Study Material Ecosystem

ECOSYSTEM:
Ecosystem is a self regulatory and self sustaining structural and functional unit of biosphere consisting of
community of living beings and the physical environment, both interacting and exchanging materials
between them.
→ A.G. Tansley (1935) coined the term ecosystem.
→ Ecosystems are divisible into two categories,
(a) Terrestrial or land ecosystem (e.g., forests, grasslands, desert, garden) and
(b) Aquatic or water ecosystem (e.g., ponds, lakes, streams, estuaries, sea).
→ Ecosystem is also divided into natural and anthropogenic or artificial.
→ A natural ecosystem is one which develops in nature without human support or interference, e.g., forest,
marine ecosystem.
→ An anthropogenic or artificial or man made ecosystem is the one which is created and maintained by
human beings, e.g., agriculture, garden, aquarium, spacecraft. At most of the places some interference
from human beings can be observed e.g., tree plantation, dam construction. Agriculture or agroecosystem
is the largest man made ecosystem.
→ Depending upon the size, ecosystem can be small, or large.
→ A small ecosystem is called microecosystem (e.g., pond). A very small ecosystem is called
nanoecosystem. (e.g., log of wood, aquarium, kitchengarden).
→ Ocean is a megaecosystem while a forest is mesoecosystem. Biosphere represents the global ecosystem.
COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM:
The ecosystem has 2 major components.
(a) Biotic components
(b) Abiotic components
Biotic components:
→ These are the living components. These comprise producers, consumers and decomposers.
Producers:
→ Producers are autotrophic members of the ecosystem and are capable of synthesizing food from the non-
living simple inorganic compounds.
→ They include microscopic phytoplankton, algae, grasses, trees, floating plants and submerged plants.
→ The producers are also called transducers. They prepare their food matter by the process of
photosynthesis which is then passed over to the other members of the ecosystem.
6CO 2 + 12H 2 O Lightenerg
 y → C 6 H12 O 6 + 6H 2
Chlorophyll

Consumers:
→ Consumers are heterotrophic organisms and are also called macroconsumers or phagotrophs. They
consume the producers directly or indirectly.
→ Consumers are of three types primary, secondary and tertiary.
Primary or first order consumers:
→ These animals directly feed on producers and are, therefore, called herbivores.
→ Herbivores convert plant matter into animal matter.
→ The common herbivores are protozoan protests, several crustaceans, tadpole, tortoises, grasshopper,
caterpillars, some rabbit, rat, squirrel, cattle, goat, sheep, deer etc.
Secondary or second order consumers or primary carnivores:
→ They are animals which prey upon herbivores e.g., water insects, Hydra, frog, some fishes like rohu, toad,
insectivorous birds, snake feeding on rats, for feeding on rabbits.
Tertiary or third order consumers or secondary carnivores:
→ The animals feed on primary carnivores e.g., wolf feeding on fox, snake on frog.
→ There may be quarternary or tertiary consumers which prey upon secondary carnivores.

i VIGYAAN Education, Berhampur 1

Study Material Ecosystem
Top carnivores:
These are the carnivores which are not eaten by others. They belong to the category of primary,
secondary or tertiary carnivores.
For example, tiger and lion belong to category of primary carnivores if they feed on deer or antelope.
Peacock may be third order or fourth order carnivore when it feeds on snake.

Decomposers:
→ The microorganisms are the decomposers of the ecosystem and they feed upon the dead and decaying
organisms breaking them into simpler components. They are also known as detrivores or scavengens.
→ These are released free in the atmosphere and are utilized by producers for the synthesis of their food
material.
→ Parasites belong to diverse groups, e.g., bacteria, fungi, protozoans, worms, etc. Every type of living
being can be attacked by parasites.
→ Detrivores or scavengers are animals which feed on dead bodies of other organisms, e.g., termites,
carrion beetles. They are helpful in quick disposal of the dead bodies.
Abiotic components:
→ Abiotic components of an ecosystem consist of non-living substances and factors. They include
temperature, light wind, humidity, precipitation, water, topography etc.
Temperature:
→ Organisms generally live with a narrow range of temperature (5° - 35°C) with the exception of spores,
seeds, some prokaryotes and other lower organisms which are found in hot springs (60°C - 90°C) or
permafrost (-30°C to -50°C).
→ High or low temperature causes inactivity and death of organisms. It is immediate in case of
poikilothermal (= ectothermal = cold blooded) animals and delayed in case of homoiothermal
(=endothermal = warm blooded animals.
→ Therefore, organisms show adaptations to avoid extremes of temperature.
→ Plants belonging to both hot and cold areas possess adaptations to reduce transpiration and retain water,
e.g., tannins, hair, thick covering, mucilage, high solute content, thick leaves.
Light:
→ It provides solar energy to the ecosystem for heating and photosynthesis. Besides photosynthesis light
controls morphogenesis, leaf fall, flowering etc.
→ Maximum solar or light energy is available at equator.
→ In a tree more energy is available to upper leaves than the lower ones.

