NSTP Reserved Officers Training Corps (ROTC)

- Enables the youth, as the most valuable - Provide military to tertiary level students in
resource of the Filipino nation, to be motivated, order to motivate, train and mobilize themfor
developed and utilized in regard to their national defense preparedness under section 38
responsibilities as citizens and in fulfillment of and39 of RA 7077
their civil obligations.
Civic Welfare Training Service
Lesson 1 - Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP
- Refers to activities contributory to the general
The Philippine Constitution welfare and betterment of life for the members
of the community.
- provides that the defense of the state is a prime - Enhancement of its facilities
duty of the government and the people.
- In fulfillment of this duty, all citizens may be Literacy Training Service
required by law to render personal military or
civil service. - Designed to train students to become teachers
- It further states that it is the duty of the citizen of literacy and numeracy skills
to contribute to our country's development in The RA 9163
the attainment and preservation of a just and
orderly society. - also known as the National Service Training
Program Act of 2001
The National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of - has been signed into law by her Excellency,
2001 President Gloria Macapagal –Arroyo last
- mandates all citizens, both male and female, to January 23, 2002.
- It amended the Republic Act. No. 7077 and
fulfill this civic duty.
presidential Decree No. 1706 or the compulsory
The National Service Training Program (NSTP) Law or RA military training to tertiary level students which
9163 prepared male students as Reserved Officers
Training Corps.
- also known as “An Act Establishing the National
Service Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary Three leading agencies for the implementation of NSTP
level students, amending for the purpose Rules and Regulations:
Republic Act No. 7077 and Presidential Decree
No. 1706, and for other purposes.” - Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
- was enacted last January 2002 to amend the - Department of National Defense (DND)
Expanded ROTC. - Technical Education and Skills Development
- aimed to enhance civic consciousness and Authority (TESDA).
defense preparedness in the youth by
developing the ethics of service and patriotism The guiding principle of the law was taken from Article 2
while undergoing training in any of its three (3) Sec. 4 of the Philippine Constitution which focused on
program components, specifically designed to the prime duty of the government, "to serve and
enhance the youth’s active contribution to the protect its citizens" and the main responsibility of all the
general welfare. citizen is to "defend the security of the State" including
rendering personal military or civil service.
Filipino Youth PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1706 – NATIONAL SERVICE
LAW
- They will serve as vital component for nation-
building and shall be motivated, trained, - mandated the compulsory National Service for
organized and voluntarily take part in military, Filipino Citizens. National Service Law amended
literacy and civic welfare programs. certain sections of Commonwealth Act No. 1.
- (1980)
Who are required to take the National Service Training - It was composed of three main program
Program? components namely Civic Welfare Service
- All incoming freshmen students, male and (CWS), Law Enforcement Service (LES) and
female, starting SY 2002-2003, enrolled in any Military Service (MS). College students were
baccalaureate and in at least two year given an option to choose one from among
technical-vocational or associate courses, are these components in compliance with these
required to complete 1 NSTP component of requirements for tertiary education.
their choice as a graduation requirement.

What is the duration and equivalent course unit of the REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7077– THE CITIZEN ARMED FORCES
aforementioned NSTP Components? OF THE PHILIPPINE RESERVIST LAW (1991)

- an academic period of two semesters. It shall - The implementation of the National Service
be credited for three (3) units per semester, for Law, except the provision of the Military
fifty four (54) to ninety (90) training hours per Science was suspended by Presidential
semester. Memorandum Order No. 1 under the
incumbency of former President Corazon
No fees shall be collected for any of the NSTP Aquino, paving the way for the
component basic tuition fees which should not be more conceptualization of the basic ROTC, embodied
than fifty (50%) percent of the charges of the school under R.A 7077, effective school year 1986-
per academic unit. 1987.
- 1986
3.2. The Evolution of the NSTP
- aimed to mandate a strong civilian base to
COMMONWEALTH ACT. 1 – NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT supplement professional military in the National
Defense System, but, ROTC Crisis of 2001 was
- is a legislative act providing basis for the arguably the single most significant event in
national defense of the country. post-Martial Law ROTC history. Its impact on
- 1935 the nature of the program was dramatically
- under the government of President Manuel L. unique. During the school year 2001-2002,
Quezon. The same law required college ROTC was only made optional under the
students, particularly males, to finish two years, National Service Program (NSP) . In view of the
equivalent to 4 years, of military training as a options, it gave the students the choice, among
modality to institutionalize the reservist system the following components, Military Science
in the Philippine National Defense. (MS), Civic Welfare Service (CWS) and Law
Enforcement Service (LES).
the NSTP Act former members of the House of Representatives,
former justices of the Supreme Court, a Roman Catholic
- December 2001 bishop, and political activists against the Marcos
- visualized NSTP as a reforms in the ROTC and regime. The Commission finished the final draft on
NSP,
October 12, 1986 and presented it to Aquino on
- signed in law by the President Gloria October 15. The constitution was ratified by
Macapagal-Arroyo as a new modality toward a nationwide plebiscite on February 8, 1987.
making the former national service training that
is military in nature, relevant to the changing 3 branches of PH government/governmental powers
needs of time.
- Legislative
Constitution o Makes the law
o Congress, senate, house of
- refers to “that body of rules and maxims in representative
accordance with which the powers of o There are twenty-four senators and the
sovereignty are habitually exercised". House is composed of district
Constitution of the Philippines representatives. It also created
opportunities for under-represented
- may be defined as that written instrument by sectors of community to select their
which the fundamental powers of the representative through party-list
government are established limited, and system.
defined and by which these powers are - Executive
distributed among the several departments or o Carries out the law
branches for their safe and usefulness exercise o President, Vice, cabinets
for the benefit of the people. The Constitution o has limited power. This is to ensure that
of the Philippines or the country will be "safeguarded" if
- Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas martial law is to be declared. The
- constitution or supreme law of the Republic of president can still declare martial law,
the Philippines. Its final draft was completed by but it expires within 60 days and
the Constitutional Commission on October 12, Congress can either reject or extend it.
1986 and was ratified by a nationwide plebiscite - Judicial
on February 2, 1987. o Executes the law
o Supreme court, other courts
President Corazon Aquino was granted three options:
o The task of the Supreme Court is to
restore the 1935 Constitution, retain and make reforms
review whether a declaration of martial
to the 1973 Constitution, or pass a new constitution.
law is just.
She decided to draft a new constitution and on March
o The Supreme Court is granted the
25, 1986 she issued Proclamation No. 3 abolishing
power to hear any cases that deals with
many of the provisions of the 1973 Constitution during
the constitutionality of law, about a
the Marcos regime, including the unicameral
treaty or decree of the government. It is
legislature (the Batasang Pambansa), the office of Prime
also tasked to administrate the function
Minister, and provisions which gave the President
of the lower courts.
legislative powers. This constitution was often called as
"Freedom Constitution" to ensure democracy and the
freedom of the people. The Constitutional Commission
was composed of forty-eight members appointed by
Aquino from varied backgrounds, including several
R.A 8044 (The Youth in Nation-Building Act) Sec. 2 , - Article III enumerates specific protections
against the abuse of state power, most of which
- The State recognizes the vital role of the youth are similar to the provisions of the U.S.
in nation-building. They shall promote and Constitution.
protect their physical, intellectual, and social
well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth CLASSES OF RIGHTS
patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their
involvement in public and civic affairs. 1. Natural Rights – those possessed by every citizen
without being granted by the State for they are given to
man by God as human being created to His image that
The Preamble he may live a happy life.

- comes from the Latin word 'praeambulus,' 2. Constitutional Rights – conferred and protected by
meaning “walking before”. the Constitution.
- This is normally used in formal documents such
as a nation's constitution. For example, the 3. Statutory Rights – provided by law, promulgated by
1987 Constitution of the Republic of the the law-making body and consequently may be
Philippines states. abolished by the same body.

Dean Vicente Sinco says of the Preamble: “The CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
preamble performs a vital function in a constitution. Its 1. Political Rights – the power to participate directly or
value is not merely formal but real and substantive. It is indirectly in the establishment or administration of the
to the constitution what the enacting clause is to a government.
statue. The authenticity of the authorship of the
constitution is made patent in the preamble. Without 2. Civil Rights – a law which secures private individuals
this or something equivalent to it, the source of for the purpose of securing enjoyment of their means of
authority that gives valid force to the constitutional happiness.
mandates may lie concealed, perhaps left to the
3. Social and Economic Rights – intended to insure the
dangers of uncertain conjectures.”
well – being and economic security of an individual.
Preamble ---- insert
4. Rights of the Accused – intended for the protection of
The Bill of Rights (Article III) a person accused of any crime.

