1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Basic concept of wireless power transfer 4. Inductance of Coll and Coll Design 5. Block diagram 6 Circuit diagram 7. Transmitter 8. Receiver 9. PCB layout 10. Output 11. Conclusion 12. Application and future work 13. Advantages and disadvantage 14. Biography Page no. os or 10 n 4 as 16 v 19The transmission of electrical energy from source to toad for a distance without any conducting wire or cables is called Wireless Power Transmission The concept of wireless power transter was realized by Nikola Tesla, Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires. Day by day new technologies are making our life simpler. Wireless charging through resonance could be one of the next technologies that bring the future nearer. In this project it has been shown that it is possible to charge low power devices wirelessly via inductive coupling. It minimizes the complexity that arises for the use of conventional wire system, In addition, the project also opens up new possibilities of wireless systems in our other daily life uses,INTRODUCTION ‘We live in.a world of technological advancement, New technologies emerge cach and every day 1 make ‘our life simpler. Despite all these, we still rely on the classical and conventional wire system to charge ‘our everyday use low power devices such as mobile phones, digital camera etc. and even mid power devices such as laptops. The conventional wire system creates a mess when it. comes to charging several devices simultaneously. It also takes up a lot of electric sockets and not to mention the faet that each device has its own design for the charging port. AUthis point a question might arise. —What if'a single device can be used to charge these devices simultaneously without the use of wires and pot creating 3 mess in the process? We gave it a thought and came up with an idea. The solution to all these dilemma lies with inductive coupling, a simple and effective way of transferring power wirelessly. Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) is the efficient transmission of electric power from one point to another trough vacuum of an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance. This can be used for applications where either an instantaneous amount or a continuous delivery of energy is needed, but where conventional wires are unaffordable, inconvenient, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. The power can be transmitted using Inductive coupling for shor range, Resonant Induction for mid-range and Electromagnetic wave power transfer for high range. WPT is a technology that can transport power fo locations, which are otherwise not possible or impractical to reach, Charging low power devices and eventually mid power devices by means of inductive coupling could be the next big, thing. ‘The objective of this project is to design and construct a method to transmit wireless electrical power through space and charge a designated low power device. The system will work by using resonant coils to transmit power from an AC line to a resistive load. Investigation of various geometrical and physical form factors evaluated in order to increase coupling between transmitter and receiver. A success in doing so Would eliminate the use of cables in the charging process thus making it simpler and easier to charge a low power device. It would also ensure the safety of the device since it would climinate the risk of short circuit. The objective also includes the prospect of charging multiple low power devices simultsncously using a single source which would use a single power outlet.Basic concept of wireless power transfer 1) Induetive Coupling Inductive or Magnetic coupling works on the principle of electromagnetism. When a wire is proximity toa magnetic field, it generates 4 magnetic ficld in that wire, Transferring energy between wires through magnetic ficlds is inductive coupling. Ifa portion of the magnetic flux established by one circuit interlinks with the second circuit, then two circuits are coupled magnetically and the energy may be transferred from one circuit to the another cireuit, ‘This energy transfer is performed by the transfer of the magnetic field which is common to the both civeuits In electrical engineering, two conductors are referred to as mutual-inductively coupled or magnetically coupled when they are configured such that change in current flow through one wire induces a voltage across the end of the other wire through electromagnetic induction, The amount af inductive coupling between two conductors is measured by their mutual inductance. 2 incu Induct Coupling with Four Component Fluxes Power transfer efficiency of inductive coupling can be increased by increasing the number of tums in the coil,the strength of the [Link] area of cross-section of the coil and the strength of the radial magnetic fickd. Magnetic fields decay quickly, making inductive coupling effective at a very shortrunge2) Inductive Charging Inductive charging uses the electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects, A charging station sends energy through inductive coupling to an elcetrical device, which stores the energy in the batteries. Because there is a small gap between the two coils, inductive charging is one kind of short- distance wireless energy transfer, Induction chargers typically use an induction coil to create an altemating electromagnetic field from ‘within a charging tase station, and a second induction coil in the portable device takes power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back ini electrical current to charge the battery, The two induction coils in proximity combine to form an electrical transformer. ‘Greater distances can be achieved when the inductive charging system uses resonant