Design and development of fashionable Multifunctional

casual Women’s Clothing by using Ethiopian traditional

Gabi fabric

By

BIZUAYEHU SASU

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
FASHION DESIGN

ETHIOPIAN INSTITUTE OF TEXTILE AND

FASHION
TECHNOLOGY
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

July 2024
ADDIS ABABA
ETHIOPIA
i
 Design and development of fashionable Multifunctional
casual Women’s Clothing by using Ethiopian traditional
Gabi fabric
By
BIZUAYEHU SASU

A Thesis Submitted to the

Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
In
Fashion Design

Under the supervision of

Dr. Tamrat Tesfaye (Prof)

Mr. Solomon Tsegaye (MSc.)

July, 2024
Addis Ababa

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 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

fashionable Multifunctional casual Women’s Clothing using Ethiopian
traditional Gabi fabric”, submitted to the Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion
Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of
Science in fashion design of department of Fashion Design, Bahir Dar University, is a
record of original work carried out by me and has never been submitted to this or any
other institution to get any other degree or certificates. The assistance and help I
received during the course of this investigation have been duly acknowledged.

Bizuayehu Sasu ------------- 9/11/2016 E.C

Name Signature Date

iii
 ADVISOR’S APPROVAL SHEET

Bahir Dar University

Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology (EiTEX)

Department of Fashion Design

I hereby certify that I have supervised, read, and evaluated this thesis/dissertation
titled “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF fashionable Multifunctional casual
Women’s Clothing using Ethiopian traditional Gabi fabric” by Bizuayehu Sasu, I
recommend the thesis/dissertation be submitted for oral defense.

Dr. Tamrat Tesfaye --------------- 9/11/2016 E.C

Name Advisors Signature Date

Mr. Solomon Tsegaye --------------- 9/11/2016 E.C

Name Co-Advisors Signature Date

iv
 Abbreviations

ASTM: American Society for Testing and

CAD: Computer Aided Design
GSM: Gram per square meter
WGSM:

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 Definition term

Gabi: - is a rectangular garment made from handwoven cotton or silk fabric, often
featuring fringed ends. It serves various purposes, including warmth, modesty, and
ceremonial wear, and holds significant cultural importance as a symbol of Ethiopian
heritage and identity.

Multipurpose: - Technique makes use of removable different part example sleeves

and textile sections that can be with zippers, gift a variety of dressing options

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 Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study ................................................................................ 1
1.2 Statement of the problem .................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.1 General objectives ............................................................................................ 5
1.3.2 Specific objective ............................................................................................. 5
1.4 justification ......................................................................................................................... 5
1.5. Significance of the Research .............................................................................................. 6
1.6. Benefits and Beneficiaries ................................................................................................. 6
1.6.2 Beneficiaries ..................................................................................................... 7
1.7. Scope of the research ......................................................................................................... 7
1.8. Research plan ..................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................... 10
LITREATUR REVIEW E ...................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Fashion industry ................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 casual women’s cloth ........................................................................................................ 11
2.2.1 Line................................................................................................................. 12
2.2.2 Shape .............................................................................................................. 12
2.2.3 Color ............................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Multifunctional ................................................................................................................. 13
2.3.1 Classification of Multifunctional Clothing .................................................... 15
2.4 Ethiopian traditional fabric ............................................................................................... 17
2.4.1 Raw material of fabric production ................................................................. 19
2.4.2 Cotton fiber .................................................................................................... 20
2.4.3 Cotton harvesting ........................................................................................... 20
2.4 .4 Ginning Process and spinning process .......................................................... 20
2.4.5 Weaving process and weaving technics ......................................................... 21
[Link] Weaving technics ..................................................................................... 21
[Link] Weaving process ...................................................................................... 22