- is an indispensable part of the Constitution Important duties and obligations of every citizen in a
- one of the most important parts of the democratic society:
fundamental law
- To be loyal to the Republic. This means that we
- aims at balancing the power of the government
have faith and confidence in the Republic and
and the various freedoms of the individual.
love and devotion to the country. We have to
- provide for two things: first, restrictions
be proud being a Filipino, respect our customs,
directed against the state, and, second, explicit
traditions, language and institutions. Our
identification and limitation of rights of the
country is considered our home, the home of
individuals. It is a declaration and
our forefathers who fought for our country
enumeration of a person’s rights and privileges
against the invaders, the home of our children,
which the Constitution is designed to protect
the seat of our affections, and the source of our
against violation by the government, or by
happiness and well-being.
individuals or groups of individuals. It is a
-
charter of liberties for the individual and a
limitation upon the power of the State.
- To defend the State. Considering the fact that - To register and vote. It is our prime duty as a
our country is our home, it is our prime duty to citizen of the Philippines to register and vote.
love and defend the state of all costs regardless Suffrage is both a privilege and a duty, which
of our creed, religious beliefs, and every qualified citizen must problem. It is not
wisdom. Loving ones country can be shown not sufficient to just register and vote; it must be
by words but by deeds. It should be a coupled with intellectual judgment during
continuous flame of love considering the fact election. We have to consider the different
that we receive benefits and protection from political issues by different candidates, so that
the State of which we are a part. In return, it at least we can choose the right person to
our primary duty and honor to defend it against manage government affairs.
any peril whether from within or from without.
(Art. II. Sec. 3). Human rights

- refers to norms that aim to protect people from

- To contribute to the development and welfare political, legal, and social abuses (Stanford
of the State . We are a part of the state and we Encyclopedia of Philosophy).
directly receive the benefits from the - While the United Nations defined human rights
government in the form of infrastructure, peace as universal and inalienable.
and order, etc.
General Assembly Resolution 217 A
- To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws. It
- was proclaimed by the United Nations General
is our prime obligation to uphold the
Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 as a
Constitution and obey the laws. If the people
common standard of achievements for all
would disregard them, our country would
peoples and all nations
collapse and we will not have peace and
order. The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)

- To cooperate with duly constituted - is a body of the United Nations whose mission is
authorities. In every organization, there is to promote and protect human rights around
always a leader to manage the affairs of all the the world. The UNHRC has 47 representatives
constituents. If the members will not cooperate, elected on a regional basis for staggered three-
we can never expect to become successful in all year terms. The UNHRC is based in Geneva ,
the undertakings that our government would Switzerland.
like to do for the good of its citizens. - examines claims of human rights abuses in
United Nations Member States and discusses
- To exercise rights responsibility and with due significant thematic aspects of human rights
regard for the rights of others. We have to see such as freedom of association and assembly,
to it that we also respect the rights of other freedom of speech, freedom of belief and faith,
people. If we do this, we can expect women's rights, LGBT rights and the rights of
harmonious relationship between members of racial and ethnic minorities in which the
the society Philippines is a member of this council.

- To engage in gainful work. It is our obligation as

a citizen of our country to become productive
by engaging in gainful work so that we can
provide the basic needs of our family and
ourselves as well.
 Principles of Human Rights Rights-based approaches require a high degree of
participation by communities, civil society, minorities,
1. Universal and Inalienable women, young people, indigenous peoples and other
o Universality - We are all equally entitled to our identified groups.
human rights. Universality of the human rights States and other duty-bearers are answerable for the
is first emphasized in the UDHR and was observance of human rights. States have to comply with
repeated in many international human rights the legal norms and standards enshrined in
conventions, declarations, and resolutions.
international human rights instruments.

o Inalienable - Human rights is inviolable. Human If the State fail to do so, aggrieved rights-holders are
rights should not be taken away, except in entitled to institute proceedings for appropriate redress
specific situations and according to due process. before a competent court or other adjudicator in
accordance with the rules and procedures provided by
2. Indivisible and interdependent means that one set of
law.
rights cannot be enjoyed fully without the other.
Individuals, the media, civil society and the international
3. Equal and non-discriminatory community play important roles in holding
o Equal - Article 1 of the UDHR states: "All human governments accountable for their obligation to uphold
beings are born free and equal in dignity and human rights.
rights."
THE HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE FLAG
o Non-discriminatory - Freedom from
discrimination, set out in Article 2. It also Evolution of the Philippine Flag
provides the central theme of 2 core
instruments: the International Convention on The Making of the Philippine Flag
the Elimination of All Forms of Racial - The idea of coming up with a new flag was
Discrimination, and the Convention on the reached during the preparation of the second
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination phase of the Philippine Revolution.
against Women. - It was personally conceived by Gen. Emilio
3. Both rights and obligations States have obligations Aguinaldo, President of the evolutionary
Government
and duties under international law to respect, protect
and fulfill human rights. - Sewn at 535 Morrison Hill Road, Hongkong by
Mrs. Marcela Marino Agoncillo -wife of the first
- The obligation to respect means that States must Filipino diplomat Felipe Agoncillo, with the help
refrain from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of her daughter Lorenza and Mrs. Delfina
of human rights. Herbosa Natividad, niece of Dr. Jose Rizal and
wife of Gen. Salvador Natividad.
- The obligation to protect requires States to protect - made within five days
individuals and groups against human rights abuses. - handed over by Mrs. Agoncillo to Gen.
- The obligation to fulfill means that States must take Aguinaldo before the latter boarded the
positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic American dispatch boat,
human rights. - bloody encounter ensued between the Filipino
Forces and Spanish marines on May 28,1898
at Bo. Alapan, Imus, Cavite where the Philippine
Flag received its baptism of fire and blood.
Gen. Aguinaldo hoisted the flag as a sign of
victory against Spain.
June 12, 1898 - House of Representatives of the Philippines
building (Batasang Pambansa Complex)
- the Philippine Flag brought from Hong Kong was - Supreme Court building
unfurled for the first time at the historic - the Rizal Monument in Luneta, Manila
window of the Aguinaldo Mansion in Kawit,
- Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite
Cavite as the country's Independence was - Barasoain Shrine in Malolos, Bulacan
being proclaimed before the Filipino people. - the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Libingan ng
During the American regime, the display of the mga Bayani
Philippine Flag in any places was prohibited and it - Mausuleo de los Beteranos dela Revolucion
provided severe punishment for violators. The - all International Ports of Entry
prohibition was lifted eleven years later - all other places as may be designated by the
Institute.
October 30, 1919 as "Philippine Flag Day." Though - The Flag Protocol
authorized and venerated during this historic occasion,
the flag, however, had minor discrepancies. The flag should be displayed in all government
buildings, official residences, public plazas and schools
On March 25, 1936, President Manuel L. Quezon. issued every day throughout the year.
E.O. No. 23 prescribing the technical description and
specification of the Filipino Flag. It was followed by The days of the 28th of May (National Flag Day) and the
other directives assigning the National Historical 12th of June (Independence Day) are designed as flag
Institute as the authority in Philippine Vexillaries and days. during which all offices, agencies and
Heraldry. instrumentalities of government, business
establishments, institutions of learning and private
Structure of the Flag homes are enjoined to display the flag. But in years, the
flag days are now from May 28 to June 30 yearly.
The National flag of the Philippines is a horizontal bi-
color with equal bands of blue and red , and a with a Government offices, primary and secondary school and
white equilateral triangle based at the hoist side; in the private institution who fly the Philippine flag on a
center of he triangle is a golden yellow sun with eight flagpole must observe flag raising ceremony every
primary rays, each containing three individual rays; and MONDAY and flag lowering ceremony every FRIDAY.
at each corner of the triangle is a five pointed golden Base on the RA 8491.
yellow star.
Half-Mast
The flag's length is twice its width, which translates into
an aspect ration of 1:2. the length of all sides of the - The flag shall be flown at half-mast as a sign of
white triangle is equal to the width of the flag. Each star mourning.
is oriented in such manner that one of its tips points - On the official announcement of the death of
towards the vertex at which it is located. the President or Former President, that flag
shall be flown at half-mast for 10 days. Flag
According to Sec 6. the flag shall be permanently shall also be flown half-mast for the death of
hoisted, day and night throughout the year, and the flag the Vice President, the Chief Justice, the
shall be properly illuminated at night in front of the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the
following places House of Representatives.
- It also may be required to fly at half-mast upon
- Malacanang Palace;
the death of other persons to be determined by
- the Congress of the Philippines building;
the National Historical Institute, for a period
- Senate of the Philippine Building
of less than seven days.
When flown at half-mast, the flag should be first 1898, during the Declaration of Independence
hoisted to the peak for a moment then lowered to the in Kawit, Cavite. It's words were originally
half-mast position. It should be raised to the peak again adopted from the poem "Filipinas," written in
before it is lowered for the day. Spanish by a Jose Palma, a 23 years old soldier
from Bayambang, Pangasinan, It was publish in
Folding of the Flag La Independencia on September 3, 1899 as its
TO BE INSERTED lyrics.

Prohibited Acts Flag ceremony

According to Republic Act 8491, the flag cannot be used - is conducted when we sing National Anthem
in the following rationales and the Philippine Flag is raised.
- the attendees shall sing the anthem with fervor.
- Defacing or ridiculing the flag by dipping the As a sign of respect
flag as a salute, or adding additional marks on - all persons shall stand at attention and face the
the flag; Philippine Flag
- As a drapery, festoon, tablecloth, a covering, or - If there is no display of flag, all persons shall
as a part of a costumes or a uniform; face the band or conductor.
- As a trademark or for commercial or agricultural - All persons shall execute a salute by placing the
labels or designs; right palm over their left chest.
- As part of merchandise or in any advertisement - Those in military, scouting, citizens military
or infomercial; and training and security guard uniforms shall salute
- As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of prescribed by their regulations. The salute shall
motor vehicles. be completed upon the last note of the anthem.

