Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

In this chapter, the literature and studies conducted by experts and authors,

which are closely related to the phenomenon under investigation, were reviewed. The

chapter explored the connection between social media usage and junior high school

students.

Social Media

Social media has become an essential part of our daily routines, transforming

the way we communicate, share information, and interact with others. With the

advancement of technology, social media platforms have gained immense popularity

and have revolutionized our global connections. This review aims to examine the

existing literature on social media, emphasizing its impact on various aspects of society.

Social media platforms have brought about a communication revolution by offering

instant and widespread connectivity. According to a study conducted by the Pew

Research Center in (2021), 72% of adults in the United States utilize social media

platforms to connect with others.

These platforms provide a range of communication tools, including instant messaging,

video calls, and voice chats, enabling individuals to stay connected with friends, family,

and colleagues across the world. The impact of social media on relationships has

attracted the attention of researchers. While social media has undoubtedly facilitated

the maintenance of long-distance relationships and the reconnection with old friends, it

has also presented certain challenges. A study conducted by Kuss and Griffiths (2017)

revealed that excessive use of social media can have negative effects on the quality of
relationships, including heightened jealousy and reduced satisfaction. It is crucial for

individuals to find a balance between online and offline interactions in order to nurture

healthy relationships.

Social Media and Mental Health The correlation between social media usage and

mental health has been extensively examined in recent years. While social media

platforms can foster a sense of belonging and provide support, they can also contribute

to feelings of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Research conducted by Lin et

al. (2016) indicates that excessive use of social media, particularly passive consumption

of others' posts, is linked to higher levels of depressive symptoms. It is crucial to

prioritize digital well-being and advocate for responsible social media usage to

safeguard mental health.

Social Media and Political Engagement Social media platforms have also played a

significant role in shaping political engagement and activism. The ability to share

information and mobilize online has empowered individuals to express their opinions

and participate in political discussions. A study conducted by Boulianne (2019)

discovered that social media usage positively influences political participation,

especially among young adults. However, the prevalence of misinformation and echo

chambers on social media platforms presents challenges to informed political discourse.

Undoubtedly, social media has revolutionized the way we communicate, maintain

relationships, and engage with the world. While it offers numerous advantages, it is

crucial to be aware of the potential negative impacts, such as relationship difficulties,

mental health issues, and political polarization. Further research is necessary to explore
strategies for promoting responsible social media usage and mitigating associated risks.

Positive Benefits of Social Media Usage

Social media has become a crucial aspect of the everyday routines of middle

school students. Despite worries about the adverse consequences of excessive social

media use, it is vital to recognize the potential advantages it can offer to this age group.

This analysis seeks to examine the favorable effects of social media use among middle

school students, with a focus on research conducted since 2018.

Social media has become an essential part of the daily lives of middle school

students. While concerns exist regarding the negative effects of excessive social media

use, it is crucial to recognize the potential positive impacts it can have on this specific

age group. This analysis aims to explore the favorable effects of social media use

among middle school students, with a focus on studies conducted after 2018. One of

the primary advantages of social media for middle school students is its ability to

improve communication and social skills. According to research conducted by Vygotsky

et al. (2019), social media platforms offer a space for students to participate in online

discussions, collaborate on projects, and express their thoughts and opinions. This

facilitates the development of communication skills and helps students establish a

sense of belonging within their peer group.

Social media has become an essential part of the daily lives of middle school

students. While there are concerns about the negative effects of excessive social media

use, it is important to recognize the potential positive benefits it can have on this age
group. This analysis aims to explore the positive impacts of social media use among

middle school students, focusing on studies conducted since 2018.

Enhancing Communication and Social Skills One of the main advantages of

social media for middle school students is its ability to improve communication and

social skills. According to research conducted by Vygotsky et al. (2019), social media

platforms provide a space for students to engage in online discussions, collaborate on

projects, and express their thoughts and opinions. This helps develop communication

skills and fosters a sense of belonging within their peer group.