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 2. 5. Historical Background of Gabi Fashion .......................................................... 23
2.6. Symbolism and Cultural Significance .............................................................. 24
2.7. Characteristics of Gabi ..................................................................................... 24
2.8 Use of Gabi ....................................................................................................................... 25
2.9 Previous works by Ethiopian designers ............................................................................ 27
2.10. Prior arts ......................................................................................................................... 29
2.11 forecasting casual women’s clothing for 2025/2026 ...................................................... 30
2.11.1 Colors ........................................................................................................... 30
2.11.3 Silhouettes .................................................................................................... 32
2.11.4 Embellishments ............................................................................................ 32
2.11.5 Accessories ................................................................................................... 32
2.12 Literature Gap ................................................................................................................. 33
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................ 36
MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 36
3. 1 Material and Equipment ................................................................................................... 36
3.2. Methods............................................................................................................................ 37
3.2.1 Data collection method................................................................................... 38
3.2.2 Target Population ........................................................................................... 41
3.2.4 Sampling size ................................................................................................. 42
3.2.3 Sampling technique ........................................................................................................ 43
3.3 fabric testing...................................................................................................................... 43
3.3.1 Pilling resistance ............................................................................................ 44
3.3.2 Abrasion resistance ........................................................................................ 44
3.3.3 GSM ............................................................................................................... 44
3.3.4 Tear resistance ................................................................................................ 44
3.3.5 Snagging ......................................................................................................... 44
3.3.6 Wrinkle recovery ............................................................................................ 44
3.3.7 Thickness ........................................................................................................ 44
3.3.8 Air permeability ............................................................................................. 44
3.3.9 Yarn count ...................................................................................................... 44
3.3.10 drape ............................................................................................................. 44

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4. Work plan............................................................................................................................ 45
5. Cost analysis ....................................................................................................................... 46
References ............................................................................................................................... 49
APPENDICES 1 ..................................................................................................................... 55

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 List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Research plan ........................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.1 color and cloth........................................................................................................ 13
Figure 2. 3 multifunctional clothing fashion (Kesarwani et al., 2022) .................................... 14
Figure 2.4 component design (Will & Lührmann, 2011) ....................................................... 15
Figure2. 5 single function (Kesarwani et al., 2022) ................................................................ 16
Figure2. 6 multi-function (Wu et al., 2019) ............................................................................ 16
Figure2. 7 Ethiopian traditional Gabi ...................................................................................... 18
Figure2. 8 Ethiopian kemis with Netela .................................................................................. 18
Figure 9 process of Ethiopian traditional fabric ...................................................................... 20
Figure 10 technics of weaving ................................................................................................. 21
Figure 2. 14 Women's gown .................................................................................................... 26
Figure 2. 16 home decoration .................................................................................................. 26
Figure 2.15 child order ............................................................................................................ 26
Figure 2. 12clothing ................................................................................................................ 26
Figure 2. 11 orthodox ceremony ............................................................................................. 26
Figure 2. 13 child wrap............................................................................................................ 26
Figure 2. 17 WGSN and Color Reveal the Key Colors for the Autumn Winter Season ......... 31
Figure 2. 18 Key Colors for Spring Summer 2026.................................................................. 31
Figure 2. 19 2025 2026 Fashion Trends: WGSN and Color Reveal the Key Colors for the
Autumn Winter Season ........................................................................................................... 33
Figure 2. 21 WHAT WILL BE IN FASHION THIS FALL TRENDS 2025 .......................... 33
Figure 2. 20 spring summer color trend for women’s dress .................................................... 33
Figure 2.22 WGSN and Color unveil key colors for AW25/26 season................................... 33
Figure 2. 23 2025 2026 Fashion Trends: WGSN and Color Reveal the Key Colors for the
Autumn Winter Season ........................................................................................................... 33

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List of Table

Table 2.1 technique of weaving............................................................................................... 22

Table 2.2 characteristic of Gabi............................................................................................... 25
Table 2. 3 previous work ......................................................................................................... 27
Table 2.4 prior arts .................................................................................................................. 29
Table 6 work plan .................................................................................................................... 45
Table 7 material cost .............................................................................................................. 46
Table 8 Labor Costs ................................................................................................................ 46
Table 9 Design and Development ........................................................................................... 47
Table 10 Production Overheads .............................................................................................. 47
Table 11 Miscellaneous expenses ........................................................................................... 47
Table 12 Summary of the research cost................................................................................... 48

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study

The fashion industry has its origins in 16th century Europe, where royal courts and
the wealthy drove trends in clothing and textiles. It evolved over the 19th and 20th
centuries, with the rise of fashion houses, department stores, and influential
magazines (Hayward, 2017). Key developments include the emergence of haute
couture in France. Today, the industry continues to evolve rapidly, shaped by e-
commerce, social media, and sustainability concerns. Technological innovations and
shifting consumer preferences are driving significant changes across the fashion
landscape (Rathore, 2018).

Multifunction known as to the ability of an object, system, or product to perform

multiple functions or serve multiple purposes. In the context of clothing,
multifunctional items are designed to be used in different ways or for different
activities, providing versatility and adaptability (Santiago et al., 2024). This can
include clothing that can be transformed or adjusted to serve various functions, such
as convertible jackets, reversible garments, or items with hidden pockets for storage.
(Kamwendo, 2019).