The flag should not be displayed "horizontally face-up, The anthem shall not be played and sung for mere
or under any painting, picture or platform". It may also recreation, amusement or entertainment purposes
not be displayed in "discotheques, cockpits, night and except on the following occasions:
day clubs casinos, gambling joints and places of vice or
where frivolity prevails" 1. International competitions where the Philippines is
the host or has a representative;
Pledge of Alliance of the Philippine Flag, "Panunumpa sa
Watawat" (distinct from the Patriotic Oath of 2. Local competitions;
Allegiance, "Panatang Makabayan" should be recited 3. During the signing off and “signing on” of radio
while standing with right hand with palm open raised
broadcasting and television stations;
shoulder high.
4. Before the initial and last screening of films and
The law makes no statement regarding the language in before the opening of theater performances; and
which the pledge must be recited, but the pledge is
written (and therefore recited) in the FIlipino language. 5. Other occasions as may be allowed by the Institute

The National Anthem The National Motto

- entitled Lupang Hinirang. The National Motto shall be “Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao,

- shall always be sung in the national language Makakalikasan at Makabansa"
within or without the country
- composed by Julian Felipe (January 28, 1861 -
October 2, 1941), a pianist and composer from
Cavite. It was first played publicly on June 12,
The National Coat-of-Arms Representatives and the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court, which shall be in [Link] use of the Coat-of-
- mandated by Manuel L. Quezon, the proper use Arms in letterheads and envelopes shall be for official
of the Coat-of-Arms of the Philippines for purposes only. It cannot be used in personal stationary.
official purposes, as authorized in
Commonwealth Act No. 602, and to make As provided in section 2 of Commonwealth Act No. 602,
uniform the various seals of the different it is prohibited for anyone to display or use of the
government entities. national Coat-of-Arms or the Great Seal in cockpits,
clubhouses or buildings dedicated to gambling of any
The national Coat-of-Arms is as follows: kind, public dance halls, dancing schools and show-
(a) Arms: Paleways of two pieces, dexter (right), azure houses and can be deal with violation.
(blue), and sinister (left), gules (red); a chief white, The Great Seal
bearing three mullets (five-pointed stars), (gold), dexter
(right), center and sinister (left); an oval field, white, - Shall be circular in form, with the arms as
emblazoning at the honor point the symbolic eight- described in paragraph 1 of Executive Order No.
rayed sun in rayonnant, or (gold), each ray-flanked on 313. Without the scroll and the inscription
both sides by lesser and minor rays, or (gold). This is the thereon, and surrounding the whole a double
Coat-of-Arms proper of the Philippine. margin, circle within which shall appear in the
upper portion the words “Government of the
(b) Crest: The American eagle proper. The right talon Philippines.” and in the lower portion, “United
grasping an olive branch with eight leaves, vert (green), States of America,” the two phrases being
and eight fruits, gules (red), and the left talon grasping divided by two small five-pointed stars. For the
three spears, or (gold). This is the symbol of American purpose of placing the Great Seal, the colors of
sovereignty. the arms shall not be deemed essential. It shall
(c) Scroll: Beneath, a scroll, argent (silver), with the be and remain in the custody of the President
word “Philippines,” or (gold), inscribed thereon. The of the Philippines, and shall be affixed to or
scroll shall be placed just below but without touching placed upon all commissions signed by him, and
the seal proper. (See accompanying illustrations.) upon such other official documents and papers
of the Commonwealth of the Philippines as may
Only the personal flag of the President of the by law be provided, or as may be required by
Philippines can use the national Coat-of-Arms in full custom and usage in the discretion of the
colors. If for personal flags, it is only when authorized President of the Philippines.
for other officials of the Government, shall display in
the center the seal device of the corresponding The Great Seal shall bear the National Motto. The use
Department. The Coat-of-Arms shall not be used as a and display of the Great Seal of the Government is the
background for police badges. Government vessels— same for Coat-Of-Arms.
except tugboats, cascos, dredges or any watercraft for
Good Citizenship Value
marine labor—and government planes may use the
Coat-of-Arms in full colors, gold or silver as required by - Reflected in the Preamble 1987 Philippine
regulations of the different departments. The Coat-of- Constitution. The citizenship education topic of
Arms of the Philippines shall not be painted on the NSTP affords the implementing institutions
government cars or railway coaches, except on those for opportunity to develop consciousness not
personally or officially used by the President of the only in national terms, but also in terms of
Philippines, which shall be in full colors, and on those global civic rights and responsibilities.
officially used by the Vice President, the President of
the Senate, the Speaker of the House of
The NSTP Law ensure a better life for the family. Family is
evidently highly valued in the Philippines, thus,
- is a legislation that sees the youth as partners of the government also strengthens Filipino family
the state in promoting civic consciousness, and and in great support to ensure work-family
aims to develop their physical, moral, spiritual balance.
and social well-being through civic service.  "Utang Na Loob" or "Debt of Gratitude" -
Filipinos always recognize one's indebtedness.
- It inculcates patriotism and nationalism in the
This means that he owned to a person who has
youth, and advance their involvement in civic helped him through the trials he had
and public affairs. undergone. He repays that person in whatever
kind, whatever time and situation. It is one way
Values of showing deep appreciation for lending out a
hand.
- are the bases of judging what attitudes and
 Hiya - It is a Filipino value that is difficult to
behavior are correct and desirable and what are translate. Literally it has several meanings such
not. as shy, timid, sensitive rather than ashamed.
- It is therefore of crucial importance that there Filipinos believe they must live up to the
will be an appropriate framework as well as accepted standards of behavior and make it a
system as well as system among Filipino values. point not to cause another person's
embarrassment. Each is anticipated to
Values have a social function: commonly held
have hiya in the way they behave to win respect
values unite families, tribes, societies and from the community. This is value that gives a
nations. They are essential to democratic way Filipino a sense of social decency and
of life, which puts a high premium on freedom politeness.
and rule of law.  Pakikisama - There is no exact English
translation for this word. It means getting along
Value Philosophy with others to preserve a harmonious
relationship. It invites the Filipinos to do well
- both subjective and objective. and to be a nice companion. The value of
- They involve a subject or person who values pakikisama result to one another
and an object or a value to be realized. Justice is  Respect to Others - Filipinos regard others with
objective because its a value that should be dignity and respect. This is being observed in a
basic sense of justice, fairness and concern for
realized by all.
others fellowmen, nature or animals.
Max Scheler
Nationalism
- ranked human values from the lowest to the
- is generally used to describes two things, first is
highest as follows: sense values like sensual
the attitude that the members of a nation
pleasure are exemplified by the lakwatsero or
which includes the concept of national identity
pabling; utilitarian values like profit and
such as common origin, ethnicity and cultural
efficiency by the businessman and technocrat;
ties. The other one is the actions that the
life values by the doctor and the hero.
members of the nation take when seeking to
Values in the Philippines: Strengths to Filipino achieve (or sustain) self-determination these
Characters involves having full statehood with complete
authority over domestic and international
 Close Family Ties - To Filipino, family comes affairs. It is
first & family is everything. He lives with it and - devotion of love for one's country
depends on it. Usually, children's dreams, - characterized by an attachment of superiority
aspirations and life are always centered on his
to one's country, an aspiration for its continuity,
family. This family solidarity keeps a Filipino to
be positive amidst everything. He works hard to prosperity, and maintaining a high regard and
 respect for the laws, principles and policies of 5. Patronize and support our own products
that country.
6. Preserve the Filipino culture
Patriotism
7. Respect everyone and value our traditions
- is love of and/or devotion to one's country.
- Comes from the Greek patris, meaning 8. Speak out our own language
fatherland. 9. Remember and commemorate our heroes’ sacrifices
- its meaning is highly dependent upon context, for our country
geography and philosophy.
- nationalism is not necessarily considered an 10. Love our family, our neighbors, and our compatriots
inherent part of patriotism. Likewise, patriotism
Suffrage
is strengthened by adherence to a native
religion, particularly because such a community - is the human right to vote, it embodied in three
usually has its holy places insides its instruments: Universal Declaration of Human
motherland. This also implies a value Rights (UDHR); the International Covenant on
preference for a specific civic or political Civil and Political Rights; and in the 1987
community Philippine Constitution.
- They are all mandate for universality of the
- According to Lord Acton, right; equality in access to public service;
o "nationality is our connection with the and secrecy of votes.
race" that is "merely natural or - foundation of the electoral process. It is
physical" exercised during the elections and as a citizen-
o patriotism is the awareness of our voter.
moral duties to the political - TO BE INSERTED ARTICLE 21
community.
- For Ellie Kedourie (1985), QUALIFICATIONS OF A VOTER
o is a full pledged philosophical and
History of the Election
political doctrine about nations as basic
units of humanity within which the Features of the Automated Voting System
individual can find freedom and
fulfillment The Election Automation Law
o while patriotism is a mere sentiment of
- provides for the following features of the
affection for one's country.
automated system:
o a) use of appropriate ballots
Luz Leanie M. Reyes listed 10 ways to express o b) stand-alone machine which will
nationalism in an online article from "Our Happy count and consolidate elections results;
School" : o c) provision for audit trails;
o d) minimum human intervention; and
1. Respect the Philippine flag and value the Filipino o e) adequate safeguard and security
identity measures.

