FAHAHEEL AL-WATANIEH INDIAN PRIVATE SCHOOL
AHMADI-KUWAIT
APPLIED MATHEMATICS ASSIGNMENT (2024-25)
CLASS-XII
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Interval estimation of population mean
𝜇 = 𝑥̅ ± margin of error ,
where 𝑥̅ = sample mean and 𝜇 = population mean.
Calculation of margin of error ( 𝜎 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛)
The formula of calculating the margin of error is
Margin of error = 𝑍𝛼 /2 . 𝜎/ √𝑛 .
Where ( 1- 𝛼 ) is called confidence coefficient and 𝑍𝛼 /2 is the Z value providing an area of 𝛼/ 2 in the
upper tail of the standard normal probability distribution.
Interval estimation of population proportion
The interval estimation of population proportion is given by the following formula:
P = 𝑝̅ ± margin of error,
where 𝑝̅ = sample proportion and p = population proportion .
Margin of error = 𝑍𝛼 /2 √ 𝑝̅(1−𝑝̅) 𝑛
Hypothesis test may take three forms
HO : 𝜇 ≥ 𝜇0 HO :𝜇 ≤ 𝜇0 HO: 𝜇 = 𝜇0
H1 : 𝜇 < 𝜇0 H1:𝜇 > 𝜇0 H1 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0
The first two forms are one- tailed test and third forms is called two –tailed test. 𝜇0 denote the
hypothesized value of population mean 𝜇.
sample mean
𝑥̅=∑ 𝑥𝑖 /𝑛 ,
Sample standard deviation
s =√(∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥) 2 /(𝑛 − 1)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. An observed set of population that has been selected for analysis is called
( a) a sample (b) a process ( c) a forecast ( d ) a parameter
2. A Specific characteristic of a population is known as a
( a) a sample ( b) parameter ( c ) statistic ( d) mean
3. A specific characteristic of a sample is known as a
( a ) population ( b ) parameter ( c ) statistic ( d ) mean
4. Inferential statistics is a process that involves all the following except
( a ) estimating a parameter ( b ) estimating a statistic ( c ) test a hypothesis ( d ) analysis
relationships.
5. Which of the following statement are true? I: The mean of the population is denoted by𝑥̅. II:
The population mean is a statistic.
( a ) I only ( b) II only ( c ) both I and II ( d ) none.
6. The following data are from a simple random sample : 5,8,10,7,10,4. The point estimate of the
population is
(a)7(b)6(c)8(d)9
7. A population consists of four observations 1,3,5,7. What is the variance?
( a ) 2 ( b) 4 ( c ) 5 ( d ) 6
8. A simple random sample consists of four observations 1,3,5,[Link] is the point estimate of
population standard deviation?
( a ) 2.3 ( b ) 2.58 ( c ) 2.87 ( d) 3.1
9. A sample of 50 bulbs is taken at random. Out of 50 we found 15 bulbs are Bajaj, 17 are of
Surya and 18 are of Crompton. What is the point estimate of population proportion of Surya?
( a ) 0.3 ( b ) 0.34 ( c ) 0.36 ( d ) 0.4
10. What does it mean that you calculate a 95 %confidence interval ?
( a )The process you used will capture the true parameter 95 % of the time in long run.
( b ) you can be 95% confident that your interval will include the population parameter
( c ) you can be 5% confident that your interval will not include the population parameter
( d ) all the above statements are true.
11. A statement made about a population parameter for testing purpose is called 163
( a ) statistic ( b) parameter ( c ) hypothesis ( d ) level of significance
12. The assumed hypothesis which is tested for rejection considering it to true is called
(a)Null hypothesis ( b)alternative hypothesis (c )simple hypothesis ( d )true hypothesis.
13. In testing the statistical hypothesis, which of the following statement is false ?
( a )The critical region is the values of the test statistic for which we reject the null hypothesis. (
b) The level of significance is the probability of Type – I error.
( c ) In testing HO:𝜇 = 𝜇° ,H a:𝜇 ≠ 𝜇° the critical region is two sided .
( d ) The p – value measures the probability that the null hypothesis is true.
14. If ∝ = probability of type –I error , then 1-∝ is
( a ) Probability of rejecting H o when H O is true.
( b )Probability of not rejecting HO when HO is true.
( c) Probability of not rejecting HO when H a is true.
( d ) Probability of rejecting HO when Ha is true.
15. Which of the following is an assumption underlying the use of the t-distribution?
( a ) The variance of the population is known
( b ) The sample size are drawn from a normally distributed Population
( c )Sample standard deviation is an unbiased estimate of the population variance
( d ) All the above.
Assertion – Reason Type Questions
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the
correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is the not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
16. Assertion ( A ): A simple random sample consists of five observation 2,4,6,8,10. The point
estimate of population standard deviation is √10 .