Casual women's clothing refers to comfortable, relaxed, and versatile everyday wear
suitable for informal settings. It includes a variety of garments like T-shirts, jeans,
shorts, dresses, and skirts (McCardell, 2022). Casual clothing allows women to
express their personal style while feeling at ease. It ranges from athleisure and
loungewear to bohemian and urban styles, catering to different tastes. The key is to
strike a balance between comfort and fashion, making casual wear a go-to choice for
many women's day-to-day lives (Healey, 2020).

The Gabi is a lightweight, versatile fabric characterized by its intricate weave

patterns, soft drape, and ability to provide both warmth and breathability.
Traditionally, the Gabi has been used in the creation of various garments, including
the iconic Ethiopian shawl, as well as in the construction of traditional dresses and
coats. The Gabi's cultural significance extends beyond its functional attributes, as it is
deeply intertwined with the social and religious customs of Ethiopia.

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Despite the Gabi's rich heritage and design potential, its integration into contemporary
casual women's wear has been limited. The increasing emphasis on sustainability,
combined with the evolving fashion preferences of modern consumers, has created a
growing demand for versatile and multifunctional clothing that can seamlessly
transition from daily activities to social events. This demand presents an opportunity
to explore the design and development of fashionable casual wear that incorporates
the Gabi fabric, leveraging its unique characteristics and cultural significance.

Ethiopian traditional clothing, steeped in cultural heritage and centuries-old traditions,

reflects the diverse ethnic groups and regional customs of the country (Parker, 2003).
The "habesha kemis" is a renowned garment, crafted from hand-woven cotton
("shemma") and adorned with intricate patterns like stripes and crosses, each carrying
deep cultural significance. Another notable attire studied by (Greenlee, 2017) is the
"Gabi," a large rectangular cloth worn for practical and ceremonial purposes. These
garments not only serve as symbols of ethnic identity and social status but also play
pivotal roles in religious festivals and family lineage, showcasing Ethiopia's rich
cultural tapestry across dynasties and societal changes. (Adamu & Sitotaw, 2021). In
recent years, fashion designers have recognized the beauty and potential of Gabi
fabric, incorporating it into modern and fashionable clothing collections(Ciftci et al.,
2024). Some designers have even utilized Gabi as a material for accessories, home
decor items, and artistic works, showcasing its versatility.

However, there is to be proud of the country's product, Multi-functional clothes are

not made by Ethiopian traditional clothes; Ethiopian traditional Gabi is not made to be
useful for any kind of labor and work activity (Dana et al., 2022). In addition, there
has been no research done on the value of wearing multipurpose clothing and the
ways to reduce the costs associated with purchasing several outfits. We need to better
understand the essence of Ethiopian traditional Gabi women’s’ multi-functional
clothing, apply it to the design of women's multi-functional clothing and allow for the
continuity of culture. In this research work, the researcher will develop a designed
Gabi fabric, based on the forecast of fashion trends, with new combinations of colors,
patterns and surface decorations (Andrews, 2019). Moreover, Fashionable Mt
Factional Womenswear will be developed using Gabi fabric designed according to the
2026/27 fashion forecast and Multi-functional clothing designs for women preserve

2
the traditional beauty and significance of Gabi while lowering the cost of clothing for
consumers (Finnane, 2023).

The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the existing knowledge in the
fields of textile design, fashion design, and product development, while also providing
practical insights for garment manufacturers, fashion designers, and consumers
interested in the integration of traditional fabrics into modern casual wear.
Furthermore, this research has the potential to promote the preservation and
revitalization of Ethiopia's rich textile heritage, fostering a more sustainable and
culturally inclusive fashion ecosystem.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Ethiopian traditional Gabi fabric serves multiple cultural, practical, and symbolic
roles within Ethiopian society. It is primarily used ceremonially during weddings,
funerals, and religious events, symbolizing cultural identity and social status
(Flemmen & Zenebe, 2016). Gabi also functions practically as a versatile wrap for
warmth and protection from the elements. Its intricate designs signify ethnic
affiliations and familial connections, while its daily wear maintains cultural continuity
in rural communities. Additionally, Gabi serves as a traditional gift, fostering social
bonds and preserving Ethiopian customs. Overall, Gabi fabric embodies both
functional utility and deep cultural significance in Ethiopian life (Von Pezold &
Driessen, 2021).