2. Be a productive citizen a.) Official Ballot - The official ballot consis ts of an oval
shaped paper ballot corresponding to the pre-printed
3. Be aware of the issues in our country
names of candidates. The ballot accommodates 300
4. Stand proud for every Filipinos achievement names of candidates, with 150 names per side of ballot.
To prevent tampering and use of fake ballots, the ballot
has a watermark and ultraviolet (UV) features, and one - Data storage device
barcode which corresponds to each ballot. A designated - Transmitted data (i.e., results, reports)
color will correspond to the different elective positions. - Activity reports (i.e., Initialization/Zero Report,
A marking pen will be provided by the BEI during Transmission Reports, Audit Log)
Election Day. The voter personally feeds the ballot into - Series of systems tests (i.e., mock election,
the machine at any orientation. The machine scans both testing and sealing, 2 areas etc.)
sides of the ballot simultaneously and generates and - Back up batteries (16 hours capacity)
stores a digital image. - Back up PCOS units

b.) Stand-Alone Machine - Throughout the voting Pre-Election Phase

process until the printing of the initial 8 copies of
election returns, the PCOS machine is not connected to Registration
any transmission cable or modem. Only after the Preliminary to the voting exercise is the registration of
printing of initial ERs will the BEI connect the links for voters. The registration process is guided by RA 8189 or
transmission to eliminate doubts that the PCOS can be the Continuing Voters’ Registration Act of 1996 and by
manipulated remotely. COMELEC Resolution No. 8514 rules and regulations on
c.) Audit Trail - The machine generates an audit log the Continuing Registration of Voters.
which documents and reports the activities processed Qualified applicant will have to appear personally at
by the machine at a particular date and time. A random the local COMELEC office.
manual audit will be conducted in randomly-selected
precincts chosen by the Commission thru a composite The applicant's identity and residence will be verified
committee with representation from a citizen’s arm. thru presentation of a valid ID with photograph and
signature. The applicant's status of registration will also
d.) Minimum human intervention - The voter be verified. After a successful verification, the applicant
personally feeds the ballot into the machine, while only shall receive and fill out an application form in 3 copies.
the BEI members operate the PCOS. Transmission is
done electronically, with sufficient system back-up. The applicant's biometrics will be digitally captured, i.e.,
digital images of a
e.) Security Measures - Aside from the previously voter’s photograph, fingerprints, and signature will be
mentioned safeguards, the automated election system taken using COMELEC's Data Capture Machine (DCM).
has the following security measures: An Acknowledgment Receipt will be given to the
- Use of password and personal identification applicant afterwards.
number (PIN) The Overseas Absentee Voting (OAV) Law applies the
- Digital signatures of BEI Members mechanics in RA 8189 of personal registration either
- Encryption, the same security system used by with the Election Board of Inspectors in their place of
banks (i.e., 128-bit encryption, random residence before their departure or with the
encryption, no single/master decryption code) representative of the Commission in the Philippine
- Less-than-2-minute transmission speed embassies, consulates and other foreign service
- Multiple data source (i.e., paper ballot, digital establishment in their temporary residence overseas.
ballot image, scanned data)
- Hard copies for distribution o 30 copies of Testing and Sealing of Machine
election returns at the precinct level o 30 copies
At least three (3) days before Election Day, the public
of certificate of canvass at municipal level o 14
shall accomplish test ballots, which in turn will be
copies of certificate of canvass at provincial
manually counted. Election returns from the manual
level
count shall be accomplished. After the manual counting,
- Audit Log
the same sets of ballots shall be fed into the counting features of every recognized mental illness—including
machine. Results generated from the manual count Substance Use.
shall be compared with the results indicated in the
automated count/print-out of the election The DSM 5 criteria for substance use disorders are
based on decades of research and clinical knowledge.
returns. After the public is satisfied that the manual
count is the same as the automated count, the printout This edition was published in May 2013, nearly 20 years
and manually prepared election returns shall be signed- after the original publication of the previous edition, the
off by the witnesses. The PCOS Machines shall be sealed DSM-IV, in 1994.
without any connection to transmission links. The public Drug
shall be allowed to secure the polling places where the
PCOS machines are installed and shall be opened only - is chemical substance used in the treatment,
on Election Day in the presence of watchers cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or
used to otherwise enhance physical or mental
Election Day well-being.
On Election Day, the voter proceeds to the polling place Drug abuse
to cast his/her vote.
- also called substance abuse or chemical abuse.
The Board of Election Inspectors (BEI) will administer - It is the frequent use of illegal drugs, or the
the conduct of elections. The BEI will now include, as misuse of prescription or over-the-counter
member, an information technology-capable person, drugs with negative consequences.
who is trained or certified by the Department of Science - It is also a disorder that is characterized by an
and Technology (DOST) to use the AES. abusive pattern of using a substance that leads
All voters – as many as 10 voters at a time – whose to serious problems or distress.
name appear on the list of voters, will be allowed to Substance uses affects the brain’s prefrontal cortex.
vote. Official candidates, registered political parties and Prefrontal Cortex have an executive functions focus on
party-list groups, and accredited election observers and controlling short-sighted, reflexive behavior, decision-
monitors are represented in the precincts by watchers. making and self-control. It has the higher-level cognitive
processes that people tend to display greater
The voting period is from 7:00 am until 6:00 pm. Before
voting starts, BEI shows the empty ballot box, turns on/ proficiency in than other animals. Damages in this area
initializes PCOS machine, and prints Initialization Report will cause people to not be aware that their behavior is
or “Zero Report” to show that there is no entry/vote in causing problems for themselves and others. The
the machine’s memory. Association of Psychological Science writes that 20-30%
of people who use drugs actually develop an addiction.

Drug dependence
Casting of Votes
- the state of physical and psychological
BRIBERY TO BE INSERTED dependence, or may be both, on a dangerous
drug/s, experienced by a person following the
MODULE 2 use of that substance on a recurrent or regular
1. Introduction/Overview basis.
- A person dependent on drugs will experience
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental withdrawal reactions or "cold turkey”
Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V or DSM 5) , the latest symptoms that occur after long-term use of a
version of the American Psychiatric Association’s drug and is reduced or stopped precipitously
standard text on the names, symptoms, and diagnostic after abstaining from drugs.
3.1. Drug Abuse and Prevention - Sudden Seizures without a history of epilepsy.
- Deterioration in grooming or physical
Drug is any substance which, when taken into the body, appearance.
alters its function physically and/or psychologically; - Unconscious Injuries/accidents of a person .
excluding food, water and oxygen. (World Health
- Odd smells on breath, body, or clothing.
Organisation, 2001). Illegal drugs, and the misuse of - Shakes, tremors, incoherent or slurred speech,
legal drugs can lead to substance use. It is bad for the impaired or unstable coordination.
health and may kill you especially in an overdose
situation Behavioral signs of drug abuse

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ABUSE - Poor performance in any activities

