
as “above or toward the
head”.

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You can think of “Superior” and “Skull” which both start with the letter “S” to
help you remember superior is toward the head.

Inferior
If we move away from the
head, then we are moving
inferior.
Therefore, inferior is defined
as “below or away from the
head”.
You can use the “F” in
inferior to think of “Floor”,
and this can help you
remember inferior is toward the floor.

Superior (Cranial) and Inferior (Caudal)

Superior and inferior also go by different names. Another name for superior is
cranial, which makes sense because we are moving toward the cranium or
head. Another name for inferior is caudal. Caudal means tail, which makes
sense because we
are moving toward the tail
away from the head.

Examples of Superior and Inferior

Let’s start with If we go back to

some basic our freckle
examples of example, we can
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 superior and inferior using our same see freckle 1 is superior and lateral to
image. freckle 2.
We can say the eyes are superior to Or we can say freckle 2 is inferior and
the nose, as the eyes are above the medial to freckle 1.
nose.
We can also say the nose is superior
to the mouth, as the nose is above
the mouth.
Or we can say the mouth is inferior to
the nose, as the mouth is below the
nose.
We can also say the nose is inferior
to the eyes, as the nose is below the
eyes.

Summary of Superior, Inferior, Medial, and Lateral

Superior, inferior, medial, and lateral can also
be used to describe different sides of a
structure.
Let’s look at the right lung as an example.
The outer border toward the side of the body
will be the lateral aspect of the right lung.
The inner border toward the midline of the
body will be the medial aspect.
The upper portion toward the head will be the
superior aspect of the lung.
Finally, the inferior aspect will be toward the
floor away from the head.

Anterior vs Posterior
The next pair of directional terms is anterior and posterior.
Rather than dividing the
body into right and left
sections or upper and lower
sections, we will now divide
the body into front and back
portions using a coronal
plane.
Remember in the previous
lecture on body planes that
the coronal or frontal plane
runs vertically side to side,
and it divides the body into
front and back sections.
The coronal line below will be our reference point when describing anterior and
posterior.
If we move toward the front of the body, then we are moving anterior.

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Therefore, anterior is defined as “the front or toward the front of the
body”.
If we move toward the back of the body, then we are moving posterior.
Therefore, posterior is defined as “the back or toward the back of the body”.
“A” comes before “P” in the alphabet, and this can help you remember anterior
is in the front and posterior is in the back.

Examples of Anterior and Posterior

Let’s review examples of anterior and You could also say the patella
posterior by looking at a side (sagittal) (kneecap) is located on the anterior
view of the brain. side of the leg, and the olecranon
We can see the frontal lobe is anterior (elbow) is located on the posterior
to the occipital lobe, as the frontal side of the arm.
lobe is more toward the front of the
body.
We can also see the occipital lobe is
posterior to the frontal lobe, as the
occipital lobe is more toward the back
of the body.
Summary of Anterior and Posterior
Hopefully that helped clarify anterior and posterior.
Remember “A” comes before “P” in the alphabet, and this can help you recall anterior
is toward the front and posterior is toward the back.

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Proximal vs Distal
The next pair of directional
terms is proximal and
distal.
Proximal and distal are most
commonly used on the
extremities and tubular
structures.
Proximal
If we move toward the trunk
or point of attachment, then
we are moving proximal.
Therefore, proximal is
defined as “toward the
trunk or near the point of
attachment or origin”.
For proximal, you can think
of the word “proximity”
which means near or close.
Distal
If we move away from the
trunk or point of
attachment, then we are
moving distal.
Therefore, distal is defined
as “away from the trunk or
far from the point of attachment or origin”.
For distal, you can think of the word “distant” which means far away from.
Examples of Proximal and Distal

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Superficial vs Deep
The next pair of directional terms is superficial and deep.
Superficial
If we move closer to the surface of the body, then we are moving
superficial. Therefore, superficial is defined as “closer to the surface”.
“Superficial” and “Surface” both start with the letter “S” which makes it easy to
remember

Deep
If we move away from the surface of the body, then we are moving deep.
Therefore, deep is defined as “away from the surface of the body”.
The term is self-explanatory as we are moving deeper into the body.

Examples of Superficial and Deep

The skin is superficial to the ribs, as the skin is closer to the surface compared to
the ribs.
The ribs are superficial to the lungs, as the ribs are closer to the surface of the
body compared to the lungs.
Or you can say the lungs are deep to the ribs, as the lungs are farther away from
the surface compared to the ribs.

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The ribs are deep to the skin, as the ribs are farther away from the surface of the
body compared to the skin.