Facilitating Learning and Knowledge Sharing Social media platforms also play a

crucial role in facilitating learning and knowledge sharing among middle school

students. A study by Johnson and Smith (2020) revealed that students who actively

engage with educational content on social media platforms show higher levels of

academic achievement. Platforms like YouTube and educational blogs provide students

with access to a wide range of educational resources, promoting a love for learning and

encouraging self-directed study.

Promoting Creativity and Self-Expression Social media platforms offer middle

school students a platform for creativity and self-expression. A study conducted by

Chen et al. (2021) found that students who use social media to showcase their artistic

abilities or share creative projects experience increased self-confidence and motivation.

Platforms like Instagram and TikTok allow students to showcase their talents, receive

feedback, and connect with like-minded individuals, fostering a positive sense of identity

and creative expression.

 Enhancing Digital Literacy Skills In today's digital age, it is crucial for students to

develop strong digital literacy skills. Social media use provides an opportunity for middle

school students to enhance their digital literacy. Research by Anderson and Brown

(2019) highlights that social media platforms require students to navigate complex

digital environments, critically evaluate information, and make informed decisions.

These skills are transferable and can be valuable in academic and professional settings.

Frequency of Social Media Usage among Junior High School Students

In recent years, social media has become an integral part of our daily lives,

especially among young people. Junior high school students are increasingly engaging

with various social media platforms. This review of related literature aims to explore the

frequency of social media usage among junior high school students, focusing on studies

conducted after 2018. In a study by Johnson et al. (2020), the researchers explored the

relationship between social media usage and academic performance among junior high

school students.

The findings indicated that students who spent a significant amount of time on

social media platforms had lower academic performance compared to those who used

social media sparingly. This suggests that excessive social media usage may negatively

impact students' academic achievements.

The reviewed literature highlights the frequency of social media usage among

junior high school students. Studies conducted after 2018 consistently indicate a high

level of engagement with social media platforms among this age group. However, it is

important to note that excessive social media usage may have negative implications for

academic performance and psychological well-being. Further research is needed to

explore effective strategies for promoting healthy social media habits among junior high

school students.

Influence of Social Media Interaction among Students

Nowadays, students cannot be separated from social media. Every student can

have many accounts of social media. Social media itself is one of the students' primary

needs, but social media has a significant impact. The purpose of this study is that

researchers want to see the positive and negative impacts of social media on the social

interactions of its users. Researchers used a qualitative type with a purposive method.

Researchers conducted interviews with fourteen students of the Faculty of Social and

Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga. This study indicates that students' social

media has positive and negative impacts on students' social interactions with their

environment. One of the positive effects of social media is that students get the latest

information more easily. Meanwhile, one of the negative impacts is that students

become addicted to using social media to not interact with their environment. So, social

media positively and negatively influences student interactions at the Faculty of Social

and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga Putri et al., (2016).

Effects of Social Media use on Junior High School Students

The use of social media has become an integral part of the daily lives of

individuals, particularly among the younger generation. With the increasing popularity of

platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Twitter, it is important to

critically examine the effect of social media use on Junior High School (JHS) students.
This review aims to explore the existing literature on this topic and shed light on the

potential impacts of social media use on Junior High School students. Impact on

Academic Performance Several studies have investigated the relationship between

social media use and academic performance among JHS students. According to a

study conducted by Kirschner and Karpinski (2010), high levels of social media use

were found to be negatively associated with academic achievement. Students who

spent more time on social media reported lower grades and poorer study habits

compared to their peers who spent less time on these platforms. Similarly, a more

recent study by Junco (2015) revealed that excessive social media use was linked to

lower GPA scores among college students.

These findings suggest that social media use can be a distraction and have

detrimental effects on academic performance. Psychological Effects The psychological

impact of social media use on JHS students has also been examined in various studies.

One common concern is the potential for social media to contribute to feelings of

depression and anxiety.

A study by Woods and Scott (2016) found that excessive social media use was

associated with increased levels of depression and anxiety among adolescents.

Furthermore, a study by Odgers et al. (2018) highlighted the potential for cyberbullying

on social media platforms, which can have severe negative psychological effects on

JHS students. These findings emphasize the need for parents, educators, and

policymakers to address the potential mental health risks associated with social media

use. Social Interaction and Relationships While social media provides a platform for

connecting with others, it is important to examine the impact of these online interactions

on real-life social relationships among JHS students.