- Loss of interest in extracurricular activities,
- Feeling that you have to use the drug regularly hobbies, sports or exercise; decreased
— daily or even several times a day motivation.
- Having intense urges for the drug that block out - Complaints from colleagues
any other thoughts - Unusual or unexplained need for money or
- Over time, needing more of the drug to get the financial problems
same effect - Withdrawn or suspicious behaviors.
- Taking larger amounts of the drug over a longer - Sudden change in interests and relationships
period of time than you intended - Frequently getting into trouble (arguments,
- Making certain that you maintain a supply of fights, accidents, illegal activities).
the drug - Aggressiveness and Irritability
- Spending money on the drug, even though you - dramatic or bizarre habits
can't afford it
- Not meeting obligations and work Psychological warning signs of drug abuse
responsibilities, or cutting back on social or
recreational activities because of drug use - Unpredictable change in personality or attitude.
- Continuing to use the drug, even though you - Sudden mood changes, irritability, angry
know it's causing problems in your life or outbursts or laughing at nothing.
- Periods of unusual hyperactivity or agitation.
causing you physical or psychological harm
- Doing things to get the drug that you normally - Lack of motivation; inability to focus, appearing
wouldn't do, such as stealing lethargic or “spaced out.”
- Driving or doing other risky activities when - Appearing fearful, withdrawn, anxious, or
you're under the influence of the drug paranoid, with no apparent reason.
- Spending a good deal of time getting the drug, Symptoms of Drug Dependence:
using the drug or recovering from the effects of
the drug 1. Tolerance: Over time, you need more drugs to feel
- Failing in your attempts to stop using the drug the same effects.
- Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when you
2. Withdrawal: As the effect of the drugs wear off, the
attempt to stop taking the drug
person may experience withdrawal symptoms: anxiety
Physical and health warning signs of drug abuse or jumpiness; shakiness or trembling; sweating, nausea
and vomiting; insomnia; depression; irritability; fatigue
- Bloodshot or glazed eyes that are smaller or or loss of appetite and headaches. For severe cases,
larger than normal. Constricted or Dilated Pupils withdrawal from drugs involve hallucinations,
- Recurrent nosebleeds confusion, seizures, fever, and agitation and can be life-
- Changes in appetite or sleep patterns. threatening.
- Abrupt weight loss or weight gain.
3. Loss of Control: Using more drugs than they wanted - Anabolic steroids:
to, for longer than they intended, or despite telling o A group of substances abused by
themselves that they wouldn’t do it this time. bodybuilders and other athletes, this
group of drugs can lead to terrible
4. Desire to Stop, But Can’t: They have a relentless
psychological effects like aggression
desire to cut down or stop their drug use, but all efforts and paranoia, as well as devastating
stop and stay stopped, have been unsuccessful. long-term physical effects
5. Neglecting Other Activities: They are spending less like infertility and organ failure.
time on activities that used to be important to them - Caffeine
(hanging out with family and friends, exercising or going o While it is consumed by many, coffee,
to the gym, pursuing hobbies or other interests) tea and soda drinkers, when consumed
because of the use of drugs. in excess this substance can be habit
forming and produce
6. Drugs Take Up Greater Time, Energy and Focus: They palpitations, insomnia, tremors, and
spend a lot of time using drugs, thinking about it, or significant anxiety.
recovering from its effects. They have few, if any, - Cannabis
interests, social or community involvements that don’t o More commonly called marijuana,
revolve around the use of drugs. o the scientific name for cannabis is
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
7. Continued Use Despite Negative Consequences: They
o In addition to the negative effects the
continue to use drugs even though they know it’s
drug itself can produce (for
causing problems. As an example, person may realize
example, infertility, paranoia, lack of
that their drug use is interfering with ability to do their
motivation), the fact that it is
job, is damaging their marriage, making problems
commonly mixed ("cut") with other
worse, or causing health problems, but they continue to
substances so drug dealers can make
use.
more money selling the diluted
CLASSIFICATIONS TO BE INSERTED substance or expose the user to more
addictive drugs exposes the marijuana
COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS user to the dangers associated with
those added substances. Examples of
- Alcohol
ingredients that marijuana is commonly
o Although legal, alcohol is a toxic
cut with include baby powder, oregano,
substance, particularly to a developing
embalming fluid, PCP, opiates, and
fetus when a mother consumes this
cocaine.
drug during pregnancy.
- Cocaine:
- Amphetamines
o A drug that tends to stimulate the
o This group of drugs comes in many
nervous system, cocaine can be snorted
forms, from prescription medications
in powder form, smoked when in the
like methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)
form of rocks ("crack" cocaine), or
and dextroamphetamine and ampheta
injected when made into a liquid.
mine (Adderall) to illegally
- Ecstasy:
manufactured drugs like
- Also called MDMA to denote its chemical
methamphetamine ("crystal meth").
composition
Overdose of any of these substances
(methylenedioxymethamphetamine), this drug
can result in seizure and death.
tends to create a sense of euphoria and an
expansive love or desire to nurture others. In
 overdose, it can increase body temperature to - Phencyclidine:
the point of being fatal. o Commonly referred to as PCP, this drug
- Hallucinogens can cause the user to feel extremely
o Examples include LSD and mescaline, as paranoid, become quite aggressive and
well as so-called naturally occurring to have an unusual amount of physical
hallucinogens like certain mushrooms. strength. This can make the individual
These drugs can be dangerous in their quite dangerous to others.
ability to alter the perceptions of the - Sedative, hypnotic, or antianxiety drugs:
user. o As these substances quell or depress
- Inhalants the nervous system, they can cause
o One of the most commonly abused death by respiratory arrest of the
group of substances due to its person who either uses these drugs in
accessibility, inhalants are usually overdose or who mixes one or more of
contained in household cleaners, like these drugs with another nervous
ammonia, bleach, and other substances system depressant drug (like alcohol,
that emit fumes. Brain damage, even to another sedative drug, or an opiate).
the point of death, can result from
using an inhalant just once or over the DRUG ABUSE PREVENTIVE MEASURES
course of time, depending on the 1. Exhaust all channel of communication; talk to
individual. The four types of inhalants persons you trust; feel free to open up and share your
are: Volatile Solvents, Aerosols, Gases emotions and concerns.
and Nitrites.
- Nicotine 2. Learn to cope with negative feelings by using sport,
o The addictive substance found in music, meditation, and prayer as form of relaxation.
cigarettes, nicotine is actually one of
3. Expand your horizons by finding new interests,
the most addictive substances that
meeting new people, visiting new places, and putting
exists. In fact, nicotine addiction is often
yourself into new experiences.
compared to the intense addictiveness
associated with opiates like heroin. 4. Give yourself the chance to be all you can be by
- Opiates discovering and improving your special talents,
o This group is also called narcotics and acquiring new skill, and developing your own
includes drugs like personality.
heroin, codeine, hydrocodone,
morphine, methadone, Vicodin, OxyCon 5. Improve family relations; strive to create happy,
tin, Percocet, and Percodan. This group healthy, and content family life. Parents should lead
of substances sharply decrease the good example;
functioning of the nervous system. The
6. Devise a drug awareness program to educate
lethality of opiates is often the result of
students on the dangers of drug in the school.
the abuser having to use increasingly
higher amounts to achieve the same 7. Community officials should organize and conduct
level of intoxication, ultimately to the information dissemination campaign against drug
point that the dose needed to get high abuse. Organize a recreational and social project which
is the same as the dose that is lethal for serves as positive alternative to drug abuse.
that individual by halting the
person's breathing (respiratory arrest).
-
8. Cooperate with authorities in the arrest of known Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002
drug pushers and in the dismantling of drug base
network existing in the community - Republic Act No. 9165, known
as Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
9. Help in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug 2002 approved on January 23, 2002,
users. - act instituting the comprehensive Dangerous
Drug Act of 2002, repealing Republic Act 6425,
10. Implement a direct, sincere, quick action and otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of
hands-on approach on the part of the government to 1972, as amended, and providing funds for its
address the growing menance of drug abuse. implementation.
What are the treatments for substance use? - It establishes the Dangerous Drugs Board.
which is the policy-making and strategy-
The counseling may be individual, family, and/or group formulating body in the planning and
therapy. formulation of policies and programs on drug
prevention and control.
o Understand why one got addicted
- It also creates the Philippine Drug Enforcement
o See how drugs changed the behavior
Agency (PDEA), which serves as the
o Learn how to deal with problems so one won't
implementing arm of the Board, shall be
go back to using drugs
responsible for the efficient and effective law
o Learn to avoid places, people, and situations
enforcement of all the provisions on any
where you might be tempted to use drugs
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
Drug Problems in the Philippines and essential chemical as provided in this Act.

Reports of drug related crime are common in the Role of the youth on drug detection and prevention
Philippines media. The main concern tends to be
The following are the objectives of the Dangerous Drug
towards shabu which gets the most media attention. It
Abuse Prevention and Treatment Program (culled from
does seem that illegal drug use is on the rise, and this
Assistant Secretary Elmer G. Punzalan’s presentation
has worrying implications for the future. A US
during the National Health Summit in September 2016):
government report in 2009 concluded that illegal drug
use was a significant problem in the Philippines due to - More effective leadership and governance for
corruption and poor law enforcement. There was drug abuse prevention, treatment and
particular concern expressed about the amount of rehabilitation;
methamphetamine (shabu) and cannabis production in - Provision of comprehensive, integrated health
the area. Substance use appears to be on the rise in the care services in Treatment and Rehabilitation
Philippines. There are believed to be as many as 6.7 Centers and community-based settings;
million drug abusers according to figures from 2004- - Implementation of strategies for health
this is a dramatic increase from 1972 when there was promotion and drug abuse prevention; and
only believed to have been around 20,000 drug users in - Strengthened information systems, evidence
the Philippines. The drug that is most abused in the and research.
Philippines continues to be Alcohol – they are the
second highest consumers of alcoholic drinks in South MODULE 3
East Asia. The Philippines is vulnerable to various types of natural
hazards due to its geographical location and physical
environment as it lies between two tectonic plates
(Eurasian and Pacific) situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire.
This is an area where earthquakes and volcanic activity vulnerable to natural disasters. On average,
always happen. about 1,000 lives are lost every year due to
natural disasters.
Lesson 1 - Disaster Risk: Key Concepts and classifications
of Hazards Risk

TO BE INSERTED - is characteristic of the relationship between

humans and geologic processes. We all take
Lesson 2 - Geographic Profile of the Philippines
risks everyday.
Philippines base map
- As an archipelago located at the south-eastern - The hazard maps, particularly climate/weather-
part of Asia, related and geophysical, were intersected with
- is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, the the base map from the National Mapping and
West Philippine Sea to the west, and the
Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA).
Celebes Sea to the south. - shows the delineation of the political boundary
- An archipelago of 7,109 islands with a total land of each province in the country. Geographic
area of approximately 299,764 square Information Systems (GIS) software was used to
kilometers is exposed to both climatic and overlay and multiply the hazard scores with the
geological hazards with. population density scores and the Human
- The country has tropical and maritime climate
Development Index (HDI).
with two major seasons; the rainy season and
the dry season. The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
- It is situated in the belt of the Pacific Ring of Management Act of 2010 (Republic Act 10121)
Fire where two major tectonic plates meet, the
Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate, thus, make - In the midst of continues assail of different
it vulnerable for the earthquakes and volcanic calamities in the Philippines, the Aquino
eruptions. With several fault lines crossing the administration declare Republic Act 10121,
country, earthquakes could have very otherwise known as The Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act of 2010,
devastating effects. There are 220 volcanoes, 22
of which are classified as active (NDCC 2008). - that shifted the focus from disaster response
- located along the typhoon belt on the North and recovery towards disaster risk reduction,
Pacific Basin in the Pacific where 75 per cent of preparedness and alleviation.
the typhoons originated. More tropical cyclone - This act put in place organization and
(TCs) are entering the Philippine Area of coordination to appreciate and lessen disaster
Responsibility (PAR) than anywhere else in the risk, based on partaking of citizen groups and
civil society, putting up local alliances and
world. With the average of 20 TCs in this region
per year, with about 8 or 9 of them crossing the guarantee that all departments recognize their
Philippines. role in disaster risk reduction and
- one of the world’s most natural hazard-prone preparedness.
countries. Birth of DRRM in the Philippines
- The World Risk Report 2011 ranked the
Philippines number 3 on the World Risk Index Due to the impact of Typhoon Sening that caused the
- It is among the top 20 countries likely to be Bicol Region and Metro Manila flood for 3 months, an
most adversely affected by climate change. Up Inter Departmental Planning Group on Disaster and
to 60% of the total land area is exposed to Calamities was approved on October 19, 1970 by Office
multiple hazards, and 74% of the population is
of the President. It was provided for the creation of a recommended the declaration of a state of calamity in
National Disaster Control Center. areas extensively damaged; and submit proposals to
restore normalcy in the affected areas, to include
PD 1566 strengthen the Philippine disaster control calamity fund allocation
capabilty and to establish a community disaster
preparedness program nationwide. Ensure a multi-stakeholder participation in the
development, updating, and sharing of a DRRM
The National Disaster Control Center is the forerunner Information System-based national risk map as policy,
of the National Disaster Coordinating Council under PD
planning and decision-making tools.
1566. It shall be the highest policy-making body for the
disasters in the country and includes almost all Establish a national early warning and emergency alert
Department Secretaries as members. system to provide accurate and timely advise to
national or local emergency response organizations and
to the general public through diverse mass media to
include digital and analog broadcast, cable, satellite
television and radio, wireless communications, and
landline communications