Wind:
→ It controls weather, transpiration, pollination and dissemination of propagules.
→ High speed winds inhibit free growth and flight animals.
Humidity:
→ It is the amount of water vapours present in the atmosphere. Humidity controls formation of clouds, dew,
fog, etc.
→ Evaporation of water from the body of land organisms in transpiration and perspiration is regulated by
humidity.
→ Both plants and animals develop modifications for reducing water loss from their body in arid areas.
Precipitation:
→ It may occur as rainfall, snow, dew, hail, etc.
→ Periodicity and amount of rainfall determines type of forest in an area-evergreen, deciduous, chapparal,
grassland, savannah, desert, etc.

i VIGYAAN Education, Berhampur 2

Study Material Ecosystem
Water:
→ Land plants meet their water requirement from soil. Land animals obtain the same from pools, lakes,
rivers, springs, etc.
→ Plants and animals show modifications according to availability of water in the area and requirement of
conserving the obtained water.
→ Xerophytes (growing in dry area) have modification to store water and reduce water loss.
Topography:
→ It is the surface behaviour of the earth like altitude, slope, exposure, mountain chains, valleys, plains, etc.
→ Topography influences other environmental factors like, atmospheric pressure, winds, rainfall, light
intensity and light duration, temperature, water currents or wave action.
→ It is also a causal agent for isolation, formation of new species and geographical distribution of
organisms.
Gases:
→ Nitrogen is present in abundance (4/5th of atmosphere) but is itself chemically inert. It forms useful salts
through electrochemical, photochemical and biological fixation.
→ Carbon dioxide concentration of the atmosphere is always a limiting factor for photosynthesis. However
excess of carbon dioxide concentration is harmful to animals as well as climate. Its concentration
increases during right but decreases during day.
→ In water oxygen concentration determines distribution of organisms. In the middle or intermediate
stratum photosynthesis increases oxygen concentration during day but it becomes less during night.
Soil:
→ It determines vegetation growth and pattern, underground flora and fauna though its constitution, origin,
temperature range, water retentivity, aeration, minerals, etc.
Mineral elements:
→ A large number of minerals, also called biogenic or biogenetic nutrients, are required by organisms for
their proper growth. Deficiency or absence of any one results in abnormal growth which may lead to
death. Excess minerals are equally harmful.
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM:
→ Ecosystems can be broadly classified into two type: (a) Natural ecosystems (b) Artificial
Ecosystems
→ Natural ecosystems operate themselves under natural conditions without any major influence by man.
→ Natural ecosystem have been further divided into (i) Terrestrial Ecosystem. (ii) Aquatic ecosystem.
→ Artificial ecosystems are maintained & manipulated by man. These include croplands like wheat, maize
and rice fields.
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM:
→ Ecosystems occurring on the land are known as terrestrial ecosystem.
→ These include – grasslands, forests, deserts etc.
GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM:
→ A grassland ecosystem is characterized by the presence of herbaceous plant without trees.
→ It is dominated by a wide variety of grass species
→ Associated with grasses are several herbaceous dicotyledonous species of leguminous plants.
→ Grassland ecosystems have limited moisture conditions and irregular rainfall.
→ The main grasslands found in the world are temperate grassland and tropical savanna.
→ The elements such as C, H, O, N, P, S, K are made available in the soil in the grassland ecosystem in the
form of gases (CO2) or inorganic salts (e.g., nitrates, phosphates, sulphates).