However:-

 There is to be proud of the country's product, Multi-functional clothes are not

made by Ethiopian traditional clothe. This part of the sentence suggests that multi-
functional clothing is not typically created using traditional Ethiopian fabrics. This
gives the impression or belief that Ethiopian traditional fabrics are not widely used
in the production of multi-functional garments (Dana et al., 2022).
 Ethiopian traditional Gabi is not made to be useful for any kind of work activity.
That means that Gabi fabric, traditionally used in Ethiopia, is not intended or
designed for practical use in labor-intensive or work-related tasks (Dos Santos,
2024).

3
 There has been no research done on the value of wearing multipurpose clothing
and the ways to reduce the costs associated with purchasing several outfits.

The fashion industry has witnessed a growing demand for versatile and fashionable
clothing options that cater to the evolving needs and preferences of modern women.
Traditional fabrics, such as the Ethiopian Gabi, possess unique cultural significance
and inherent design potential, but their integration into contemporary casual wear
remains underexplored (Stone & Farnan, 2016). This research study aims to address
the gap in the design and development of fashionable, multifunctional casual women's
clothing that leverages the aesthetic and functional attributes of the traditional
Ethiopian Gabi fabric (Craik, 2024).

The traditional Gabi fabric, with its distinctive weave patterns, lightweight
construction, and draping qualities, offers a promising opportunity to create
innovative casual wear designs that can enhance the user experience. However, the
limited incorporation of this traditional fabric into modern fashion collections has
resulted in a missed opportunity to preserve and celebrate the rich cultural heritage
while meeting the changing lifestyle and fashion needs of contemporary women
(Tonti, 2023).

Furthermore, the increasing emphasis on sustainability and the desire for versatile,
long-lasting garments have created a growing demand for multifunctional clothing
that can adapt to different occasions and settings (Stonorov, 2023). By incorporating
the Gabi fabric into the design and development of casual women's wear, this
research study aims to address the need for fashionable and functional clothing that
can seamlessly transition from daily activities to social events, thereby enhancing the
overall user experience and promoting a more sustainable fashion ecosystem (Tran,
2024).

To address these challenges, this research study will explore the design principles,
construction techniques, and user preferences that can guide the development of
fashionable, multifunctional casual women's clothing using the Ethiopian Gabi fabric.
The study will investigate the unique characteristics of the Gabi fabric, analyze
current market trends and user needs, and leverage design-thinking methodologies to

4
create innovative garment designs that harmonize traditional craftsmanship with
modern style and functionality.

The findings from this research study are expected to contribute to the existing
knowledge in the fields of textile design, fashion design, and product development,
while also providing practical insights for garment manufacturers, fashion designers,
and consumers interested in exploring the integration of traditional fabrics into
contemporary casual wear. By addressing the underutilization of the Gabi fabric and
the demand for versatile, fashionable, and sustainable casual wear, this study aims to
establish a foundation for the preservation and revitalization of Ethiopia's rich textile
heritage while meeting the evolving needs of the modern fashion market.

Therefore, on top of planning these problems, this research paper solves the problems
by designing and developing a trendy fashionable multi-functional casual women’s
clothing collection using newly designed Gabby fabric according to the 2026/27
fashion forecast.

1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General objectives
This research aims to design and develop fashionable Multifunctional casual
Women's Clothing from traditional Ethiopian Gabi fabric.

1.3.2 Specific objective

 To study and analysis multifunctional casual women’s clothing
 To study and analysis of Ethiopian Gabi textiles characteristics
 To analyze the casual women clothing trend colors, pattern & motif,
silhouette, embellishment, details and accessories according to the fashion
trend forecasted for 2026/2027.
 To design and developing multifunctional casual women collection using Gabi
fabric.

1.4 justification
Our primary goal is to be proud and appreciative of traditional materials, and to
market them in a way that appeals to and convinces the fashion product world. This
will enable it to compete effectively with other Ethiopian fabrics as well as fabrics
from other parts of the world, and it will introduce innovation into the traditional

5
fabric market. To do this, it is necessary to have an understanding of current fashion
design technology and trends. It is also critical to make historical materials work and
meet the needs of modern customers. Ethiopians will thus be able to express their
creativity and find a market for their goods in the fashion industry. Because of its
cultural significance, Ethiopia's traditional Gabi fabric is a good option for creating
multipurpose women's clothes that may be used on a regular basis. It is long-lasting
and eco-friendly because the cotton fabric is handwoven. Gabi is a significant option
for ladies since it is regarded as a symbol of pride and identity in Ethiopian culture.
Furthermore, the fabric is adaptable and can be fashioned in several ways, making it a
fantastic option for making classic, contemporary, and integrated multipurpose
women's clothing (Rinaldi & Testa, 2017).