Develop appropriate risk transfer mechanisms that shall

guarantee social and economic protection and increase
resiliency in the face of disaster

Monitor the development and enforcement by agencies

and organizations of the various laws, guidelines, codes
Important Points of Republic Act 10121
or technical standards required by this Act.
The Composition of the National Disaster Risk
Declaration of State of Calamity
Reduction and Management Council
The National Council shall recommend to the President
The National Council shall be headed by the Secretary
of the Philippines the declaration of areas under a state
of Department of National Defense (DND) as
of calamity and the lifting thereof, based on the criteria
chairperson with the Secretary of the Department of
set by the National Council The President's declaration
the Interior and Local Government (DILG) as Vice
may warrant International humanitarian assistance as
Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, and
deemed necessary.
the Director-General of the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA) as Vice Chairperson for Monitoring and Evaluating the Plan
Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery.
Results based programming will be used to ensure that
implementation and learnings are based on the DRRM
The Powers and Functions of the NDRRMC System. The OCD shall develop a standard monitoring
and evaluation program with Technical Management
Develop a NDRRMF which shall provide for
Group. The stages of monitoring includes the LGU,
comprehensive, all hazards, multi-sectoral , inter-
regional and national levels. Through OCD, the NDRRMC
agency and community-based approach to disaster risk
shall report annually in the Office of the President and
reduction and management
quarterly in the House of Representatives.
Advise the President on the status of (disaster
preparedness, prevention, mitigation, response and
rehabilitation operations being undertaken by the
government, CSOs, private sector, and volunteers;
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Simple Ways on Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Plan 2011-2028
1. Know the disasters that could hit where you live. You
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management can get this information from the local Red Cross or
Plan (NDRRMP) executes the requirement of RA No. your local emergency management office.
10121 of 2010, in which it provides the legal basis for
policies, plans and programs to deal with disasters. By 2. Plan an escape route in case of disaster. There should
law, the Office of Civil Defense formulates and be two exits from every room. Draw the escape route
implements the NDRRMP and ensures that the physical so kids see and know where to go.
framework, social, economic and environmental plans 3. Put an evacuation route in case you need to leave the
of communities, cities, municipalities and provinces are area.
consistent with such plan.
4. Put together a disaster supply kit. This kit should
The NDRRMP covers four thematic areas, namely, include first aid supplies, water and nonperishable food.
(1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation; Include also family documents, insurance papers and
wills. Keep it in the easy-to-access areas inside the
(2) Disaster Preparedness; container that can grab quickly.

(3) Disaster Response; and 5. Make sure everyone in your family is aware of the
escape and evacuation routes and the location of the
(4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery, which
disaster supply kit.
correspond to the structure of the National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Council(NDRRMC). 6. Practice your plan and check supplies on a routine
basis.
The NDRRMP sets down the expected outcomes,
outputs, key activities, indicators, lead agencies, 6.1. Basic First Aid/Basic Life Support
implementing partners and timelines under each of the
four distinct yet manually reinforcing thematic areas. INSERT
The goals of each thematic area lead to the attainment Role of First Aider
of the country's over all DRRM vision, as graphically
shown below: Bridge the gap between the time of the accident and
the arrival of the physician
INSERT
Ends when medical assistance begin
By law, the Office of Civil Defense formulates and
implements the NDRRMP and ensures that the physical Doesn't intend to take place with physician
framework, social, economic and environmental plans
SEQUENCE IN APPLYING CPR
of communities, cities, municipalities and provinces are
consistent with such plan. 1. Survey The Scene
The NDRRMP is a road map on how DRRM shall 2. How Many People are Involved?
contribute to gender-responsive and rights-based
sustainable development. Highlights include: 3. Check for Responsiveness

The need for institutionalizing DRRM policies, 4. Check the airway

structures, coordination mechanisms and programs
5. Check the breathing
with continuing budget appropriation on DRR from
national down to local levels. In checking for the breathing, you will observe the
following signs from the victim:
 1. Through your cheek, you can fell the air-flow hands to secure the position: keep your arms and
coming from the victims mouth & nose elbows as straight as possible enabling your shoulders
directly over your hands.
2. Through your ears, you can hear the airflow.
CHEST COMPRESSION ON & RESCUE BREATHING
3. Can see the rise and fall of the chest.
Give 30 chest compressions, push hard, push fast at a
6. Circulation rate of at least 100 compressions per minute. The 100
To check the victim's pulse in the neck, put your middle compressions per minute refers to the "speed" of the
& index fingers approximately 2 to 3 centimeters away compressions not the "number" of compressions given
from the adams apple and press lightly the carotid in a minute, As you give compressions count loud "one,
artery for up to 10 seconds. two,.... thirty".

7. Follow up Request for Ambulance or Give compressions by pushing the sternum down by at
Assistance (Transfer Facility) least 2" (inches). The downward and upward movement
should be, smooth not jerky. Push straight down with
The objectives of doing chest compression is to weight of your body, not with your arm muscles. The
effectively squeeze the heart inside the victims chest technique of using the weight of your body it to create a
causing the blood to flow, it allows the normal gaseous force needed to compress the chest, hence if your arms
exchange between the lungs, blood stream and tissues & shoulder tire quickly, you are not using the correct
to occur. The theory why compressions is commonly the body position.
preferred method in first aid is due for a fact that when After giving the 30 compressions pinch the nose and
normal breathing & circulation stop, there is still a good give two (2) rescue breathing, (ventilation) to the
amount of residual oxygen left in the bloodstream (as it victim. Each rescue breathing should last to about 1
has no way to exchange out of the body). second to make the chest rise.

TECHNIQUE IN COMPRESSION: MAKING COMPRESSIONS EFFECTIVE

Allow the ribs to come back after each compression.
1. Position your body correctly by kneeling beside the
- This technique allows the heart chamber to refill.
victims upper chest aligning the center of your body to
- Too close spacing compressions will lead to ineffective
the nipple of the victim or in the middle part of the
compressions.
sternum (breastbone). The position of your body is vital
Your objective is to comply the rate of 100
when giving chest compressions. Compressing the
compressions per minute, This includes the time to
victim's chest straight down will help you reach the
ventilate the victim. In the actual practice, you must get
necessary 2"depth for adult, and child and 1 1/2" depth
over 2 cycles of 30 compression with rescue breathing
for infant. thus, using the correct body position will be
per minute. However its is advise ti every first aider to
less tiring for you. The objective is to compress in the
make the 5 cycles into 2 minutes.
"Center of Chest" regardless of the victim, meaning the
compressions are performed on the sternum Almost all compresses the chest too fast, Observation
(breastbone) of the victim a line to the nipple of male & based on experience reveals that almost all even the
children. well trained first aiders compresses the heart to fast.
The compression rate that you should aim is only a little
2. Locate the sternum notch, use your index finger trace
one per second.
the lower edge of the ribcage and together place your
index finger with the middle finger and place the heel of Always observe to keep your arms straight. Bending of
your other hand at the side of the index finger as elbows while doing the compressions is "not correct"
illustrated. Release the two fingers and place such hand you should always keep your elbows locked and arms
on top of the other interlocking the fingers from both straight on top or perpendicular to your hands.
 Environment
Make a habit of counting loud, doing a 30 compressions
& 2 rescue breathing to the victim for 5 cycles is very - is sum total of water, air, animals , human man
tiring, hence in order not lose your count you must beings and other living organisms lives.
- Air, water, and land constitutes our
exert effort in counting out load, the technique will
further enhance your morale and boost your energy in surrounding and is directly influencing us. Singh
finishing your task without losing your counts. categorized environment into four scopes:
Compressions are likely to break ribs, doing atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere and
compressions on older people are more likely that not the biosphere.
break ribs or the sternum itself, if this happens just According to the National Geographic, we live at the
continue the compressions, the cracking sounds, that bottom of an invisible ocean called the atmosphere, a
you hear is just a cartilage of the ribs & not the bones layer of gases surrounding
themselves. Hearing such a sounds is a sign that you are our planet. Nitrogen and oxygen account for 99 percent
performing good & strong compressions. of the gases in dry air, with argon, carbon
WHEN TO STOP THE CPR dioxide, helium, neon, and other gases making
up minute portions. Water vapor and dust are also part
First order is mandated to continue giving CPR to the of Earth’s atmosphere.
victim until:
Hydrosphere
- When there is an obvious sign of life like breathing
- comprises the total amount of water on
spontaneously
a planet.
- When the victim vomits it clearly shows an active - It includes the oceans, seas, lakes, rivers,
mechanism, wherein the victim moves & actively streams, reservoirs, polar ice caps, glaciers and
vomits. if the victims, roll them to their side, clear the ground water.
airway, once they done vomiting & reassess ABC. - It is interconnected with the other "spheres" of
the Earth. Water reserves of the world are
- When qualified help arrives - This could be an consists of 97.6% saline or ocean water and
ambulance service or a doctor or a responder with a only 2.4% freshwater.
defibrillator. However DO NOT STOP until told to do so. - Water is a basic element of the planet. Water is
Most likely they need time to set up their equipment, an important element of the life support system
hence just continue applying CPR until instructed to in which all biochemical reactions within a living
stop. organism and the other forms of terrestrial life
- When you are exhausted to continue - CPR is rely. It is vital for self-reproducing life. It is a
physically very demanding and continuous application universal solvent and carrier of substances.
of it to the victim can be exhausting.
Lithosphere
- When the scene becomes unsafe - expect the - Is the outer mantle of the solid earth.
unexpected, hazards can change. - It’s the earth’s outermost rigid rock layer
RECOVERY POSITION composed of plates that float on the
asthenosphere.
INSERT - It consists of minerals occurring in the earth’s
crust and the soil.
MODULE 4