i VIGYAAN Education, Berhampur 3

Study Material Ecosystem
GENERAL COMPONENTS OF THE GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM:
(A) BIOTIC COMPONENTS:
→ The biotic components of a grassland ecosystem include producers which are mainly grasses such as
species of Cynodon, Digitaria,
→ Besides grasses, many herbs and flowering plants are also seen. Trees are occasionally found.
→ The primary consumers of an grassland ecosystem mainly herbivorous mammals like cows, buffaloes,
deer, sheep & rabbits.
→ Carnivorous animals live fox, jackals, snakes, frog, birds constitute the secondary consumers which feed
upon pry consumers.
→ Hawks, eagles, owls are the tertiary consumers in the grassland ecosystem.
→ Bacteria, fungi such as Mucor, Penicillium, Fusarium, Rhizopus work as decomposers of the grassland
ecosystem. These microbes help in decay process and break the complex organic molecules into their
inorganic constituents.

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM:
→ Water is an effective transporting medium in an aquatic ecosystem.
→ Other characteristics of this ecosystem are relatively high freezing point, high specific heat, high
dissolving capacity.
→ Animals occupying the aquatic environments show adaptation distinct from those of terrestrial life.

TYPES OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM:

There are mainly three types of aquatic ecosystem:

(i) FRESH WATER (Ex- Rivers, Ponds, Streams, Marshes).

(ii) MARINE (Ex- Sea, Seashores)
(iii)ESTUARINE (Ex-Estuaries).
The freshwater ecosystem consists of two habitats i.e.,

(a) LENTIC – Where water has no movement Ex – Ponds, Lakes

(b) LOTIC – Where there is running water. Ex – Rivers, Streams
POND AS AN ECOSYSTEM:
ZONES OF A POND ECOSYSTEM:
→ Depending on the level or degree of penetration of light, three zones have been identified in a pond
ecosystem.
(a) Littoral Zone: Penetration of sunlight in this region is profuse.
(b) Limnetic Zone: In limnetic zone, there is adequate penetration of sunlight.
(c) Profundal Zone: In profundal zone, there is no penetration of light.
→ The littoral zone is distinguished by abundant plant growth. The limnetic zone is rich in both
phytoplankton and zooplankton. The profundal zone denotes a general absence of vegetation and
contains mostly saprophytes.
→ The decomposers live at the bottom which is designated as benthic zone.

i VIGYAAN Education, Berhampur 4

Study Material Ecosystem

COMPONENTS OF A POND ECOSYSTEM:

Pond is an example of fresh water ecosystem. It is composed of the following components.
(i) Producers:
→ The chlorophyll bearing phytoplanktons and hydrophytes are the producers.
→ The phytoplanktons are minute floating algae such as – Volvox, Euglena, Oscillatoria. Spirogyra,
Oedogenium.
→ The hydrophytes may be free floating (Ex. Nymphae, Pistia, Azolla) or Submerged (Ex.
Hydrilla, Chara)
→ The producers synthesize nutrients for the nutrition of biotic components.
(ii) Consumers:
→ Zooplanktons (herbivores) like Daphnia, Cypris are the primary consumers. Other examples of pry.
consumers are fishes like, rohu, catla.
→ The secondary consumers are the heterotrophs which feed on pry. consumers. Ex. Carnivorous fish,
insects, frogs.
(iii)Decomposers:
→ These are saprophytes like bacteria, flagellates & fungi which are abundant in mud at the bottom of the
pond.
→ They decompose dead and decaying organisms and derive their nutrition.
The freshwater ecosystems are of great importance as sources of drinking water, areas for recreation and
for production of freshwater ecosystem is known as Limnology.

ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM:-

→ The study of energy flow through ecosystems is called energetics. Ecosystems require a constant input of
energy as every component of an ecosystem is regularly dissipating energy.
→ Sun is the ultimate source of energy in all ecosystems.
i VIGYAAN Education, Berhampur 5
Study Material Ecosystem
→ Of the sun’s energy which reaches the Earth, about 40% is reflected immediately from the clouds, dust in
the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface without having any heating effect. A further 15% is absorbed and
converted to heat energy in the atmosphere, particularly by ozone in the stratosphere, and by water
vapour. The ozone layer absorbs almost all short wave ultraviolet radiation which is important because
such radiation is hazardous to exposed living material.
→ The remaining 35% of incoming energy penetrates to the Earth’s surface.
→ Just under half the radiation striking the Earth’s surface is in the photosynthetically active range (PAR),
the visible wavelengths. However, even under optimum conditions only a very small proportion, about
5% of incoming radiation (10% PAR) is converted in photosynthesis into gross primary productivity
(GPP).
→ Roughly 20% of it is consumed in respiration so that net capture of energy (net primary productivity) is
0.8 – 4% of incident radiation or 1.6 – 8% of PAR.
→ Energy does not remain trapped permanently in any organisms. It is either passed on to the higher trophic
level or becomes available to detrivores and decomposers after the organism dies.
→ Flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional.
TROPHIC LEVELS:
→ Trophic level is a step or division of food chain which is characterised by the method of obtaining its
food. The number of trophic levels is equal to the number of steps in the food chain.
→ The two fundamental trophic levels are producers and consumers.
→ A fundamental similarity of all trophic levels is that it uses a part of food in body building while a mojor
part of it is consumed in liberation of energy during respiration.
→ Producers belong to first trophic level or T1. They are autotrophic or photosynthetic organisms found in
an ecosystem which synthesize organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials with the help of solar
radiations not only for themselves but also for heterotrophic organisms or consumers.
→ Consumers are heterotrophic organisms which cannot manufacture their own food. They obtain ready-
made organic food from outside sources.
→ Depending upon the mode of obtaining nourishment, heterotrophic organisms are of three main types-
(a) Herbivores, (b) Carnivores and (c) Decomposers.
→ Herbivores or consumers of first order constitute the second trophic level or T2.
→ Consumers of the second order or primary carnivores form third trophic level or T3. There may be 2 - 3
levels of carnivores. The ultimate or top carnivores belong to T4 or T5 trophic level.
→ Decomposers form the last or detritus trophic level (e.g., T6).
→ Parasites do not have any fixed trophic level since they feed on producers, herbivores as well as
carnivores of various levels, e.g., aphids, ticks, mites, leeches, mosquitoes.
FOOD CHAIN:
→ The ecosystem is characterised by the energy flow and the circulation of material through its members.
→ The different organisms of an ecosystem are linked together by their nutritional requirements. Individuals
related in this manner constitute a food chain.
→ A food chain is thus defined as a group of organisms in which there is transfer of food energy
through a series of repeated process of eating and being eaten.
→ The number of steps in a food chain is limited to four or five and at each step a large portion of the
potential energy is lost as heat.
→ This means that the shorter the food chain the greater will be the biomass that can be supported with a
given basic source of potential food energy.
→ Thus, the food chain with fewer number of links or transfers will prove to be the most efficient.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD CHAIN:
→ A food chain involves a nutritive interaction between the living organisms (biotic components) of an
ecosystem. In a food chain, there occurs repeated eating i.e., each group eats the other and is
subsequently eaten by some other group of organisms.
→ A food chain is always straight and proceeds in a progressive straight line.

i VIGYAAN Education, Berhampur 6

Study Material Ecosystem
→ In a food chain, there is unidirectional flow of energy from sun to producers and subsequently to series of
different types of consumers.
→ Usually there occur 4 or 5 trophic levels in the food chain.
→ Some organisms occupy different trophic positions in different food chains.

TYPES OF FOOD CHAIN:

→ Food chains are of three types – parasitic, detritus and grazing.
→ Parasitic food chain also called auxiliary food chain begins with host and usually ends in parasite.
→ Detritus food chain (DFC) begins with detritus or dead organic matter. Detrivores and decomposers
feed over it. Therefore, food energy present in detritus passes into them. Detrivores and decomposers are
consumed by smaller carnivores which in turn become food for larger carnivores and so on. A common
detritus food chain with earthworm as detrivores.
Detritus → Earthworm → Sparrow →