1.5. Significance of the Research

The development of fashionable multifunctional casual women’s clothing using Gabi
fabric offers a significant potential for aesthetic and functional design of
multifunctional casual women's clothing. This significance is related to the
development of a methodology to assist fashion designers in seeing possibilities &
making informed decisions when designing fashionable multifunctional casual
women’s clothing with Ethiopian traditional fabric (Rinaldi & Testa, 2017). The
benefits of conducting this research include examining the possibilities and prospects
for developing fashionable, multifunctional, casual women's clothing that is
fashionable and competitive in the global fashion market. It also significantly
contributes to the Gabi fabric's ability to compete with fabrics from Ethiopia and other
regions of the world and to bring innovation to the market for conventional fabrics
(Ayele et al., 2024). This thesis research also offers an excellent learning paradigm for
academic institutions, research centers, and other connected sectors to think about and
work on enhancing our traditional fabrics to meet international standards for quality
and fashion.

1.6. Benefits and Beneficiaries

1.6.1 Benefits

 Cultural Preservation: - studying and incorporating traditional elements into

contemporary designs, the project helps preserve and promote Ethiopia's rich
cultural heritage (Flemmen & Zenebe, 2016).

6
 Economic Empowerment: - The project can have a positive impact on the
Ethiopian economy by creating opportunities for local artisans and weavers who
specialize in Gabi fabric production (Parker, 2003).
 Sustainable Fashion: - The project aligns with the principles of sustainable fashion
by repurposing traditional textiles and integrating them into modern designs (Von
Pezold & Driessen, 2021).
 Cross-Cultural Exchange: - introducing Gabi-inspired multi-functional women’s
clothing to a global audience, it fosters a greater understanding of Ethiopian
culture and traditions, promoting diversity and inclusivity in the fashion world
(Ciftci et al., 2024).
 Low Cost: - It suggests that the cost of this particular product is lower than the
average or typical cost of similar items. This information can be valuable to
consumers who are looking for affordable options or trying to make a cost-
effective purchasing decision.

1.6.2 Beneficiaries

 Craftsmen and Weavers: - The project can provide them fresh ways to make
money, supporting the continuation of their customs and safeguarding their
cultural legacy.
 Fashion Designers and Entrepreneurs: - The project's participants, who are
fashion designers and entrepreneurs, stand to gain from Gabi fabric's
distinctive design possibilities.
 Ethiopian Tourism sector: - The initiative can help the sector thrive by
increasing understanding of Ethiopian customs and culture. Ethiopia may
attract more tourists and career chances if they are interested in exploring the
country's thriving fashion scene and the history of Gabi fashion.
 Global Customers: - with designs influenced by Gabi, customers can enjoy the
practical and stylish features of contemporary winter apparel while also
dressing in apparel that honors Ethiopian culture

1.7. Scope of the research

The scope of research for designing multifunctional casual women's clothing from
traditional Ethiopian Gabi fabric encompasses several critical aspects. It involves

7
conducting an in-depth analysis of current multifunctional clothing trends to
understand consumer preferences and market demands. Simultaneously, studying the
unique properties of Gabi fabric, Furthermore, the research includes forecasting
fashion trends for 2026/2027, focusing on colors, patterns, silhouettes,
embellishments, and accessories relevant to multifunctional casual wear. This ensures
that the collection remains contemporary and appealing to global consumers. The
culmination of this effort lies in the creative process of designing and developing a
cohesive collection of women's clothing that not only showcases Gabi fabric's
versatility but also meets the practical needs of modern lifestyles.

1.8. Research plan

The detailed research plan used during the course of this study is shown in Figure 1.1.

8
 To study and
analysis Information Design,
multifunctional collection color, style,
casual women’s and video
clothing,

Study the Observation

market. Shops,
To study and
analysis of
Multifunctional casual Women's Clothing from

Ethiopian Gabi
Identifying
Design and textiles ASTM
To design and develop fashionable

the property
traditional Ethiopian Gabi fabric.

