UrbanPa(ern

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ABOUT THE BOOK:

The Urban Pattern has been designed for student and for persons active in professional offices, as well as for individuals and organizations interested in the political and social sciences, the environment, and urban planning practices.

The authors of this book do not presume that planning will solve all of the ills of the urban community or in itself be adequate to preserve or conserve our natural resources. Without continued creative planning and active implementation, however, we will not be able to begin to achieve an environment conducive to the good life to which we aspire.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

FROM HANDCRAFT TO MACHINE

Nineteenth century is called a Machine Age as industrial development is occurring during this period. Before it the goods had been assembled and produce by hand. In 1769 James Watt invented the steam engine. The mechanical power achieved by that machine was applied to the workplace and so, the production of the good grew, trade expanded, the shops moved from home into factory. And mass production was introduced.

A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world.

TRANSPORTATION
Transportation was the basic need for the industrial development. Before the steam engine was invented the goods were transported in wagons and towed on river barges. In 1807 Fulton built his steam boat. Then steam railroad was used in public transportation in England and U.S. Small horse drawn carriages, horse car, elevated cable car, and steam train were used for the transportation.

Fultons first steam boat.

TRANSPORTATION
T r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n w a s increasing in paralleled to population density. So, the rail for the train extended beyond the city which give some relief to city congestion. Electrical street railway replaced the h o r s e c a r. A f t e r m a s s transportation was introduced, the population moved away from the center to the periphery of city, but the congestion remains due to street pattern and population increase. To solve the city congestion railway went underground, high-speed internal combustion engine constructed. Instead of solving the problem it increases the congestion. Gliders and air-machine was invented.

COMMUNICATION

In ancient time the messages were carried by runners. After invention of printing press messages were recorded for all to see and read but it carry on foot or on horseback. Thus the postal service was started. The telegram was invented. Alexander invented telephone with which we could talk each other. In first quarter of 20th century radio was invented. After that television and computer invented. Due to the satellite, it is possible to relay messages, verbal and visual, to all part of the world in flash. Bell speaking into prototype model of the telephone The telegraph was invented by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1844.

PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY

In 1652 the first system of water supply, by using gravity flow, was installed in Boston. The pumping system and sewage system was improved. There was oil lamp hanged from corner building to guide the stranger through the night. Artificial gas was used for the lighting. Then the electricity introduce in lighting. Services for the health, safety, and convenience of the urban population advanced further in a period of less than one hundred years.

CITY AND FACTORY TOWN

The steam railroad was extended from raw production of the factory. Amenity of urban life was sacrificed for the industrial development. The trains and shipping became the heart and nerve for the city. New economic group were formed. Mechanical slums, workers houses were added to the traditional slums around the factory. The industrial revolution swept across America. American economy shifted from agrarian to industrial. This is the image of a factory town. The large chimneys in the background and the houses of the factory workers in the foreground show the co-existence of both at one place.

SLUMS

In American town, air was polluted with smoke and grime. Railroads ate into the core of cities. The land of waterfront was plotted and advertised as desirable sites for industry. People came from foreign lands create a need for housing and invited the construction of cheaply built tenements. They crowded the area and it was resulted in slums.

SLUMS
19 th century London had poor living conditions with slums in long rows, having narrow backyards and streets. It is believed that the living conditions in Europe were worse off than in America, but a comparison of the slum block in Vienna and New York shows that it is equally dreary. The Vienna slums contains double row of dwellings, 4-5 floors high. The New York slum plan outline shows the railroad and the dumbbell kind of tenements and their combination.

DEVELOPMENT OF PARIS

Napoleon III proposed to open broad avenues through the slums. In 1853 Haussmann was selected to take charge of the huge program. The entire street system of Paris was planned and executed in a period of 17 years and under the most strenuous circumstances. It transformed Paris and gave that great city much of its color. A series of masterful projects was introduced but the tradition of monuments was deeply rooted. Paris was fortified town on a small island in the river Seine. The fortification was expanded by Philip Augustus in twelfth century. During the reign of Louis XIV Paris grew rapidly and court life extended its influence. The city expanded farther under Louis XV. Streets were widened and new avenues built for fine residences. In the latter part of 18th century a new wall was built to contain the growing city.

DEVELOPMENT OF PARIS
Wall A Built by Philip Augustus, 12th century Wall B Built by Charles V, 14th century Wall C Built by Louis Xlll, 17th century Wall D Built by Louis XV, 18th century Wall E Built by Napoleon lll, 19th century F The Louvre G The Tuilleries H The champs Elysees J The champs de Mars K The Iie de la Cite L The Invalides M The Luxembourg