Experiment No.

01

TO FIND OPTIMUM DOSE OF A COAGULANT FOR

THE TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER SAMPLE

Flocculation Test Unit

The equipment is designed to allow the

well-known 'jar tests' to be conducted on
samples of water or waste water requiring
treatment. The correct dosage conditions to
remove colour and turbidity may be
established on a laboratory scale as a prelude
to full-scale plant operation.
SPECIFICATION
 A bench top unit comprising an internally illuminated base and a
backboard supporting a control console
 Six stirrers with stainless steel paddle shafts and blades linked to a
variable speed motor.
 Stirrer speed range typically 25-240 rpm.
 Stirrer assemblies are easily demounted to allow the test vessels to be
removed and cleaned.
 Digital timer 1-99 minutes
 Two adjustable pre-set programs
Demonstration Capabilities
 Determination of optimum coagulant dosage
 Determination of optimum pH
 Effect of mixing time and intensity on aggregation
Technical Details
Dimensions of paddle blade: 50mm x 15mm
Stirrer speed range: 25-240rpm (approx.)

1
Sample volume: 1 litre (each vessel)
Requirements
Electrical supply:
W1-A: 220-240V/1ph/50Hz

Description of the treatment processes

Analysis of a water or waste preparatory to the design of a treatment
sequence often involves coagulation and flocculation tests, called ‘Jar tests', in
the laboratory. Jar tests are routinely used for the control of plant operations
and are performed by treatment plant operators.
The tests serve to indicate the optimum chemical dosages for removal of
turbidity and colors, including such parameters as pH adjustment, Jar tests,
furthermore, yield a wealth of qualitative information on the rate of
agglomeration as a function of energy input (paddle speed), the settle ability of
the flock formed. The Coagulation and flocculation tests may be used, in
conjunction with other tests, to study basic processes including, for example,
the kinetics of reaction and the removal of trace constituents from aqueous
solution.
A bench-mounted framework incorporates facilities for six tests to be
carried out simultaneously. The glass flocculating vessels stand on a
translucent base which is illuminated from below. Each flocculating vessel
incorporates a stirrer paddle driven by a variable speed drive. The paddle
assemblies are easily withdrawn for removal and cleaning of the test vessels.
The paddle shafts are made of stainless steel to resist corrosion. Paddle
speed is accurately maintained by electronic feedback control. A digital display
clearly indicates the speed which is fully variable. Alternatively, the use of two
adjustable presets allows repetition of pre-selected speeds.
A digital timer can be set to count down from 1 to 99 minutes. After
count down the paddles stop and an alert sounds.
A control panel incorporates the following features:
o Main isolating switch

2
 o Fluorescent lamp switch
o Digital speed display
o Adjustable preset speed

SAMPLE OF TURBIT WASTE WATER

Sample will be industrial waste water or Prepare turbid water by adding pure
soil in the water and shake it well and allow it for some time to settle down the
suspended soil and then collect the top layer of colloidal particles in water in a
container which is the required influent or feed.

Theory about the whole coagulation and flocculation process

The choice of coagulant chemical depends upon the nature of the

suspended solid to be removed, the raw water conditions, the facility
design, and the cost of the amount of chemical necessary to produce
the desired result.
Final selection of the coagulant (or coagulants) should be made
following thorough jar testing and plant scale evaluation.
Considerations must be given to required effluent quality, effect upon
downstream treatment process performance, cost, method and cost of
sludge handling and disposal, and net overall cost at the dose required
for effective treatment.

Inorganic Coagulants
Inorganic coagulants such as aluminum and iron salts are the most
commonly used. When added to the water, they furnish highly charged
ions to neutralize the suspended particles. The inorganic hydroxides
formed produce short polymer chains which enhance micro flock
formation.
Inorganic coagulants usually offer the lowest price per pound, are
widely available, and, when properly applied, are quite effective in
removing most suspended solids. They are also capable of removing a
portion of the organic precursors which may combine with chlorine to
form disinfection by-products. They produce large volumes of flock
which can entrap bacteria as they settle. However, they may alter the
pH of the water since they consume alkalinity. When applied in a lime
soda ash softening process, alum and iron salts generate demand for
lime and soda ash. They require corrosion-resistant storage and feed
equipment. The large volumes of settled flock must be disposed of in
an environmentally acceptable manner.