Unilateral vs Bilateral
Unilateral
Unilateral involves one side of the body.
For example, a patient could have a rash involving the right arm only as depicted
by the star below.
The rash would be described as a unilateral rash involving the right upper
extremity.
You might recall from the medical prefix lecture that “uni-” means one or single,
which will help you remember unilateral involves one side of the body.
We know from above that lateral means “side or to the side”, so unilateral
literally translates to “one side”.
Bilateral
Bilateral involves both
sides of the body.
Now let’s say the patient
has a rash involving both
arms as depicted by the 2
stars below.
The rash would be
described as a rash
involving the bilateral
upper extremities.
We learned in the medical
prefix lecture that “bi-”
means two or double,
which will help you
remember bilateral
involves both sides of the
body.

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We know from above that lateral means “side or to the side”, so bilateral literally
translates to “two sides”.

Ipsilateral vs Contralateral
Finally, we have ipsilateral and contralateral.
Ipsilateral
Ipsilateral is defined as “on the same side of the body”.
For example, if a patient presents after a car accident with a laceration and an
abrasion on their right arm as depicted by the 2 stars below, then those injuries
are ipsilateral to one another.
You might recall from the medical prefix lecture that “ipsi-” means same, which
will help you remember ipsilateral means the same side of the body.
We know from above that lateral means “side or to the side”, so ipsilateral
literally translates to “same side”.

Contralateral

Contralateral is defined as “on opposite sides of the body”.

For example, if a patient presents after a car accident with a laceration on their
right arm and an abrasion on their left arm, then those injuries are contralateral
to each other.
We learned in the medical prefix lecture that “contra-” means opposite, which
will help you remember contralateral means on opposite sides of the body.
We know from above that lateral means “side or to the side”, so contralateral
literally translates to “opposite sides”.

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 Body Movements
There are general anatomical terms that can be used to describe most
movements the body makes. Most terms have a clear opposite, and so are
treated in pairs. These pairs include:
 flexion - extension
 abduction - adduction
 circumduction (no opposite)
 elevation - depression
 internal/medial rotation - external/lateral rotation
 dorsiflexion - plantar flexion
 pronation - supination
 inversion - eversion
 protrusion/protraction - retrusion/retraction
 opposition - reposition
Flexion & Extension
Flexion and extension describe movements that affect the angle between two
parts of the body. Flexion describes a bending movement that decreases the
angle between a segment and its proximal segment. Extension is the opposite of
flexion, describing a straightening movement that increases the angle between
body parts

Abduction & Adduction

Abduction is the motion of a structure away from the midline
while adduction refers to motion towards the center of the body. The center of
the body is defined as the midsagittal plane. These terms come from Latin words
with similar meanings, ab- being the Latin prefix indicating "away," ad- indicating
"toward," and ducere meaning "to draw or pull" (cf. English words "duct,"
"conduct," "induction"). Abduction refers to a motion that pulls a structure or
part away from the midline of the body. In the case of fingers and toes, it refers

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to spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot.
Adduction refers to a motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of
the body, or towards the midline of a limb.

Circumduction
Circumduction refers to a conical movement of a body part, such as a ball and
socket joint or the eye. Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension,
adduction and abduction. Circumduction can be best performed at ball and

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socket joints, such as the hip and shoulder, but may also be performed by other
parts of the body such as fingers, hands, feet, and head.

Elevation & Depression

The terms elevation and depression refer to movement above and below the
horizontal. Elevation refers to movement in a superior direction. Depression
refers to movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation.

Internal/Medial Rotation & External/Lateral Rotation

Rotation of body parts is referred to as internal or external, referring to rotation
towards or away from the center of the body. Internal rotation (or medial
rotation) refers to rotation towards the axis of the body. External
rotation (or lateral rotation) refers to rotation away from the center of the body.

Dorsiflexion & Plantar Flexion

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion refer to extension or
flexion of the foot at the ankle. These terms refer to
flexion in direction of the "back" of the foot, dorsum
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pedi, which is the upper surface of the foot when standing, and flexion in
direction of the sole of the foot, plantar pedi. These terms are used to resolve
confusion, as technically extension of the joint refers to dorsiflexion, which could
be considered counter-intuitive as the motion reduces the angle between the
foot and the leg. Dorsiflexion is where the toes are brought closer to the shin.
This decreases the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the leg. Plantar
flexion or plantarflexion is the movement which decreases the angle between
the sole of the foot and the back of the leg.