Reason ( R): Sample standard deviation of n observations, S =√∑ (𝑥𝑖−𝑥) ̅2 𝑛 .
17. In a survey question for a sample of 200 individuals, 80 persons gave response ‘yes’, 100 gave
response ‘no’ and 20 gave no response.
Assertion ( A ): The point estimate of the proportion in the population who respond ‘yes’ is 0.4
Reason ( R): The point estimate of the proportion in the population who respond ‘No’ is 0.6
ANSWERS
1.( a) 2.( b) 3. ( c) 4. ( b) 5.(d) 6. (d ) 7. (c ) 8. ( b) 9.( b) 10.( d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. ( b) 15. ( b) 16. (c) 17.(c)
18. A machine produces washers of thickness 0.50 mm. To determine whether the machine is in
proper working order, a sample of 10 washers is chosen for which the mean thickness is 0.53
mm and the standard deviation is o.03 mm. Test the hypothesis at 5% level of significance that
the machine is working in proper order.
(Ans: t = 3 Since t(3) > t0.025(2.262), the null hypothesis H0 can be rejected. Hence we
conclude that machine is not working properly.)
19. A random sample of 17 values from a normal population has a mean of 105 cm and the sum of
the squares of deviations from this mean is 1225 cm2 . Is this assumption of a mean of 110 cm
for the normal population reasonable? Test under 5% level of significance.
(Given t16(0.05) = 2.12 )
(Ans : – 2.3561, the null hypothesis H0 can be rejected. We may conclude that the assumption
that the mean of the population is 110 cm is not valid.)
20. A group of 5 patients treated with medicine P and second group of 7 patients treated with
medicine Q. The sample means were found to be 8 and 9 respectively and the sample standard
deviation `S` is 3.71. Comment on the rejection of the hypothesis with significance level 5%.
(Given t10(0.05) = 2.23)
(Ans : t=-0.46, Since │t│ < t10(0.05), the null hypothesis H0 is accepted at 5% level of
significance.)
21. A random sample of 17 values from a normal population has a mean of 105 cm and the sum of
the squares of deviations from this mean is 1225 cm2 . Is this assumption of a mean of 110 cm
for the normal population reasonable? Test under 5% level of significance. (Given t16(0.05) =
2.12 )
(Ans: t = – 2.3561, Since │t│ > t16(0.05), the null hypothesis H0 can be rejected. We may
conclude that the assumption that the mean of the population is 110 cm is not valid.)
22. The average height of a random sample of 400 adult males of a city is 175 cm. It is known that
population standard deviation is 40. Determine the 90% confidence interval for the population
mean. (Z0.05 = 1.645)
Solution:
Given: n= 400, 𝑥̅=175, = 40
1− = 0.90
= 0.1
= /2=0.05
Z / 2 = Z0.05 =1.645
Margin of error = 𝑍𝛼 /2 . 𝜎 /√𝑛 .
=1.645x 40 /√400
= 3.29
Confidence interval is ( 175 – 3.29 , 175 + 3.29 )= (171.71, 178.29)
23. The average height of a random sample of 400 adult males of a city is 175 cm. It is known that
population standard deviation is 40. Determine the 90% confidence interval for the population
mean. (Z0.05 = 1.645)
(Ans: Margin of error = 3.29, Confidence interval is(171.71, 178.29))
24. A sample of 100 Maruti authorized service centres showed 13 are in Delhi, 18 in Mumbai, 17 in
Chennai and 15 in Kolkata. Develop an estimate of the proportion of Maruti service centres
that are not in these four cities.
Solution:
Number of Maruti service centres that are not in these four cities
= 100 – ( 13 + 18 + 17 + 15 )
= 100 – 63
= 37
The point estimate of proportion of Maruti service centres that are not in these fourcities is
𝑝̅ =37/100 =0.37
CASE STUDY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTION
25. A population consists of 5 units 3,7,6,8,1.
(i) Find the Point estimate for population mean
(ii) Find the Point estimate for population variance
(iii) Find the Point estimate for population standard deviation
(iv) Find the Standard error of the sample mean
Solution:
(i) 𝑥̅= 3+7+6+8+1 5 = 5 ∴ point estimate of population mean is (𝑥̅), 𝑖.𝑒. ,5.
(ii) 𝑆 2 = ∑ (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅) 2 / 𝑛−1
= [4 + 4 + 1 + 9 + 16] /(5-1) = 34/ 4 = 8.5
(iii) Point estimate for population standard deviation is √8.5 = 2.91
(iv) Standard Error = 𝜎 /√𝑛 = 2.91/ √5 = 2.91 /2.23 = 1.30.