3
Inorganic Coagulant Reactions
Common coagulant chemicals used are alum, ferric sulfate, ferric
chloride, ferrous sulfate, and sodium aluminate. The first four will lower
the alkalinity and pH of the solution while the sodium aluminate will
add alkalinity and raise the pH. The reactions of each follow:

ALUM
A12 (SO4)3 + 3 Ca (HCO3)2 ------------> 2 Al (OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6 CO2
Aluminum + Calcium give Aluminum + Calcium + Carbon
Sulfate Bicarbonate Hydroxide Sulfate Dioxide
(already in the water to treat)

FERRIC SULFATE
Fe2 (SO4)3 + 3 Ca (HCO3)2 ------------> 2 Fe (OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6 CO2
Ferric + Calcium give Ferric + Calcium + Carbon
Sulfate Bicarbonate Hydroxide Sulfate Dioxide (present in the water to
treat)

FERRIC CHLORIDE
2 Fe Cl3 + 3 Ca (HCO3)2 ------------> 2 Fe (OH)3 + 3CaCl2 + 6CO2
Ferric + Calcium give Ferric + Calcium + Carbon
Chloride Bicarbonate Hydroxide Chloride Dioxide (present in the water
to treat)

FERROUS SULFATE
FeS04 + Ca (HCO3)2 ------------> Fe (OH)2 + CaS04 + 2CO2
Ferrous + Calcium give Ferrous + Calcium + Carbon
Sulfate Bicarbonate Hydroxide Sulfate Dioxide (present in the water to
treat)

SODIUM ALUMINATE
2 Na2A12O4 + Ca (HCO3)2 ------------> 8 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2CO3 + 6 H20
Sodium + Calcium give Aluminum + Sodium + Water
Aluminates Carbonate Hydroxide Carbonate (present in the water to
treat)

Na2Al2O4 + CO2 ------------> 2 Al(OH)3 + NaCO3

Sodium + Carbon gives Aluminum + Sodium
Aluminate Dioxide Hydroxide Carbonate(present in the water to treat)

Na2Al2O4 + MgCO3 ------------> MgAl2O4 + Na2CO3

Sodium + Magnesium gives Magnesium + Sodium
Aluminate Carbonate Aluminate Carbonate (present in the water to
treat)

4
Turbidity:

It is defined in terms of light absorbed or scattered as “the extent of light

absorbed or scattered by the suspension of colloidal particles in water (or) any
light is termed as its turbidity”. Its unit is:

 NTU (Nephlometric turbidity unit)

 JTU (Jakson Turbidity Unit)
 FTU (Farmazine Turbidity Unit)

Coagulation

These are the additives (chemicals) for the separation or precipitation of

suspended colloidal particles in water a liquid by turning them into a large
agglomerate (or) flock which settle down more rapidly.

Procedure:

 Take 1liter or any given volume of sample in each six beaker of

apparatus.
 Note initial turbidity by means of turbidity meters.
 Add 0.5g, 1g, 1.5g, 2g, 2.5g and 3g consequently in respective 6 bottles.
 Or make a solution of the known mg (ppm) and add to the beaker 5ml,
10ml, 15ml, 20ml, 25ml and 30ml consequently in respective 6 bottles.
 Switch on apparatus and stir these samples at 90 rpm for 1 min time.
 Then adjust 15 rpm for approximately 30 min.
 After 30 mints lift up stirrer paddles from the beaker and give 30 min of
settling time to all six beaker sample.
 Then measure parameters and repeat the procedure.

Precautions:

 Take sample from middle layer of beaker.

5
  Don’t spray water on turbidity meter and wash the sample vessel before
putting in the apparatus.
 Operate flocculation unit with intense care.

Conclusion:

 With increasing coagulant dosage up to on optimum value the turbidity

comes at minimum So;

Optimum dosage = 2.5 gm or 2500 mg in a liter.