inductive coupling.Inductance of Coil and Coil Design Introduction An ideal inductor has inductance, but no resistance or capacitance, and does not dissipate or radiate energy. However, real inductors have resistance (duc to the resistance of the wire and losses in core material), and parasitic capacitance (due to the electric field between the tums of wire which are at slightly different potentials). At high frequencies the capacitance begins to affect the inductor’s behavior: al some frequency, real inductors behave as resonant circuits, becoming self-resonant. Al frequencies: above this the capacitive reactance becomes the dominant part of the impedance. Energy is dissipated by the resistance of the wire, and by any losses in the magnetic core due to hysteresis. At high currents, iron core inductors also show gradual departure from ideal behavior due to nonlinearity caused by magnene saturation. At higher frequencies, resistance and resistive losses in inductors grow due 10 skin effect in the inductor’s winding wires. Core losses also contribute to inductor losses at higher frequencies Single Layer Colt A single layer coil, as shown in figure, has two advantages, Firstly. like all air core coils, it ix free from iron losses and the nos-lincarity mentioned above, Secondly, single layer coils have the additional advantage of low self-capacitance and thus high self-resonant frequency In the simple case of a single layer solenoidal coil the inductance may be calculated as follows:Le (d'n’) / (140.450) [ut] ‘Where L is the inductance, d is the coil diameter in meters, | is the coil length in meters and o is the number of tums. Losses in coll: At high frequencies, particularly radio frequencies (RF), inductors have higher resistance and other losses. In addition to causing power loss, in resonant circuits this can reduce the Q factor of the circuit, broadening the bandwidth. In RF inductors, which are mostly air core types. specialized construction techniques are used to minimize these losses. The losses are due to these effects: 1 Skin effect: The resistance of a wire to high frequency current is higher than its resistance to direct current because of skin effect. Radio frequency alternating current does not penetrate far into the body of a conductor but travels along its surface. Therefore, in a solid wire, most of the cross sectional area of the wire Is not used to conduct the current, which is In a narrow annulus on the surface. This effect increases the resistance of the wire in the coil, which may already have a relatively high resistance due to its length and small diameter. & Parasitic capacitance: The capacitance between individual wire turns of the coil, called parasitic capacitance, does not cause energy losses but can change the behavior of the coll, Each turn of the coll is at a slightly different potential, so the electric field between neighboring turns stores charge on the wire. So the coil acts as if it has a capacitor in parallel with it. At a high enaugh frequency this capacitance can resonate with the inductance of the coll forming a tuned circuit, causing the coll to become self: resanant.Block Diagram DC power supply > Oscillator circult > transmitter Filter Coa rectifier Y recelverComponents used in transmitter: ‘Compaoncnt’s Name ‘Componcat’s Value oF code Voltage Source, Va Capacitor, 15¥ Resistor, Ry Resistor, Ra i Resistor, Re 5.0k ohm | Resistor, Re 56k ohm | Diode. Di INST Diode, Dy IN4148 MOSFET.Q, TRFS40 MOSFET, Qs TRFS40 Radio Frequency Choke,L, Radio Frequency Choke, Lz Transmitter coil, L 120 wit 120 wt SH Components used in receiver: ‘Component’: Name ‘Componcnt’s Value or code Diode, D, OAT? Diode, Dy OATS Diode, D, OATS Diode, D, OATS Capacitor, C; 10 Nf Capacitor, C: 100 iF Voltage Regulator IC LM 7812 Receiver coil, L SuiTransmitter Working of transmitter circuit: The transmitter module of our project is made up of a D.C. power source, an oscillator circuit (commonly known as an inverter) and a transmitter coil. ‘The D.C. power source provides a constant D.C. voltage to the input of the oscillator cirouit. There, this D.C. power is converted to a high frequeney A.C, power and is supplied to the transmitter coil, The transmitter coil, energized by the high frequency A.C. current, produces an alternating magnetic field, D.C, Power Source Oscillator Transmitter Coil DC supply: The D.C. Power Sourve consists of a simple step down transformer and a rectifier eireuit, The transformer steps down the voltage to a desired level and the rectifier circuit convert the A.C, voltage w De. Oscillator circuit: The prototype oscillator Circuit designed for the project is a modified Royer oscillator, This oscillator cirouit (S incredibly simple yet a very powerful design, Very high oscillating current ean be achieved with this cirewit depending on the semiconductor used, Here high current is necessary to increase the strength of the magnetic field,Working of oscillator cireult; The cireuit consists of with two chokes labeled Ly and Ly. two semiconductors (Here Nechannel Enhancement power-MOSPETS) labeled Qy and Q2, a resonating capacitor labeled C2 and an inductor (here the transmitter coil) labeled L3, Cross-coupled feedback is provided via the diades Dy and Dy Ryand Ra, Ra are the biasing network for MOSFETS, ‘When power is applied, DC current flows through the Iwo sides of the coil and to the transistors” drain. Al the same time the voltage appears on both gates and starts to turn the transistors om, One transistor is invariably a little faster than the other and will tum on more. The current would continue to increase until the coil (transformer) saturates, The resonating capacitor C causes the voltage across the primary to first rise and then fall in # standard sine wave pattern, Assuming that Qi