Frog → Snake →

→ Grazing food chain (GFC) is the most common food chain. It is also called predator food chain as
predation occurs at every step. This food chain consists of producers, consumers and decomposers.
→ The sequence of food chain in an aquatic ecosystem is as follows:
Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers
(Autotrophs) (Herbivores) (Primary carnivores)
Phytoplanktons Zooplanktons like Aquatic insects,
like weeds, dinoflagellates crustaceans and other
diatoms and other aquatic organisms
green algae

Top carnivores Tertiary consumers

(Large fish) (Secondary carnivores like small fish)

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GRAZING AND DETRITUS FOOD CHAINS

GRAZING FOOD CHAIN DETRITUS FOOD CHAIN
1. The chain begins with producers as the first trophic 1. The chain begins with detrivores and decomposers
level as the first trophic level.

2. Energy for the food chain comes from sun. 2. Energy for the food chain comes from organic
remains of detritus.
3. Food chain adds energy into the ecosystem. 3. It retrieves food energy from detritus and prevents
its wastage.
4. The food chain binds up inorganic nutrients. 4. The food chain helps in releasing inorganic nutrients
to the cycling pool.
FOOD WEB:
→ Food web is a network of food chains which become interconnected at various trophic levels so as to
form a number of feeding connections amongst the different organisms of a biotic community.
→ Food web is meant for increasing the stability of an ecosystem allowing the endangered population to
grow in size.
→ A herbivore like rabbit does not get starved if its preferred plant species is reduced in quantity due to
some calamity. It begins feeding on alternate plant species. The preferred one gets chance to recover
from the loss. Similarly, rabbits are preyed upon by foxes, wild dogs, wild cats, jackals, etc. In case the
population of rabbit decreases, the predators begin to eat mice, shrews, squirrels, etc. Meanwhile rabbits
increase their population and restore the balance. This can be represented as follows:

i VIGYAAN Education, Berhampur 7

Study Material Ecosystem

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB

FOOD CHAIN FOOD WEB
1. It is a straight single pathway through which food 1. It consists of number of interconnected food
energy travels in the ecosystem. chains through which food energy passes in the
ecosystem.
2. Members of higher trophic level feed upon a
single type of organism of lower trophic level. 2. Members of higher trophic level can feed upon a
number of alternative organisms of the lower
3. Presence of separate or isolated food chains adds trophic level.
to the instability of the ecosystem. 3. Presence of food webs increases the stability of
the ecosystem.
4. It does not add to adaptability and
competitiveness of the organisms. 4. Food webs increase adaptability and
competitiveness of the organisms.
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS:
Definition: Graphic representation of the number, biomass and energy of the successive trophic levels of
an ecosystem is known as ecological pyramid.
→ Ecological pyramids were developed by Charles Elton (1927) and are therefore are also known as
Eltonian pyramids.
→ In a pyramid the various steps of a food chain are represented sequence wise with producers at the base,
herbivores above them, followed by primary carnivores and then top carnivores constituting the
top of the pyramid.
− Pyramid of numbers: showing the number of individual organisms at each level,
− Pyramid of biomass: showing the total dry weight and other suitable measure of the total amount of
living matter.
− Pyramid of energy: showing the rate of energy flow or productivity at successive trophic levels.
→ The pyramids of numbers and biomass may be upright or inverted depending upon the nature of the food
chain in the particular ecosystem, whereas pyramids of energy are always upright.
→ An ecological pyramid may be:
− Upright: When the pyramid has larger base and gradually tapering towards the tip.
− Inverted: Narrow base and gradually broadens towards the tip.
− Spindle shaped: Narrow both at base and tip with a broader part in the middle.
PYRAMID OF NUMBER:
→ It is a graphic representation of the number of individuals per unit area of various trophic levels stepwise
with producers at the base and top carnivores at the tip.
→ They show the relationship between producers, in terms of their numbers.
→ In a grassland the producers, which are mainly grasses, are always maximum in number. This number
then shows a decrease towards apex, as the primary consumers (herbivores) like rabbits, mice etc. are
i VIGYAAN Education, Berhampur 8
Study Material Ecosystem
lesser in number than the grasses; the secondary consumers, snakes and lizards are lesser in number than
the rabbits and mice. Finally, the top (tertiary) consumers hawks or other birds, are least in number. Thus,
the pyramid becomes upright.