Pronation & Supination

Pronation and supination refer most generally to

assuming prone or supine positions, but often they are used in a specific sense
referring to rotation of the forearm or foot so that in the standard anatomical
position the palm or sole is facing anteriorly (supination) or posteriorly
(pronation). Pronation at the forearm is a rotational movement where the hand
and upper arm are turned inwards. Pronation of the foot refers to turning of the
sole outwards, so that weight is borne on the medial part of the foot. Supination
of the forearm occurs when the forearm or palm are rotated outwards.
Supination of the foot refers to turning of the sole of the foot inwards, shifting
weight to the lateral edge.

Opposition and Reposition

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Opposition is a small hand movement consisting of the thumb touching the tips
of the other digits. Opposition is defined as positioning something near or close
to each other. In medicine, the opposition of the hand is a motion created by
several muscles, bones, and nerves working in sync

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ACTIVITY 2.1

A&P Directional Terminology Worksheet

Name:_________________________________
Date:_______________
ID Number:____________________________
Score:______________

A. Matching Type: Match the directional terms with its description.

1. Medial A. Towards the front of the body

2. Lateral B. Away from the surface; Underneath
3. Inferior C. Closer to the trunk, in reference to
extremity
4. Superior D. Towards the midline
5. Proximal E. Toward the bottom
6. Distal F. Close to the surface
7. Superficial G. Toward the back of the body
8. Deep H. Away from the midline of the body
9. Anterior I. Toward the head
10. Posterior J. Referencing the extremities, father from the
trunk

B. Fill in the Blanks: Use the most appropriate directional term(s) to complete the
sentence.

11. The neck is _________________________ to the knee.

12. The occipital lobe is _________________________ to the nose.
13. The head is _________________________ to the femur.
14. The nose is _________________________ the lips
15. The shoulder is _________________________ to the sternum
16. The finger is _________________________ to the biceps
17. The heart is _________________________ to the ribs
18. The hair is _________________________ to the brain
19. The thumb is _________________________ to the middle finger
20. The naval is _________________________ to the nape

C. Essay: What is the importance of Anatomical Position and Directional terms in

Physical Education? (10 points)

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Lesson 2.2 Kinetic Chain and Posture

KINETIC CHAIN

Anatomically, the kinetic chain

describes the interrelated groups of
body segments, connecting joints, and
muscles working together to perform
movements and the portion of the spine
to which they connect.

KINETIC
CHAIN

The upper kinetic chain consists of

the fingers, wrists, forearms,
elbows, upper arms, shoulders,
shoulder blades, and spinal
column.

The lower kinetic chain includes

the toes, feet, ankles, lower legs,
knees, upper legs, hips, pelvis, and
spine.

MOBILITY AND STABILITY OF THE KINETIC CHAIN

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 POSTURE
The relative position of the body
and/or the arrangement of its
body parts at any moment.

A good posture exists when

there is minimal stress acting on
multiple joints and minimal
muscle activity is needed to
keep the position.

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There are two kinds of kinetic chain exercises:
OPEN AND CLOSE KINETIC CHAIN

It is classified as an OPEN KINETIC CHAIN if the distal part is FREE TO MOVE.

It is classified as a CLOSED KINETIC CHAIN if the distal part of the chain is

FIXED.

During the execution of an OPEN

KINETIC CHAIN EXERCISE, the hand (Upper Body Exercise) or foot (Lower Body
Exercise)is free to move.

An example of an open chain lower body exercise is a machine seated knee

extension , in which the fee are free to move in space.

An example of an open chain upper body exercise is a standing barbell or dumbbell

arm curl in which the biceps and brachialis are recruited to flex the elbow joint.

A CLOSED KINETIC CHIN

EXERCISE is characterized by the
hand or foot being in a position
where it cannot freely move. An
example of a closed kinetic chain
exercise for the lower body is the
body weight or loaded squat, in
which the body pushes itself away
from the immovable surface of the
floor.

When applying the principle of closed kinetic chain exercise to the upper body, the
body weight push up from the floor can be used to recruit the entire shoulder girdle
core.

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 ACTIVITY 2.2

Name:______________
Date:_______________
ID Number:________________________
Score:______________

IDENTIFICATION: IDENTIFY IF THE FOLLOWING EXERCISES/ACTIVIES SHOWS AN

OPEN OR CLOSED KINETIC CHAIN

Bench Press Lunges Back Squat Bicep Curl

__________ __________ __________ __________

Lying Chest-Fly Lat Pull Down

Shoulder Taps Push Up
__________ __________ __________

Hamstring Curl Triceps Extension Leg Extension Retraction/Protraction

__________ __________ __________ __________

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Post Test

A. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer.