6
Experiment No. 01

TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF O2 TRANSFER TO

WATER SAMPLE

Aeration Unit

The purpose of the Armfield Aeration Unit is to

permit study of the oxygen transfer characteristics of
diffused air systems and the physical and chemical
parameters which influence their oxygenation
capacity. These studies are a necessary prelude to the
understanding of the biological treatment of waste
waters.

ORDERING SPECIFICATION

 An aeration unit to permit the study of oxygen transfer characteristics of diffuse

air systems.
 Comprising a 24.5 litre open tank with variable speed motor driven stirrer paddle
and pumped air supply, via a valve and flow meter, to a diffuser.
 Sparger, single and treble air stone diffusers are included in the supply.
 A battery powered dissolved oxygen meter provides instrumentation including
direct reading of water temperature.

Demonstration Capabilities

 Effects of oxygen transfer under non-steady state conditions

 Measurement of the absorption coefficient Ks and the oxygenation capacity R
 The effect on Ks and R of:
 Degree of fluid mixing,

7
  Water temperature,
 Gas flow rate,
 Depth of water,
 Diffuser arrangement,
 Water composition.

Description

The Armfield Aeration Unit comprises an open tank equipped with a paddle
stirrer. Air is supplied by an electrically driven pump through a control valve and flow
meter to a diffuser, adjustable for position, within the tank. A variety of diffusers is
included. The dissolved oxygen content of the water in the tank is measured by means
of an oxygen electrode and dissolved oxygen meter. The meter supplied gives an
additional direct reading of water temperature. Operating from internal batteries, the
meter may be used for field trials independently of the apparatus.

The equipment consists of a base and backboard standing on four rubber feet.
Mounted on the base is the clear acrylic water tank which has a capacity of 24.5 litres.
On the front of the tank is a depth scale and at the base a drainage tap. The lid of the
tank is partially removable to allow filling. On the fixed part of the lid are mounted
the stirrer motor, stirrer and clamping positions for the temperature probe, oxygen
probe and aerator tube.

The oxygen/temperature meter is mounted on the backboard with the

connecting leads to the appropriate probes.

Air is supplied to the tank by means of a pump (with filter and silencer
assembly) and is controlled by a valved flow meter discharging through the aerator
tube.

Three diffusers, sparger tube, treble airstone and single airstone, may be
separately attached to the aerator tube.

Variable speed adjustment of the stirrer paddle provides different levels of

turbulence in the tank.

8
Technical Details

Pump: Diaphragm type

Tank capacity: 24.5 litres

Flow meter range: 1-12 litres/min

Oxygen/temperature meter ranges:

-5 to 199%DO2

-5 to 25.0%DO2

-5 to 19.99mg/l

-10 to 105°C

Oxygen probe length: 300mm

Paddle: Variable sped controlled by D.C. shunt wound motor

Chemicals required: Sodium sulphite, (not supplied) Cobaltous chloride

Recommended Accessories/instruments

Stop clock

Triple beam top loading balance

100ml measuring cylinder

Requirements

Electrical supply:

W10-A: 220-240V/1ph/50Hz

W10-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz

9
W10-g: 220V/1ph/60Hz

Water supply:

Initial fill and laboratory drain.

Shipping specification

Volume 0.70m3

Gross weight: 100kg

Overall dimensions

Height: 0.75m

Width: 0.6m

Depth: 0.5m

Apparatus: Aeration unit.

Chemical Required:

Sample: Water

Chemicals: 10% Na2SO3 solution (100g/L)

1% CoCl2.6H2O Solution (10g/L)

Procedure:

 Add 24lit of given sample in aeration tank.

 Add 1.5ml/lit of cobaltous chloride for initially deoxygenation of
sample.

10
 Insert the oxygen protein tank and give a moderate speed to stirrer for
efficient mixing.
 Then give some time for deoxygenation (10-70 min).
 Check the value of DO after this time if it is not at zero then add some
more deoxygenation solutions.
 Now do initially is at zero value.
 After this give 4 lit/min flow rate to variable area meter from blower to
intake O2 (air) from atmosphere and give it to vessel tank.
 After a specific interval of time take readings of DO at a constant motor
speed for stirrer as well as constant air flow rate.
 Then the coefficient of absorption (Ks) and oxygenation capacity (R)
cam be find by following co-relations.