turned on first, the voltage at the drain of Q;'s will be clamped to near ground while the voltage at Qr's drain rises to 4 peak and then falls ax the tank formed by the capacitor and the coil primary oscillator through one half cycle. After that, D1 will be forward bias by more voltage than D2 and hence it will turn on Q2 and eyele repeats. The oscillator runs at the frequency determined by the inductance of the coil, the capacitor value and te a lesser extent, the loved applied to the secondary (Source coil), The operating frequency is the familiar formub for resonance, Fe 1/2= n= vic) Transmitter coil: For this project the transmitter coil was constructed with 92 mm diameter, 17 swe copper wire and 7 turns. From the equation af inductance ‘single layer air core call, we get inductance | = 8.1 ut.Receiver Working of Receiver: The receiver module of our project is made up of a receiver coil, a rectifier circuit and a voltage regulator IC, And additional buck converter to get more current by decreasing output voltage to $ volt. An A.C. voltage is induced in the receiver coil. The rectifier cireuit converts it to D.C. and the voltage regulator 1C helps to maintain a constant limited voltage at the load. ‘The following block diagram gives a general idea of the receiver module: Block Diagram of the Receiver Module Receiver coll: Receiver coil for our project is designed same as transmnitier coil with same value. Rectifier: A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or mor) diodes in a bridge cireuit configuration that Provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input, When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into direct current a (DC) output, i known as a bridge rectifier, The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless of the polarity at the input,Operation of bridge rectifier: During the Positive half cycle of the input AC waveform diodes DI and D3 are forward biased and D2 and D4 are reverse biased. When the voltage, more than the threshold level of the diodes D1 and D3, starts conducting — the load current starts flowing through it, During the negative half cycle of the input AC waveform, the diodes D2 and D4 are forward biased, and (DI and D3 are reverse biased. Load current starts flowing through the D2 and D4 diodes. Further we can use capacitor filter to remove ripples present in output of bridge rectifier, After capacitor filter, smooth DC voltage is present at the input of voltage regulator. Voltage regulator IC: ‘A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC ot DC voltages. In this project, LM 7812 voltage regulator IC is used since it allowed no more than |2v to the output, Buck converter: 11s totally optional patt in receiver circuit. It is used here to increase current at output, Buck converter is DC to DC converter which step down the voltage and according to it, it increase output current. Efficiency of converter is high (near about 98%) and hence very small amount of power loss in this module.Output Transmitted signal:- Receiver outputThe goal of this project was to design and implement a wireless charger for low power devices via resonant inductive coupling. After analysing the whole system step by step for optimization, a circuit was designed and implemented. Experimental results showed that significant improvements in terms of power-transfer efficiency have been achieved. It was described and demonstrated that resonant inductive coupling can be used to deliver power wirelessly from a source coil to a load coil and charge a low power device. As it was mentioned carlier, wireless charging could be the next big thing.Possible Applications and future work Applications: 1) Smart Phones, Portable Media Players, Digital Cameras and Tablets, 2) Public Access Charging Terminal. 3) Computer Systems 4) Miscellaneous: Wireless chargers are finding its way into anything with battery inside it. This Includes game and TV remotes, cordless power took, cordless vacuum cleaners, soap dispensers, hearing aids and even cardiac pacemakers. Wireless chargers are also capable of charging super capacitors (super cops) or any device that is traditionally powered by a low-voltage power cable, Future work: To transmit the power to a greater distanwe, 4 high power ridio frequeney amplifier connected with an oscillator is needed. But the construction of the bulky RF power amplifier requires much time and patience High power vacuum tube transistor amplifier with high current will make the systern more efficient A crystal oscillator circuit might he a beter option foe the transmitter circuit since it can produce a very high frequency A.C. current, Further effort on this same project can yield some real solutions that can solve the problems of this project. The knowledge of this project will help those who want to design a wireless charging system.Advantages and disadvantage Wireless power transfer will be next biggest move in this integrated technologies ‘world because it has numerous advantages and applications. Advantages: we don’t have need to stick with wires while using any clectric device like mobile, laptop, camera etc. complete removal of wires is possible by WPT so system becomes very user fricedly and complexity can be reduced At public places like Malls and stations, complexity of power system can be reduced by: ‘WPT. Disadvantages: Major disadvantage of wireless power transfer is high power loss for longer distance. So we can transfer power wirelessly from one point to another very efficiently if distance is t00 small but loss rapidly increases with distance.© [Link] power transfer © httos://[Link] . i [Link]/e107_plu; rum, im_viewtopic.php?7: © [Link] [Link]/id/ZVS-Driver/ e[Link] . www! us /in' htm! © [Link] _oscillator * [Link] © http: il . he [Link] © [Link]