1. Which of the following is not true about the muscles of the core?
A. Muscles that stabilize the hips
B. Muscles that enable an individual to jump
C. Muscles that stabilize the shoulders
D. The system of muscles that make up the torso

2. What field in science is concerned with the identification and description of the body
structures of living things?
A. Anatomy
B. Biology
C. Kinesiology
D. Physiology

3. The study of how the human body works and the functions of every part of our body.

A. Anatomy
B. Analogy
C. Kinesiology
D. Physiology

4. These are imaginary lines that create sections or slices of the body when a cut is made
down that plane.
A. Coronal Plane
B. Body Planes
C. Sagittal Plane
D. Transverse Plane

5. The "anatomical" position is best described as a person:

A. Standing, facing forward, palms forward
B. Lying on their back, palms facing down
C. Standing facing sideways, palms facing thighs
D. Lying on their stomach, palms up

6. A plane that runs from top to bottom, dividing the body into unequal left and right parts is
called:
A. Coronal Plane
B. Parasagittal Plane
C. Sagittal Plane
D. Transverse Plane

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 7. This describes the interrelated groups of body segments, connecting joints, and muscles
working together to perform movements.
A. Anatomical Position
B. Directional Terms
C. Kinetic Chain
D. Posture

8. When the part farthest from the body (e.g., foot or hand) moves freely and isn't fixed to an
object it is _____________?
A. Close Kinetic Chain
B. Key Chain
C. Kinetic Chain
D. Open Kinetic Chain

9. When the extremity remains in constant contact with the immobile surface, usually the
ground or the base of a machine it describes _____________?
A. Close Kinetic Chain
B. Chain Links
C. Kinetic Chain
D. Open Kinetic Chain

10. The relative position of the body and/or the arrangement of its body parts at any moment.
A. Anatomical Position
B. Directional Terms
C. Kinetic Chain
D. Posture
B. Identification: Read carefully and choose the correct answer in the box.

SUPERIOR ANTERIOR PROXIMAL LATERAL DISTAL

INFERIOR POSTERIOR SUPERFICIAL DEEP MEDIAL

11. __________ is used to describe a structure that is situated above relative to a

specific reference point.

12. __________ indicates that the body part in question is “in front of” or “front”

13. __________ Is used to describe a position farther from the surface of the body.

14. __________ indicates that it is away or farthest away from the trunk of the body or
the point of origin.

15. __________ is used to describe the side or direction toward the side of the body.

16. __________ indicates that the body part in question is “in behind of” or “behind”

17. __________ is used to describe a position closer to the surface of the body.

18. __________ indicates that it is closest or towards the trunk of the body or point of
origin.

19. __________ is used to describe the middle direction toward the middle of the body.

20. __________ is used to describe a structure that is situated below relative to a

specific reference point.

Module in PATHFit 1 – Movement Competency Training

 C. Modified True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if it's false, change the
word with the underlined with the correct term to make the statement correct.

21. The forehead is Inferior to the chin

22. The occipital lobe is Posterior to the frontal lobe
23. The ears are Lateral to the mouth.
24. The toes are Proximal to the knee.
25. The elbow is Distal to the wrist
26. The navel is Medial to the hips
27. The lungs are Superficial to the ribs
28. The ankles are Inferior to the neck
29. The scalp is Deep to the skull
30. The face is Anterior to the nape

D. Identification: Identify if the following exercises/ activities shows an open or closed kinetic
chain.

31. Bicep Curls - ____________ 36. Chest-Fly - ____________

32. Squats - ____________ 37. Lunges - ____________
33. Push-ups - ____________ 38. Pull up - ____________
34. Hamstring Curl - ____________ 39. Bench Press - ____________
35. Hip Abduction - ____________ 40. Leg press - ____________

E. Essay (10 Points):

Module in PATHFit 1 – Movement Competency Training

 Why is it important to strengthen our core muscles? What are the ways to strengthen it?

References
Books

Gordon, B., et al., (2022). “Anatomy and Physiology” ISBN-13: 978-1-938168-30-7

Charles, M., (2024). “Anatomy and Physiology I Lab” Creative Commons Attribution

Online Resource

EZ Med., (2023). Anatomical Position and Directional Terms.

[Link]

EZ Med., (2023). Anatomical Position: Body Planes and Sections..

[Link]

Bewley. M., (2023). The Kinetic Chain & Human Movement., Critical Reload
[Link]

Healthline., (2019). Kinetic Chain Exercises: Open and Close

[Link]

Module in PATHFit 1 – Movement Competency Training