( )
ln Δt 1 −ln Δt 2
Ks=2. 303 ( time−1 )
t 2−t 1

In here;

Δt 1 =C ζ −Ct 1
Δt 2 =C ζ −Ct 2

And

C ζ → Saturation value of sample

Ct 1 →Cone of Do at time t1
Ct 2 → Cone of Do at time t 2

Also

R = Ks C10 VE

11
 C10 → Cone of DO at 10oC

V → value of sample

F → Temp correction factor

1. DO Vs time
2. Ks Vs time
3. R Vs time
4. Ks Vs time

Conclusion:

 Do shows a direct relation with time up to saturation.

 R and Ks decreases with increasing time.
 R and Ks has a direct relation.

Precautions:

 Minimum level of sample in such that diffuses dipped in water.

 Check error if DO reading can not come at zero value.

12
Experiment No. 02

TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF FLOW RATE OF AIR ON

DO OF SAMPLE

Aeration Unit

The purpose of the Armfield Aeration Unit is to permit

study of the oxygen transfer characteristics of diffused
air systems and the physical and chemical parameters
which influence their oxygenation capacity. These
studies are a necessary prelude to the understanding of
the biological treatment of waste waters.

ORDERING SPECIFICATION

 An aeration unit to permit the study of oxygen

transfer characteristics of diffuse air systems.
 Comprising a 24.5 litre open tank with variable speed motor driven stirrer paddle
and pumped air supply, via a valve and flow meter, to a diffuser.
 Sparger, single and treble airstone difusers are included in the supply.
 A battery powered dissolved oxygen meter provides intrumentation including
direct reading of water temperature.

Demonstration Capabilities

 Effects of oxygen transfer under non-steady state conditions

 Measurement of the absorption coefficient Ks and the oxygenation capacity R
 The effect on Ks and R of:
 Degree of fluid mixing,
 Water temperature,
 Gas flow rate,
 Depth of water,
 Diffuser arrangement,

13
  Water composition.

Description

The Armfield Aeration Unit comprises an open tank equipped with a paddle
stirrer. Air is supplied by an electrically driven pump through a control valve and flow
meter to a diffuser, adjustable for position, within the tank. A variety of diffusers is
included. The dissolved oxygen content of the water in the tank is measured by means
of an oxygen electrode and dissolved oxygen meter. The meter supplied gives an
additional direct reading of water temperature. Operating from internal batteries, the
meter may be used for field trials independently of the apparatus.

The equipment consists of a base and backboard standing on four rubber feet.
Mounted on the base is the clear acrylic water tank which has a capacity of 24.5 litres.
On the front of the tank is a depth scale and at the base a drainage tap. The lid of the
tank is partially removable to allow filling. On the fixed part of the lid are mounted
the stirrer motor, stirrer and clamping positions for the temperature probe, oxygen
probe and aerator tube.

The oxygen/temperature meter is mounted on the backboard with the

connecting leads to the appropriate probes.

Air is supplied to the tank by means of a pump (with filter and silencer
assembly) and is controlled by a valved flow meter discharging through the aerator
tube.

Three diffusers, sparger tube, treble airstone and single airstone, may be
separately attached to the aerator tube.

Variable speed adjustment of the stirrer paddle provides different levels of

turbulence in the tank.

Technical Details

Pump: Diaphragm type

Tank capacity: 24.5 litres

14
Flow meter range: 1-12 litres/min

Oxygen/temperaturemeter ranges:

-5 to 199%DO2

-5 to 25.0%DO2

-5 to 19.99mg/l

-10 to 105°C

Oxygen probe length: 300mm

Paddle: Variable sped controlled by D.C. shunt wound motor

Chemicals required: Sodium sulphite, (not supplied) Cobaltous chloride

Recommended Accessories/instruments

Stop clock

Triple beam top loading balance

100ml measuring cylinder

Requirements

Electrical supply:

W10-A: 220-240V/1ph/50Hz

W10-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz

W10-g: 220V/1ph/60Hz

Water supply:

Initial fill and laboratory drain.

15
Shipping specification

Volume 0.70m3

Gross weight: 100kg

Overall dimensions

Height: 0.75m

Width: 0.6m

Depth: 0.5m

Apparatus: Aeration n unit.