Development characteristics

fashionable
Study the Shops,
Multifunctional To analyze the market. style,
casual Women's multifunctional video
casual women
Clothing from
clothing trend
traditional Identifying Color,
colors, pattern & pattern,
motif, the trend
Ethiopian Gabi fabric
silhouette,
fabric embellishment, Finding
and accessories the trend Design,
according to the Embellish
fashion trend ment
forecasted for
2026/2027. Primary
Data collection &secondary
Developing Sketching CAD
multifunctional
casual women Board development
collection using
Figure 1.1 Research plan Gabi fabric. Pattern Manual

Sewing Single
source (Biccard, 2021) needle
Photo shoot Canon

9
 CHAPTER TWO
LITREATUR REVIEW E
2.1 Fashion industry

The fashion industry encompasses a vast network of activities centered on the

creation, production, distribution, and promotion of clothing, accessories, and
footwear. At its core are fashion designers who conceive and sketch new styles,
drawing inspiration from historical trends, contemporary culture, and their own
artistic visions (Macchion et al., 2015). These designs then move into the
manufacturing phase, where skilled artisans and factories bring them to life through
pattern making, and cutting, sewing, and finishing processes. Once produced, fashion
items are marketed through various channels, including traditional retail stores, online
platforms, and specialty boutiques, with strategies ranging from elaborate advertising
campaigns to social media influencers. Fashion media, such as magazines, websites,
and fashion blogs, play a crucial role in shaping trends and disseminating information
about new collections and styles (Bertola & Teunissen, 2018). Additionally, fashion
events like fashion weeks and trade shows serve as pivotal moments for designers to
showcase their creations and for industry professionals to network and spot emerging
trends. Throughout this cycle, trend forecasting experts analyze consumer behavior,
cultural shifts, and economic indicators to predict future fashion directions. Together,
these elements contribute to the dynamic and ever-evolving landscape of the fashion
industry, which not only drives global commerce but also reflects and influences
societal values and aesthetics (Todeschini et al., 2017).

The fashion industry caters to diverse demographics, including women, men, and
children, each with unique preferences and trends. Women's fashion is often the most
visible and diverse segment of the industry (Cavusoglu & Atik, 2023). It encompasses
a wide range of clothing styles, from casual wear like jeans and t-shirts to formal
attire such as evening gowns and business suits. Fashion designers for women
continually innovate with fabrics, cuts, and embellishments to create garments that
reflect current trends and personal expression (Cavusoglu & Atik, 2023). Accessories
like handbags, shoes, and jewelry also play a significant role in completing women's
outfits, often becoming key elements of their personal style. Women's fashion is
heavily influenced by cultural shifts, runway trends, and the demands of a diverse

10
consumer base seeking both style and functionality. Men's fashion has also seen
significant evolution and diversity in recent years (O’Sullivan et al., 2017). While
traditional menswear staples like suits and dress shirts remain timeless, there has been
a growing emphasis on casual and streetwear-inspired styles. Designers experiment
with fabrics and silhouettes to create clothing that balances comfort with a modern
aesthetic. Accessories for men, such as watches, belts, and shoes, are essential for
adding personality and refinement to their outfits. Men's fashion trends often draw
inspiration from historical periods, sports, and subcultures, influencing everything
from everyday attire to formal wear for special occasions. Children's fashion caters to
a range of age groups, from infants to teenagers (McInnis & Medvedev, 2021).
Designers focus on creating comfortable and practical clothing that reflects current
trends while considering the durability and safety requirements essential for young
wearers. For younger children, playful prints, bright colors, and soft fabrics are
popular, while older children and teenagers often gravitate toward styles influenced
by adult fashion trends. Parents and caregivers play a crucial role in choosing
children's clothing, balancing style preferences with practical considerations such as
ease of movement and wash ability. Children's fashion also includes accessories like
backpacks, hats, and shoes designed specifically to complement their outfits while
meeting their functional needs (Vidani et al., 2023).

2.2 casual women’s cloth

Casual women's clothing comprises a broad spectrum of relaxed and comfortable
attire designed for everyday wear in informal settings. This category includes a
variety of garments that prioritize comfort and practicality while still offering style
and versatility (Lipton & Basu, 2022). T-shirts and tank tops made from soft,
breathable fabrics are staples, often paired with jeans in different cuts such as skinny,
straight-leg, or boyfriend styles. Casual dresses like shift dresses or maxi dresses are
popular choices for easy-going days, while leggings or joggers provide comfort and
flexibility. Outerwear such as cardigans, denim jackets, or lightweight sweaters add
layering options, while casual footwear like sneakers, flats, or sandals complete the
look. Accessories like scarves, hats, and practical handbags complement casual
outfits, making casual women's clothing a versatile and essential part of everyday
fashion choices, accommodating various activities from running errands to relaxing
with friends (Entwistle, 2023).