Lesson 1 - Environmental Protection and Management

Introduction
 Minerals Environmental Education is a process which is very
useful to human beings in order to manage well their
- are metallic and non-metallic elements or environment and instill the right behavior that serves
compounds of elements or compounds of as key to sustainable development.
elements that occur naturally on the earth’s
crust.
- used in many different ways, in domestic,
agricultural, industrial and commercial sectors Environmental Management
and helps every nation’s economy. Soil is the Environmental Management is defined as an attempt
upper layer of the earth’s crust and supports to control human impact on and interaction with
plants, animals and microorganisms environment to preserve natural resources. It focuses
Biosphere on the improvement of human welfare for present and
future generations. Contrary to what the terms
- is the layer of the earth that contains all living suggests, environmental management is not the
organisms. management of the environment but rather is the
- global ecological system integrating all living management of the interaction of modern human
beings and their relationships, including their societies with, and their impact on the environment
interaction with other elements( lithosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere) 3 main issues that affect environmental managers

Environmental awareness 1. Politics

- is being aware of the state of the environment. 2. Programs

The environment refers to all parts of nature, 3. Resources
living and non-living.

Environmental Education
Environmental Protection
- refers to organized efforts to teach about how
natural environment function and, particularly, The aim of Environmental Protection is to reduced risks
how human beings can manage their behavior to the environment from contaminants such as
and ecosystems in order to live sustainably. hazardous materials and wastes, fuels, and oils. It
- The term is often used to imply education address pollution prevention measures and regulatory
within the school system, from primary to post- compliance by providing procedures for safely working
secondary. with these materials, inspecting the storage vessels and
- used more broadly to include all efforts locations, and designating preventative maintenance
to educate the public and other audiences, procedures. Also included are environmental
including print materials, websites, media emergency plans, which provide the appropriate actions
campaigns, etc. Related disciplines include to be taken in the event of a spill or release.
outdoor education and experiential education.
Following are the factors that affects the environment:
- is a learning process that increases people's
knowledge and awareness about Impacts of Technology on the Environment
the environment and associated challenges,
develops the necessary skills and expertise to Technology’ refers to the application of scientific
address the challenges, and fosters attitudes, knowledge for practical purposes and the machinery
motivations, and commitments to make and devices developed as a result. It has provided
informed decisions and take responsible action humans with countless benefits and has made human
(UNESCO, Tbilisi Declaration 1978). lives a lot easier. In the environment, technology has
both positive and negative impacts. As the technology is use of pesticides has led to the evolution of more
improving, the air and water pollution is drastically virulent and resistant pests.
increasing. One of the negative impacts includes the
amount of energy that is consumed globally. Advance Impacts of Mining on Environment on the Environment
technology also require more energy for equipment and Mining is done to extract minerals or fossil fuels from
machines. Industrialized countries are considered as the deep deposits in the soil by subsurface mining. The
greatest contributor of greenhouse gases that causes latter is more destructive dangerous and expensive
global warming. Despite of the negative effects, it also including risks of occupational hazards and accidents.
brought a lot of positive impacts. Promoting awareness
on the impacts of technology advance in the 3 types of surface mining:
environment, many countries are now engaged in
Open-pit Mining
"green technology"
Dredging
Human Impacts on the Environment
Strip Mining
According to Berg, et al, human species is the most
significant agent of environmental change on earth, Impacts of Transportation on the Environment
however, our intellectual capacity has made it possible
to explore our environment to made changes on our Transportation is the movement of materials and
environment. These changes made by humans triggered human beings from one place to another. It could be
climate change, soil erosion, poor air quality, and carried out by several ways, it could be by land or by
undrinkable water. have greatly taken toll on our water. Fossil fuels are usually used to run the
environment. Some of the impacts made by humans are automobiles. The widespread use of automobiles
overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil fuels, and brought about significant environmental problems.
deforestation.
Road and highway construction caused land conversion,
Impacts of Population and Consumption on the loss of fertile top soil, soil erosion and clearing of forest
Environment in the mountain areas.

The continuous growth of population lead to

environmental degradation as greater population
means more consumption of food, water, energy and
The Global Warming
raw materials. Huge populations also produces
enormous amounts of wastes and population. Global warming is defined the warming of the earth's
Consumption, the human use of material and energy lower atmosphere because of increases in the
can also have the same impact as overpopulation. High concentrations of one or more greenhouse gases
population means higher demand for resources such as primarily as a result of one or more changes in any
food, water and shelter. aspects of the earth's including temperature,
precipitation and storm activity. Climate change is
Impacts of Agriculture on the Environment
usually seen as a result of global warming.
The traditional agricultural practice, slash and burn and
Greenhouses gases that absorb and trap the sun's
shifting agriculture has led to deforestation and decline
infrared radiation causing the warming of the
in land quality. Modern agriculture practices resulted to
atmosphere is transferred back to the earth's surface
greater environmental degradation. Soil quality
warming the land and ocean. The effects of global
degradation such as salinity, nitrate pollution, water
climate change include the melting of land and ocean,
logging and nutrient imbalance resulted from too much
sea level rise, change in the precipitation patterns and
impacts on agriculture, health and other organisms.
Greenhouses gases can remain in the atmosphere for 1. Imagination and enthusiasm are heightened
hundred of years.
EE is hands-on, interactive learning that sparks the
2 Identified ways in managing global climate change: imagination and unlocks creativity. When EE is
integrated into the curriculum, students are more
Mitigation- moderation or postponement of global enthusiastic and engaged in learning, which raises
climate change through measures that reduce
student achievement in core academic areas.
greenhouse gases emission
2. Learning transcends the classroom
Adaptation- planned response to changes caused by
global climate change. Not only does EE offer opportunities for experiential
learning outside of the classroom, it enables students to
make connections and apply their learning in the real
Importance of Environment Education: world. EE helps learners see the interconnectedness of
social, ecological, economic, cultural, and political
1. All major natural resources in the country are in issues.
grave danger of irreparable damage.
3. Critical and creative thinking skills are enhanced
2. A society cannot survive if its natural resources are
rendered unfit for use by its people. EE encourages students to research, investigate how
and why things happen, and make their own decisions
3. The only hope of salvaging this grave situation is by about complex environmental issues. By developing
making the young aware that they need to proactively and enhancing critical and creative thinking skills, EE
begin to protect the environment they will inherit. helps foster a new generation of informed consumers,
workers, as well as policy or decision makers.
4. Science and Technology can help in a limited way but
cannot deliver it. 4. Tolerance and understanding are supported

5. It is a moral and ethical education for changing EE encourages students to investigate varying sides of
people's attitude. issues to understand the full picture. It promotes
tolerance of different points of view and different
6. To protect children living in polluted
cultures.
regions, environmental education represents a relevant
means of prevention. 5. State and national learning standards are met for
multiple subjects
7. It is a need of the time to propose environmental
education delivered with moral concept. By incorporating EE practices into the curriculum,
teachers can integrate science, math, language arts,
8. It is concieved to sustain participation of the citizens
history, and more into one rich lesson or activity, and
especially the youth particularly in combating ill effects
still satisfy numerous state and national academic
of climate change.
standards in all subject areas. Taking a class outside or
bringing nature indoors provides an excellent backdrop
or context for interdisciplinary learning.
Susan Toth, a Professor of Environmental Education at
University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point, asked each of 6. Biophobia and nature deficit disorder decline
her classes to share their reasons they teach EE, what it
By exposing students to nature and allowing them to
means to them, and how it can benefit learners of all
learn and play outside, EE fosters sensitivity,
ages. Here are our top ten benefits of EE.
appreciation, and respect for the environment. It
Top 10 Benefits of Environmental Education combats “nature deficit disorder” … and it’s FUN!
7. Healthy lifestyles are encouraged purposes. This Act is Known as the "National
Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008".
EE gets students outside and active, and helps address In , Sec. 2. Declaration of Policy states that:
some of the health issues we are seeing in children
today, such as obesity, attention deficit disorders, and Consistent with the policy of the State to protect and
depression. Good nutrition is often emphasized advance the right of the people to a balanced and
through EE and stress is reduced due to increased time healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and
spent in nature. harmony of nature, and in recognition of the viral role
of the youth in nation building and the role of
8. Communities are strengthened education to foster patriotism and nationalism,
EE promotes a sense of place and connection through accelerate social progress, and promote total human
community involvement. When students decide to learn liberation and development, the state shall promote
more or take action to improve their environment, they national awareness on the role of natural resources in
reach out to community experts, donors, volunteers, economic growths and the importance
and local facilities to help bring the community together of environmental conservation and ecological balance
to understand and address environmental issues towards sustained national development.
impacting their neighborhood. Republic Act 9003: January 26, 2001 - This is an act
9. Responsible action is taken to better the environment providing for an ecological solid waste management
program, creating the necessary institutional
EE helps students understand how their decisions and mechanism and incentives, declaring certain acts
actions affect the environment, builds knowledge and prohibited and providing penalties appropriating funds
skills necessary to address complex environmental thereof, and for other purposes.
issues, as well as ways we can take action to keep our
environment healthy and sustainable for the Republic Act No. 9275: March 22, 2004 - An Act
future. Service-learning programs offered by PLT and providing for a comprehensive water quality
other EE organizations provide students and teachers management and for other purposes.
with support through grants and other resources for SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy - The State shall pursue
action projects. a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent
10. Students and teachers are empowered with the protection, preservation and revival of the
quality of our fresh, brackish and marine waters.
EE promotes active learning, citizenship, and student
leadership. It empowers youth to share their voice and Republic Act 8749: June 23, 1999 - "Philippines Clean Air
make a difference at their school and in their Act of 1999" an act providing for a comprehensive air
communities. EE helps teachers build their own pollution control policy and for other purposes.
environmental knowledge and teaching skills. I hope Republic Act No. 9147 - An act providing for the
these “top ten” benefits will give you the confidence conservation and protection of wildlife resources and
and commitment to incorporate EE into your their habitats, appropriating funds therefor and for
curriculum! other purposes.