→ In a forest ecosystem however the pyramid of numbers is somewhat different. The producers which are
large sized trees, are lesser in number and form the base of the pyramid. The herbivores which are fruit
eating birds, elephants deers etc are more in number than the producers. Then there is a gradual decreases
in the number of successive carnivores, thus making the pyramid again upright. Thus it shows a spindle
shaped structures.

→ In a parasitic food chain the pyramid of numbers are always inverted. This is due to the fact that a single
plant may support the growth of many herbivores and each herbivore in turn may provide nutrition to
several parasites, which support many hyperparasites. Thus, from the producer towards consumers, there
is a reverse position, i.e., the number of organisms gradually shows an increase, making the pyramid
inverted in shape.
→ The pyramids of numbers do not give a true picture of the food chain as they are not very functional.
They do not indicate the relative effects of the ‘geometric’, food chain’ and ‘size’ factors of the
organisms.
→ They generally vary with different communities with different types of food chains in the same
environment.
→ It becomes sometimes very difficult to represent the whole community on the same numerical scale (as in
forests)
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS:
→ They are comparatively more fundamental, as they, instead of geometric factor, show the quantitative
relationships of the standing crops.
→ In grassland and forest, there is generally a gradual decrease in biomass of organisms at successive
levels from the producers to the top carnivores. Thus pyramids are upright.
→ However, in a pond the producers are small organisms, their biomass is least, and this value gradually
shows an increase towards the apex of the pyramid, thus making the pyramid inverted in shape.
PYRAMID OF ENERGY:
→ It is a graphic representation of amount of energy trapped per unit time and area in different trophic
levels of a food chain with producers forming the base and top carnivores the tip.
→ Maximum energy content is present in producers. They obtain the energy from solar radiations.
i VIGYAAN Education, Berhampur 9
Study Material Ecosystem
→ The energy is converted in chemical form and stored inside organic matter manufactured by the
producers. As the energy passes into higher trophic levels along with food, its amount decrease because
of its dissipation as heat and use in overcoming entropy as well as for performing various body
activities.
→ It is highly informative as it gives precise data regarding the amount of energy required to support a
trophic level in the ecosystem.
→ Of the three types of ecological pyramids, the energy pyramids give the best picture of overall nature
of the ecosystem. Here, number and weight of organisms at any level depends not on the amount of
fixed energy present at any one time in the level just below but rather on the rate at which food is being
produced.
→ Pyramid of energy is based upon productivity instead of standing crop.
→ In contrast with the pyramids of numbers and biomass, which are pictures of the standing situations
(organisms present at any moment), the pyramid of energy is picture of the rates of passage of food
mass through the food chain.
→ It allows comparison amongst different ecosystems and different populations of the same ecosystem.
→ In shape it is always upright, as in most of the cases there is always a gradual decrease in the energy
content at successive trophic levels from the producers to various consumers.

LIMITATIONS OF ECOLOGICAL
PYRAMIDS:
→ Ecological pyramids assume that food
chains are simple. Simple food chains do
not occur in nature. Instead food bebs are
present.
→ A simple species may operate at two or
more trophic levels. Ecological pyramids
have no method of accommodating such
cases.
→ Ecological pyramids have no place for
detrivores and decomposers though they
play a vital role in ecosystem

i VIGYAAN Education, Berhampur 10

Study Material Ecosystem
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES:
(1) Definition: The collective benefits that are supplied to human beings by natural ecosystems are
known as ecosystem services”.
(2) It includes products & services like clean drinking water and decomposition of wastes.
(3) The millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) report 2005 distinguishes four categories of ecosystem
services such as
(i) Supporting services
(ii) Provisioning services
(iii) Regulating services
(iv) Cultural services
(4) The supporting services include → nutrient dispersal & cycling, seed dispersal, primary production.
(5) Provisioning services include food, crops, spices, and energy, pharmaceutical & industrial products.
(6) Regulating services include → Purification of water & air, waste decomposition & detoxification, crop
pollination, pest and disease control.
(7) Cultural services: It includes cultural, intellectual & spiritual inspiration, scientific discovery,
recreational experiences.

☺☺☺☺☺☺

i VIGYAAN Education, Berhampur 11