11
2.2.1 Line
In the realm of casual women's clothing, the line refers to the overall structure and
flow of garments that contribute to their visual appeal and functionality. Casual lines
often emphasize simplicity and comfort, with clean and uncluttered designs that are
easy to wear day-to-day. T-shirts and tops typically feature straight or slightly fitted
cuts that flatter without being restrictive, ensuring ease of movement (Chalmers,
2019). Dresses and skirts may follow A-line or straight silhouettes, offering versatility
and comfort while maintaining a relaxed aesthetic. In contrast, casual outerwear like
jackets or cardigans often sport straight or slightly boxy shapes, providing warmth
without compromising on style. Understanding the line in casual clothing involves
appreciating how these shapes and cuts contribute to a laid-back yet chic look,
catering to both comfort and individual style preferences in everyday wear (Massey,
2023).
2.2.2 Shape
When considering shapes for casual women's clothing, versatility and comfort are key
elements. Casual wear often emphasizes relaxed silhouettes that allow for ease of
movement and comfort throughout the day. A popular choice is the classic t-shirt or
blouse paired with jeans or shorts, offering a casual and effortless look (Cross, 2019).
Dresses and skirts in A-line or shift styles provide comfort while maintaining a
flattering silhouette that suits various body types. Loose-fitting tops and sweaters are
also favored for their comfort and ability to layer during cooler weather (Kennedy et
al., 2013). Additionally, jumpsuits and rompers offer a stylish yet practical option,
combining ease of wear with a trendy silhouette. Ultimately, the shape of casual
women's clothing should prioritize comfort without sacrificing style, allowing
individuals to express their personal fashion preferences while feeling relaxed and
confident in their everyday attire (Sorger & Udale, 2017).

2.2.3 Color

Color for casual women's clothing involves understanding how different hues and
combinations can influence the overall look and feel of an outfit. Neutrals like black,
white, gray, and beige are foundational, offering versatility and timeless appeal
(Alpaslan, 2021). They serve as reliable bases that can be effortlessly paired with
other colors or used to create a minimalist aesthetic. Pastels such as soft blues, pinks,
and lavenders evoke a sense of tranquility and softness, ideal for achieving a relaxed

12
and feminine vibe. Earth tones like olive, rust, and mustard bring warmth and depth,
often complementing natural fabrics and textures (Craik, 2024). Bold colors such as
red, emerald green, and cobalt blue inject energy and personality into casual wear,
making them perfect for making a statement or adding a vibrant touch to everyday
outfits. Understanding these color dynamics allows for creative mixing and matching,
enabling women to express their style while ensuring comfort and confidence in their
casual attire (Warren, 2017).

Figure 2.1 color and cloth

(Zhu et al., 2023)
2.3 Multifunctional
Multifunctional" refers to the capability of something to serve multiple purposes or be
adaptable for various uses, emphasizing versatility and efficiency. In product design,
this concept manifests either in items that can perform several functions
simultaneously or at different times, depending on user needs. For instance, a
multifunctional sofa bed serves as seating during the day and transforms into a bed for
sleeping at night (Wu et al., 2019). In clothing, multifunctional garments may feature
hidden pockets for storage, convertible sleeves, or designs that allow them to be worn
in multiple styles, such as a dress or skirt. Tools like Swiss Army knives exemplify
multi functionality by integrating knives, screwdrivers, and bottle openers into one
compact device (Fu et al., 2021). In architectural design, multifunctional spaces and

13
buildings optimize space usage by accommodating different activities or functions.
This includes spaces that can serve as a living area during the day and convert into a
bedroom at night, as well as buildings that seamlessly integrate retail, office, and
residential spaces within the same structure. Overall, multi functionality in design
enhances practicality, maximizes utility, and supports sustainable use of resources
across various applications (Askar et al., 2021).

Figure 2.2 multi-function on

furniture

Figure 2. 3 multifunctional clothing fashion (Kesarwani et al., 2022)

14
2.3.1 Classification of Multifunctional Clothing
Multifunctional clothing is focused on how to disassemble and reassemble different
parts of the clothes to have different functions. The structure of the basic form of
clothing has to be disassembled into two or more parts. Multifunctional clothing
design is divided into three categories (Fu et al., 2021).

1. The component design

a) Single Function
b) Multi-function
2. Geometric
3. Compounded
1. The component design: In the component multifunctional design the basic form
and structure of clothing is retained, clothing will be disassembled into two or more
than two modules. Parts of the modular design is a departure from the original form of
the clothing design (Wu et al., 2019).

