What is coagulation
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by addition of chemicals that neutralize the
negative charges by rapid mixing.
The chemical are known as coagulants, usually higher valence cationic salts (𝐴𝑙 3+ , 𝐹𝑒 3+
etc).
coagulation is essentially a chemical process.
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Numerical Example- Sedimentation Tank
• A sedimentation tank is used for a surface overflow rate of 16.0 m/day. Design a
tank to treat a flow of 625 m3/hr. having detention time of 120 minutes. Provide a
storage sludge capacity of 20 % of effective volume. Under ideal condition what size
of particles will be removed 100% if specific gravity is 2.65 µ = 1* 10 -3 kg/sec-m
and density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
Given Data
• V0 = 16.0 m/ day
• Q = 625 m3/hr
• t = 120 minutes
• Sludge volume = 20% of effective volume
• µ = 1* 10 -3 kg/m. sec
• Density of water is 1000 kg/ m3
Required Data:
• Design of Sedimentation Tank
• Diameter of Particles to be 100% removed
Solution
• Area of Sedimentation Tank = Q /V0 = 625 m3/hr * (24 hr/day) / (16.0 m/day) = 937.5 m2
• Volume = Q * t = (625 m3/hr) * (120 minutes) *(hr/ 60minutes) = 1250 m3
• Let W: L = 1: 5 then Area = 5w*w =937.5 or w = 13.69 m; L = 68.47 m;
• Depth = Volume /A = 1250/937.5 = 1.33 m
• Dimensions are L = 68.47 m; W = 13.69 m; and Depth =1.33 m Answer
• Sludge volume = 20% of effective volume = 1250 * 20/100 = 250 m3
• Total Volume = Effective volume + sludge Volume = 1250 + 250 = 1500 m3 Answer
• To calculate Vs use Stoke’s law Vs = gd2 (Ss-1) pw / 18 µ = 9.81 d2 (2.65-1) 1000 /(18*1*10-3) / = 899250 d2
• At 100% removal V0 - Vs => 899250 d2 = 16 m/day = 1.852 *10 -4 or d = 1.435*10 -5 m
• = 0.01435 mm Answer
Numerical Example-RSF
• Design rapid sand filtration unit on MDD for a population of 100,000
to be served by ADD as 200 liters/ ( capita-day ) water supply. Assume
rate of filtration = 3 * 105 m3/ (ha-day). Amount of wash water = 5%
of filtered water /day. Filter dimensions of each unit = 17.5 m *10 m.
The filter needs back washing once in 24 hours.
Given Data
• Total Population = 100000
• ADD = 200liters /C-day
• Rate of filtration = 3 * 105 m3/ (ha-day)
• Amount of wash water = 5% of filtered water /day
• Filter dimensions of each unit = 17.5 m *10 m
• Back Washing once in 24 hours
Required Data:
• Design of Rapid sand filter on MDD
Solution
• Maximum demand of water = 100000 People * 200liters /C-day * 1.8 * 1 m3/ 1000 liters
= 36000 m3 /day
• V0 = 3 * 105 m3/ (ha-day) * (1 hect / 10 4 m2 = 30 m3 / m2 –day
• Total area of filter = 36000 m3 /day / 30 m3 / m2 –day = 1200 m2
• Number of units = 1200 m2 / (17.5 m *10 m) = 6.86 units = 7
• The appropriate number of units must be even and not odd so number must be 6 so area
of one unit = 6 and the area must be 200 m2 of each unit Answer
• Volume of backwash water = 5% of total filtered water =36000 * 5 / 100 = 1800 m3 Ans.