Republic Act No.9175 - An act regulating the ownership,

possession, sale, importation and use of chainsaws,
Learn more about the related Laws in Promoting penalizing violations thereof and for other purposes.
Environment Education Lesson 2 - Seven Principles of environment and
An act to promote environmental awareness Environmental Laws
through environmental education and for other
The Seven Environmental Principles which brought about great upheaval in many parts of
Luzon and changes in the topography of the land.
The key to understanding the environmental problems
that we encounter today is to learn about our 5. Nature knows Best.
ecosystem. This section highlights the
basic environmental principles, varied types of This Principle is the most basic and in fact encompasses
ecosystem, current environmental issues, all the others. Humans have to understand nature and
anthropogenic activities that threaten the environment have to abide by the rules nature dictates. In essence,
one must not go against the natural processes if one
and the role of youth in protecting our environment.
would like to ensure a continuous and steady supply of
1. Everything is connected to everything else. resources.

This principles is best exemplified by the concept of the 6. Our is a finite earth.
ecosystem. In an ecosystem, all biotic and amniotic
components interact with each other to ensure that the The earth's resources can be classified as either
system is perpetuated. Any outside interference may renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources are
result in an imbalance and the deterioration of those that can easily be replenished by natural cycle
(e.g. water, air, plants, and animals) while non-
the system.
renewable resources are those that cannot be
2. All forms of life are important. replenished through natural cycles (e.g. ores of various
metals, oil, coal).
Each organism plays a fundamental role in nature. Since
such occupational or functional position, otherwise 7. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God's
known as niche, cannot be simultaneously occupied by creations.
more than one specie, it is apparent that all living things
must be considered as invaluable in the maintenance of Among all creatures, humans are the only ones made in
God's image and have been given the right to have
homeostasis in the ecosystem.
dominion over all His creations. Being the most
3. Everything must go somewhere. intelligent and gifted with reason, humans are capable
of manipulating creation to their own advantage. Yet
When a piece of paper is thrown away, it disappears creation exist not to be ravaged or abused but to be
from sights but it does not cease to exist. It end up taken care of. Humans cannot exist without nature.
elsewhere. Gases released in smokestacks may disperse
They are co-natural with the environment they live in is
but it will end up a component of the atmosphere or destroyed, with it will go Homo Sapiens.
brought down by rains. What a particular type of waste
does to the earth's repository should be of concern to
us. It may be a pollutant or a resource depending on
certain factors. 5. Lesson 3 -Climate Change and Air Pollution

4. Everything change. What is climate change?

It is said that he only permanent things is change. As a Climate Change is any change in climate over time
general classification, change may be linear, cyclical or whether due to natural processes or as a result of
random. As example of linear change is evolution of human activity. It is a change of climate which is
species, which has bought about higher and more attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that
complex types of organisms. Cyclical change may be alters the composition of the global atmosphere and
exemplified by seasons and the rhythms on floral and which is, in addition to natural climate variability,
faunal life stages that go with the seasons. An example observed over comparable time periods (United Nations
of random change is the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, Framework Convention on Climate Change).
 fauna, spread of diseases, stronger and more frequent
typhoons, more floods, severe droughts, stronger heat
How does it occur? waves and heavier rains and more.
The Fourth Assessment Report of the These changes in the environment as a result of climate
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 4AR change have already made their impact on human
2007) concludes that climate change is already population in a global scale. Socio-economic problems
occurring and that further acceleration will result in a and difficulties will be amplified compounding the
two (2) degree increase in global temperature and of already heavy burden of the poor sectors. Agriculture
extreme weather conditions. become less or non-productive due to droughts and
Climate Change is caused by the increase volume of flooding. Mounting social pressure on the damaging
Greenhouse Gases(GHG) in the atmosphere. effects of climate change will influence political
Greenhouse gases are goes that absorb and re-emit priorities and direction.
infrared radiation, warming the earth's surface and
What can be done locally?
contributing to climate change (UNEP 1988). These
gases are water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide, The following can be done:
nitrous oxide, ozone, hydrofluorocarbon,
perfluorocarbon, and surfur hexafluoride. When these 1. Mitigation - Reduce the sources of green house gas
gases increase in volume, more solar heat will emissions or enhance their sink or capture.
be trapped resulting to a warmer atmospheric 2. Adaptation - Moderate the harmful effects of climate
condition. This phenomenon is known as the change and exploit its beneficial opportunities.
"greenhouse effect". Global warming is the increase in
the average temperature of the earth's near-surface air 3. Awareness - Support or join awareness raising of
and oceans that is associated with the increased people in your locally/community about climate change.
concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
4. Capacity Building - Carry out concrete disaster
Human are responsible for the accelerated warming of prevention, mitigation and management activities.
the earth. before the advent of human, climate
5. Advocate- Suggest or advocate the integration of
changes were naturally caused. Many greenhouse gases
climate change mitigation and adaptation into
occur naturally like methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous
organizational/institutional plans to mainstream this
oxide, ozone and even water vapor. Other greenhouse
consciousness.
gases like hydroflurocarbons (HFC), perflurocarbon
(PFC), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) which absorb and 6. Policy Development- Lobby for and/ or support
hold greater heat are human-made. These are produced climate change responsive policies and ordinances.
through industrial processes, However, human activities
also add to the increase of the naturally occurring 7. Reduce vulnerability- Synergize efforts with other
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. enlightened individual or group stakeholders.

What are the effects of climate change or global 8. Develop a stable resource mobilization mechanism or
warming? system - To ensure and facilities the flow of financial
and technical support to local implementers.
The warming of the Earth's atmosphere result in the
melting of snow covers and glaciers, the rise of sea 6. Lesson 4 - Water Sanitation and Conservation
level, shorter winters, early springs, hotter summers
The nation faces significant challenges in terms of water
and delayed coming of autumns, altered forest
and sanitation access, our national government aim to
productivity and composition, habitat shifts of some
develop an efficient water resources management
animals, changes in the behavior patterns of flora and
system. As per United Nation - Water, around 2.2 billion
people lack access to safe drinking water services and Lesson 5 - The role of the youth in the environmental
4.2 billion people lack safely managed sanitation protection and management
services. In our country, seven million count on unsafe
and unsustainable water and about 24 million lack
access to improved sanitation.
Environmental education connects us to the world
around us, teaching us about both natural and built
Drinking safe water is a global concern. Drinking water environments. It raises awareness of issues impacting
sources are progressively at risk from contamination, the environment upon which we all depend, as well as
the impacts of it is not only on the health of the actions we can take to improve and sustain it.
humans, but also on the economic, environmental and
social development of communities and nations.
Whether we bring nature into the classroom, take
students outside to learn, or find impromptu teachable
According to Unicef, WASH stands for Water, Sanitation moments on a nature walk with our families, it has
and Hygiene. These three core issues are grouped many benefits for youth, educators, schools, and
together to represent a growing sector. While each a communities.
separate field of work, each is dependent on the
presence of the other. For example, without toilets, Schools should encourage youth to share their
water sources become contaminated; without clean environmental knowledge with their friends and family.
A good way to do this would be to encourage them to
water, basic hygiene practices are not possible.
practice at home. It’s not as useful if children use water
The main components of water resources management sparingly at school, but leave taps dripping at
in the Philippines are vested in the mandates of the home. These principles will help produce kids who are
various government agencies that undertake most of more knowledgeable about environmental issues.
the water resources programmes and projects in the
country. Good hygiene were practices by many Filipinos MODULE 5
and know the that it can reducing the spread of Introduction/Overview
diseases but if water sanitation is not improved, human
waste cannot be separates from human contact Threats to national security have always been the
concern of the Armed Forces of the Philippines who
Unsafe hygiene practices are widespread, compounding tasked with the defense of the state from the enemies,
the effects on people’s health. The impact on child within and without. To cope with this threats, the AFP
mortality rates is devastating with more than 297 000 has placed its thrust toward the modernization of its
children under five who die annually from diarrhoeal armaments and other weaponry, and dealt with the
diseases due to poor sanitation, poor hygiene, or unsafe problem by providing not only military solution to any
drinking water. conflict but also a conscious understanding on what
brought about these threats in order to smite the root
causes.

We urge every students to promote sustainable water INSETRT

and sanitation programs through doing the given tips at
home in relevant and cost effective ways. are all looking
forward improve the water supply, sanitation and
hygiene (WASH) situation of the poorest communities in
the Philippines.