Chemicals Used:

 Water sample 10%

 Na2SO3 solution 10%
 CoCl2 H2O solution (1%) for probe calibration

Procedure:

 Fill tank with 24ml (max) of sample.

 DO calibration with the help of two solutions to adjust initial value of
DO at zero.
 Start the stirrer at moderate constant speed.
 Give a specific flow rate to air.
 Note readings after some time for DO.
 Now change flow rate and again measure the DO value for the sample.
 Now take similar readings like those for a change in flow rate and find
DO for each.

16
  Al least find Ks and R from DO’s values.
 Lastly making graph with these readings showing effect of flow rate
changing.

Conclusion:

“R” and Ks increasing with increasing flow rate up to a maximum

behind which these decreases away.

Precautions:

Diffuses should not in contact with O2 prob.

17
Experiment No. 03

TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF MIXING SPEED ON THE

DO OF SAMPLE

Aeration Unit

The purpose of the Armfield Aeration Unit is to permit

study of the oxygen transfer characteristics of diffused
air systems and the physical and chemical parameters
which influence their oxygenation capacity. These
studies are a necessary prelude to the understanding of
the biological treatment of waste waters.

ORDERING SPECIFICATION

 An aeration unit to permit the study of oxygen transfer characteristics of diffuse

air systems.
 Comprising a 24.5 litre open tank with variable speed motor driven stirrer paddle
and pumped air supply, via a valve and flow meter, to a diffuser.
 Sparger, single and treble airstone difusers are included in the supply.
 A battery powered dissolved oxygen meter provides intrumentation including
direct reading of water temperature.

Demonstration Capabilities

 Effects of oxygen transfer under non-steady state conditions

 Measurement of the absorption coefficient Ks and the oxygenation capacity R
 The effect on Ks and R of:
 Degree of fluid mixing,
 Water temperature,
 Gas flow rate,
 Depth of water,
 Diffuser arrangement,

18
  Water composition.

Description

The Armfield Aeration Unit comprises an open tank equipped with a paddle
stirrer. Air is supplied by an electrically driven pump through a control valve and flow
meter to a diffuser, adjustable for position, within the tank. A variety of diffusers is
included. The dissolved oxygen content of the water in the tank is measured by means
of an oxygen electrode and dissolved oxygen meter. The meter supplied gives an
additional direct reading of water temperature. Operating from internal batteries, the
meter may be used for field trials independently of the apparatus.

The equipment consists of a base and backboard standing on four rubber feet.
Mounted on the base is the clear acrylic water tank which has a capacity of 24.5 litres.
On the front of the tank is a depth scale and at the base drainage tap. The lid of the
tank is partially removable to allow filling. On the fixed part of the lid are mounted
the stirrer motor, stirrer and clamping positions for the temperature probe, oxygen
probe and aerator tube.

The oxygen/temperature meter is mounted on the backboard with the

connecting leads to the appropriate probes.

Air is supplied to the tank by means of a pump (with filter and silencer
assembly) and is controlled by a valve flow meter discharging through the aerator
tube.

Three diffusers, sparger tube, treble airstone and single airstone, may be
separately attached to the aerator tube.

Variable speed adjustment of the stirrer paddle provides different levels of

turbulence in the tank.

Technical Details

Pump: Diaphragm type

Tank capacity: 24.5 litres

19
Flow meter range: 1-12 litres/min

Oxygen/temperaturemeter ranges:

-5 to 199%DO2

-5 to 25.0%DO2

-5 to 19.99mg/l

-10 to 105°C

Oxygen probe length: 300mm

Paddle: Variable sped controlled by D.C. shunt wound motor

Chemicals required: Sodium sulphite, (not supplied) Cobaltous chloride

Recommended Accessories/instruments

Stop clock

Triple beam top loading balance

100ml measuring cylinder

Requirements

Electrical supply:

W10-A: 220-240V/1ph/50Hz

W10-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz

W10-g: 220V/1ph/60Hz

Water supply:

Initial fill and laboratory drain.

