Language, Culture and Society
CHAPTER 1:The Nature of Language and Language Study
Language-It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
LESSON 1: A Quick Look at Language, Macro Skills and Communicative Competence
Language is a system,potential to create new meanings,diversity,multiple functions.
Different types of Macro Skills
Listening
Types: Phases: Models: Strategies:
-informational - Perception - bottom up -Cognitive
-evaluative - parsing - bottom down -metacognitive
-appreciative - utilization - social affective
-therapeutic
Reading
Types: phases: Models: LEVELS:
- efferent -word recognition - BOTTOM UP -literal
- aesthetic - comprehension -BOTTOM DOWN - inferential
- fluency - critical
- creative
Viewing
Types: (for example: Infographics, "Climate Change," by Venngage,
Advertisement, "Together theMagic Happens," by Coca-Cola)
- visual
- critical
Speaking
Types: Functions: Types:
- meaning - interaction - imitative
- sociality, relationship, and affect - transaction - intensive
- cultural issues - performance - responsive
- performance - interactive
- sound elements - extensive
Writing
Developmental stages: Aspects: Process: Re writing:
-novice - purpose - Pre writing -Revising
-transitional - audience -planning - editing
-willing - action -Drafting - proofreading
-independent
Visually Representing
Types: (for example: Painting, "Tinikling," by Fernando Amorsolo)
- artistic
- graphic
- dramatic
Communicative Competence Canale and Swan model’s of communicative competence
-Grammatical Competence-Accurate speaking and writing skills, including words, sentences, and
meaning.
-Discourse Competence- Using language suitably in social contexts based on norms.
-Strategic Competence- Connecting sentences with coherence to the topic.
-Sociolinguistic Competence - Adapting to communication issues with verbal and nonverbal tactics
LESSON 2:First Language vs. Second Language
First Language – learned from birth or very early childhood
Second Language – learned after an L1,later childhood or adulthood
4 keys differences between first and second language learning
[Link] of acquisition
[Link] context
3. Amount of input
4. Affective Factors
First Language acquisition-is children acquisition of their native language,subconscious
process,Does not require explicit instruction and education lastly learners reach native fluency.
Second Language Acquisition-is learning a language after acquiring the mother tongue,an active and
conscious process,requires explicit instructions and education lastly often difficult to reach native
fluency.
Krashen’s Five Hypotheses
The natural order hypotheses- we acquire the rules of language in a predictable order
The acquisition learning hyphotheses- adults have two distinctive ways of developing competences
in second language,acquisition that is by using language for real communication learning knowing
about language.
The monitor hypotheses- conscious learning can only be used as a monitor or an editor
The input Hypotheses- humans acquire language in only one way by understanding messages or by
receiving comprehensive input.
The affective filter hypotheses- a mental block caused by affective factors that prevents input
reaching the language acquisition device.
LESSON 3: Micro and Macro Linguistics
Micro Linguistics
PHONOLOGY - The sound system of a language; the component of a grammar that includes the
inventory of sounds (phonetic and phonemic units) and rules for their combination and pronunciation;
the study of the sound systems of all languages.
Example: pronunciation of S: cats, tips, stacks, roofs, months
PHONETICS-The study of linguistic speech sounds, how they are produced (articulatory phonetics),
how they are perceived (auditory or perceptual phonetics), and their physical aspects (acoustic
phonetics.
Example: run, far – 'r' sound is heard at the end when pronounced.
MORPHOLOGY The study of the structure of words; the component of the grammar that includes
the rules of word formation.
Example: For instance, the word "dogs" is composed of two morphemes: the stem word "dog" and the
inflectional suffix "-s" to indicate the plural form of "dog". The word "jumped" is composed of two
morphemes: the stem word "jump" and the inflectional suffix "-ed" to indicate the past tense of "jump
-blending words such as Covid (CORONA+VIRUS+DISEASE)
SYNTAX The rules of sentence formation; the component of the mental grammar that represents
speakers’knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences.
EXAMPLE:subject + verb = The bulding Collapsed
Subject+verb+object= They bought a new car
Subject+verb+indirect object+direct object=She wrote him a letter
Subject +verb+subject predicate=Janet’s my friend
Subject+verb+object+object predicate=She makes me happy
SEMANTICS- The study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences.
Example: My mother was born yesterday.
PRAGMATICS-The study of how context and situation affect meaning.
Example: burn cd
Macro Linguistics
Psycholinguistics - Study of brain function, child language acquisition, and brainrelated language
disorders.
Sociolinguistics - Varied language usage and its societal linguistic variations
Stylistics - Language styles in literature
Applied Linguistics - Learning and teaching diverse languages
Discourse Analysis - Analyzing communication patterns and structures
Computational Linguistics – Advancing computer AI sophistication
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