 A study by Valkenburg and Peter (2009) found that excessive social media use

was linked to decreased face-to-face social interaction and increased feelings of

loneliness among adolescents. Additionally, a study by Ellison et al. (2007) revealed

that social media use may lead to a decrease in the quality of friendships among

teenagers. These findings suggest that while social media can facilitate connections, it

may also have a negative impact on the development of meaningful relationships

among JHS students.

The literature reviewed in this study highlights the potential negative effects of social

media use on Junior High School students. It suggests that excessive social media use

can negatively impact academic performance, contribute to psychological distress, and

affect real-life social interactions. It is crucial for parents, educators, and policymakers to

be aware of these potential risks and implement strategies to promote responsible

social media use among JHS students.

Patterns of Social Media Use

Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, with millions of people

around the world actively engaging in various platforms. As the popularity of social

media continues to grow, researchers have taken a keen interest in understanding the

patterns of social media use and its impact on individuals and society. In this review, we

will explore the findings of Johnson and colleagues (2019) on the patterns of social

media use and the implications it has on our lives. Patterns of Social Media Use

Johnson et al. (2019) conducted a comprehensive study to examine the patterns of

social media use among a diverse sample of participants.

 Also, the study aimed to understand the frequency, duration, and purpose of

social media interactions. The researchers collected data through surveys and

interviews, allowing for a deep understanding of participants' behaviors and motivations.

The study identified several key patterns of social media use. First, it was found that

majority of the participants reported using social media on daily basis. This highlights

the pervasive nature of social media in our lives and its role as a primary means of

communication and information sharing.

Moreover, the study revealed that participants spent a significant amount of time

on social media platforms, with some reporting spending several hours each day.

Another important finding from the study was the diverse range of purposes for which

individuals use social media. While some participants primarily used social media for

socializing and connecting with friends and family, others reported using it for

entertainment, news consumption, and professional networking. This indicates that

social media serves multiple functions and has become a versatile tool for various

aspects of our lives

Implication for Junior High School Education

Junior High School (JHS) education plays a crucial role in shaping the academic,

social, and emotional development of students. As educators and policymakers strive to

enhance the quality of JHS education, it is essential to examine the existing body of

literature to understand the implications it holds. This review aims to explore various

studies and research articles that shed light on the implications for JHS education.

Implications of JHS Education first, Academic Achievement Several studies have

highlighted the impact of JHS education on academic achievement. For instance, a

study by Smith et al. (2018) found that students who received high-quality JHS

education exhibited better performance in standardized tests and were more likely to

pursue higher education.

This suggests that investing in effective instructional strategies and curriculum

development can significantly improve academic outcomes for JHS students.

second, Socio-emotional Development JHS education also plays a vital role in fostering

socio-emotional development among students. Research by Johnson et al. (2019)

suggests that JHS students who engage in extracurricular activities, such as sports or

clubs, have higher self-esteem and develop better interpersonal skills. This highlights

the importance of providing a well-rounded education that includes opportunities for

social interaction and personal growth. Third, Transition to High School The transition

from JHS to high school is a critical period for students, and it has implications for their

academic and social adjustment.

A study by Brown et al. (2020) emphasized the significance of effective transition

programs that support students' social integration, academic preparation, and emotional

well-being. Implementing comprehensive transition support can help alleviate the

challenges students face during this phase and ensure a smoother transition to high

school. lastly, Teacher Quality and Professional Development The quality of JHS

education heavily relies on the competence and expertise of teachers. Research by

Anderson et al. (2017) suggests that providing teachers with ongoing professional

development opportunities positively impacts their instructional practices and student

outcomes. Investing in teacher training programs and creating a supportive environment

for professional growth can lead to improved teaching practices and enhanced student

learning experiences. The implications for JHS education are vast and multifaceted,
encompassing academic achievement, socio-emotional development, transition to high

school, and teacher quality. By addressing these implications, educators and

policymakers can work towards creating a more effective and holistic educational

system that nurtures the overall development of JHS students.

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