20
Shipping specification

Volume 0.70m3

Gross weight: 100kg

Overall dimensions

Height: 0.75m

Width: 0.6m

Depth: 0.5m

Apparatus: Aeration unit

Sample:

 Sample → Water
 Chemical → Na2SO3 (10% solution) 100gm/1000ml

COCl2 (1% solution) 10gm/1000ml

Procedure:

 Fill tank with given 24 liter (max) sample.

 Adjust DO probe knob reading at zero by calibration using chemical
solutions.
 Give a constant speed of flow to incoming air.
 Now changing stirrer speed from low to moderate high etc and also
measure its RPM.
 Note the corresponding DO reading from display panel of O 2 – probe
which is actually an ammeter.
 After this find Ks and R at all these readings.

21
  Lastly make graph between these to show its relation and effect on
amount of O2 dissolved etc.

Conclusion:

 Ks and R increases with increasing mixing rate.

Precautions:

 Increase mixing rate gradually from low to high.

22
Experiment No. 05

TO DETERMINE THE BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN

DEMAND (BOD) OF A GIVEN SAMPLE OF WATER

Reagents:

 MnSO4 (30% solution) = (30 gm/100ml)

 Sodium thiosulphate Na2SO3 . 5H2O, 0.025N solution
 Alkali iodide azide, (0.135gm I + 10gm NaN 3 + 500gm NaOH these are
dissolved in 1000ml distilled water.

Indicators:

 Starch
 Dissolve 2gm starch in 1000ml distilled water.
 concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Procedure:

 Take three BOD bottles and fill these up to the mark with sample.
 Take two bottles for testing and one for 5-days at 20oC.
 Add 2 ml of MnSO4 and mix thoroughly.
 Add 2 ml alkali iodide azide solution. This will form a precipitate of
brownish or yellowish colour.
 It shows the presence of oxygen (DO).
 Let the precipitate is settled down.
 Add 2ml of concentrated H2SO4 so that precipitate is disappeared.
 Finally, add few drops of starch indicator (blackish) yellow colour will
appear.
 Titrate the sample with sodium thiosulphate unit colour of precipitate is
disappeared.

23
 A×N×8
DO= ×1000
ml of Sample

BOD= I-F

 Then place water sample for 5 days in dark.

 Determine BOD5 by finding “F” after five days, by same procedure.

24
Experiment No. 06

TO DETERMINE EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF

CAUTION RESIN IN WATER SOFTENING

Hard Water:

It is the water producing no or little lather due to the presence of

dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium. These are surely present as
bicarbonates, chlorides, sulphates and nitrates.

Resin for water softening:

Sulphonated styrene based resin i-e, R-SO3-Na+ is used which has

affinity to Ca2+ and mg2+.

2 R-SO3-Na++CaCl2 → (R-SO3) Ca+ 2NaCl

Two cations are replaced and hardness is consequently removed. After a

definite period of time all of Na + ions would have got replaced by Ca 2+ ions and
the point will come were hardness go to increase instead of decrease. This is
known as breakthrough point.

Procedure: Steps

 Back washing
 Regeneration
 Softening

Make 10L of water sample with a hardness of 600-700 mg/L in terms of

Cal3 by adding some amount of CaCl2 in tap water.

Determine hardness of this sample and place it in test water reservoir.

25
Back Washing:

Open valve V3 and V6 and wash the resin 500 5-minutes to remove any
solution or contaminants attached.

Regeneration:

Put section pipe of pump in tank “B” containing strong NaCl solution
and open valves V2 and V12 set flow rate at 10l/min. sampling is done by V 10
and taste the water out coming till it tastes no more salty.

Softening:

 Open valves V2 and V10 and set flow rate of hard water at 50-70 ml/min.
Tank “C” is used here collect 500 ml sample at 5 min interval.
 Put 0.02 N EDTA solutions in burette.
 Put 8N KOH solution (ml) in sample vessel and add little amount of
murric oxide granules as indicator.
 Titrate till the and point is reached i-e. purple color.
 Find hardness in terms of CaCO3 by using formula.

A∗N∗E Wt of CaCO3∗1000
Total Hardness=
ml of Sample

N = EDTA Strength

A = ml of EDTA for titration

26
Experiment No. 07

TO FIND REGENERATION EFFICIENCY OF AN ION

EXCHANGE SOFTENING

Ion Exchange Unit

A low cost, bench-mounted unit designed to

demonstrate the use of ion-exchange resins for either
continuous water softening or demineralization.

The equipment is designed to emulate the industrial

operation of such units, including monitoring 'break-
through' and regeneration cycles.

ORDERING SPECIFICATION

 Self-contained apparatus either for single bed water softening or double bed
system for demineralization.
 Two vertical transparent tubes house the resins.
 A manifold at inlet/outlet allows flow configuration changes.
 Equipment includes pump, valves, conductivity meter and sumps for
regenerate and test or wash solutions.
 Typical commercial cation and anion resins are supplied.

Demonstration Capabilities

 The exchange capacities of different resin materials

 Water softening using a cationic resin
 Regeneration efficiency of a softening system
 Demineralization using two-bed exchange
 Regeneration efficiency of a cationic and anionic resin

27
Description

Two vertical transparent tubes mounted on a backboard contain the cation and
anion resins. A manifold arrangement at the inlet and outlet to the tubes allows the
flow configuration to be changed to simulate the cycles involved in the operation of a
deioniser.

Union couplings permit the tubes to be removed from the manifolds and interchanged
for softening/demineralization experiments.

Regenerate and test or wash solutions contained in separate sumps are selected
by a traversing tube and delivered to the apparatus by pump through a control valve
and flow meter. Effluent may be fed to a sump tank and treated water collected in
bottles for tests on hardnes, conductivity or dissolved solids.

A conductivity meter connected to the outlet of the second ion exchange bed
gives a continuous indication of the progress of demineralization. The apparatus is
supplied with typical commercial cation and anion resins.

Other ion exchange materials may be used so that their characteristics,

exchange capacity etc, may be measured and compared.

Water softening theory

The usual ion exchange material employed in water softening is a sulphonated

styrene-based resin, supplied in the sodium form. This has a strong affinity for
calcium and magnesium ions and will also remove ferrous ions after the almost
complete removal of calcium and magnesium.

Softening may be carried out as a batch process by stirring a suspension of

resin in the water until equilibrium or an acceptable level of hardness is reached. It is
more convenient to operate as a continuous flow process, passing the water slowly
downwards through a column of resin beads.

The exchange reaction takes place rapidly enough for the upper layers of the
bed to approach exhaustion before the lower layers are able to exchange ions.

28
 Thus there is a zone of active exchange which moves down the column until
the resin at all depths becomes exhausted. The position at an intermediate stage is
illustrated. When the zone of active exchange reaches the bottom of the column the
emerging water begins to show an increasing hardness. This is the breakthrough point
when it becomes necessary to regenerate the resin with a strong sodium chloride
solution.

Technical Details

Pump: Self priming diaphragm type

Flow meter range: 10-80ml/min

Sump tank capacity: 20 litres

Anion exchange resin: 0.75 litre

Cation exchange resin: 1litre

Chemicals required (not supplied):

Sodium chloride

Hydrochloric acid

Sodium hydroxide

Recommended Accessories/instruments

Cartridge type water deionizer

Replacement cartridges

Beaker cell

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Requirements

Electrical supply:

W9-A : 220-240V/1ph/50Hz

W9-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz

Water supply:

Initial fill and laboratory drain.

Shipping specification

Volume 1.1m3

Gross weight: 120kg

Overall dimensions

Height: 0.9m

Width: 1.1m

Depth: 0.45m

Procedure:

 Make up 10L water with a hardness of 600-700 mg/l interring of CaCO 3

by dissolving a little CaCl2 in the Distilled water.
 Determine hardness of this tap water and fill test tank with this.
 Back washing is done for 5-minutes in the similar way as done before.
 Resin regeneration in done also similarly by NaCl solution until
removed.

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 Run the hard water through the caution and check the hardness of 500
ml samples after each five minutes.
 See for the breakthrough point and the time taken to achieve this.
 Find out the hardness removed and volume of CaCO3 solution used.
 Volume of NaCl used for regeneration is (10 ml/min * time taken).
 Mass of NaCl will be 10% of this amount.

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