Figure 2.4 component design (Will & Lührmann, 2011)

a) Single Function - As the name suggests, a single functional module means that a
disassembled module only has a fixed function, and a module has only one form of
splicing. The decomposition of a single functional module only needs to be taken
apart from the complete garment, which is the simplest, and therefore it is most
widely used in the market (van der Feltz & Hoskins, 2019)

15
 Figure2. 5 single function (Kesarwani et al., 2022)

b) Multi-function - The characteristics of multi-function design include having two

or more functions. Each part of the garment can be simply disassembled to achieve a
multifunction design (Fu et al., 2021)

Figure2. 6 multi-function (Wu et al., 2019)

2. Geometric - The geometric characteristics are the way of dismantling the clothing
out of basic form, and the dismantled parts come from a form of geometric shapes
such as triangle, quadrangle, and polygon and so on (Gibilisco, 2023).

16
3. Compounded - Compound design is the combination of both component and
geometric design. For example the upper part of the garment can be a simple
component design and lower part of the garment can be the geometric design, it can
be the short skirt, medium length or long skirt or it can be a simple decoration by the
use of fasteners (Sumathi, 2017).

Thermal multifunction

Thermal multifunction or smart textile cloth represents a significant advancement in

fabric technology, integrating specialized materials or technologies to enhance its
functional capabilities. These textiles go beyond the traditional role of clothing by
offering features such as advanced thermal regulation, which adjusts to environmental
conditions to keep the wearer comfortable in varying temperatures. They can
efficiently manage moisture, wicking away sweat to maintain dryness and comfort
during physical activities or in humid climates. Some smart textiles incorporate
antimicrobial treatments to inhibit bacterial growth, improving hygiene and odor
control (Fu et al., 2021).

2.4 Ethiopian traditional fabric

According to (Adamu & Sitotaw, 2021) the provided text provides an overview of the
rich diversity of Ethiopian traditional clothing and weaving designs. It highlights the
significance of traditional hand weaving and embroidery in Ethiopian culture and its
role in representing ethnic groups and religious identities. The traditional cottage
textile sub-sector in Ethiopia has a long history, with handwoven fabrics being created
using cotton fibers supplied by small owner farmers(Tena et al., 2020). The article
emphasizes the craftsmanship involved in creating Ethiopian traditional clothes, with
skilled artisans producing fabrics with unique designs and patterns. It mentions the
existence of different traditional weaving groups in Ethiopia, such as the Dorze
weavers. The text also acknowledges the evolving nature of Ethiopian clothing styles,
with a blend of traditional and modern influences. It describes the incorporation of the
"Tibeb" design, which signifies religious and ethnic identities through the use of
various colors and weaving techniques(Temesgen et al., 2018).

Different types of traditional Ethiopian garments are mentioned, including "Gabi,"

"Netela," "Kuta," and "Kemis," which vary in terms of design, patterns, and the
addition of Tibeb elements (Adamu & Sitotaw, 2021).Traditional clothing includes

17
the "Kuta or Gabi" a knee-length tunic worn by men, often paired with "shamma," a
large piece of cloth draped over the shoulders. For women, the "habesha Kemis" is a
long, white dress adorned with colorful embroidery, while the "Netela" serves as a
versatile shawl or headscarf. These garments hold deep cultural significance,
symbolizing pride, spirituality, and social status, and are worn during various
ceremonial events, such as weddings, religious festivals, and cultural
celebrations(BEHAYLU, 2019).

;.

Figure2. 7 Ethiopian traditional Gabi (Adamu & Sitotaw, 2021)

Figure2. 8 Ethiopian kemis with Netela (Adamu & Sitotaw, 2021)

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2.4.1 Raw material of fabric production
According to the production methods of Ethiopian traditional cloth encompass a
diverse range of techniques deeply rooted in centuries-old craftsmanship and cultural
practices. These methods typically involve manual processes, including spinning,
weaving, dyeing, and embellishment, often carried out by skilled artisans within local
communities (G-Egziabher, 2015). Hand spinning of cotton, silk, or wool fibers into
yarns is a fundamental step, followed by hand weaving on traditional looms to create
intricate textile designs. Natural dyes sourced from plants, minerals, or insects are
traditionally used to impart vibrant colors to the fabric, with specific colors often
carrying symbolic meanings. Woven cloth is produced by men, as is most
embroidery, although women are beginning to participate in that craft more as part of
contemporary production (Michna, 2020). Women, quite often the female family
members of weavers, are responsible for procuring raw cotton and for spinning it for
weft threads on the looms. Knowledge in all of these techniques – spinning, weaving,
and embroidery – is passed down from generation to generation (Peng, 2023).

19
 Figure 9 process of Ethiopian traditional fabric (Ayele et al., 2024)

2.4.2 Cotton fiber

According to (Waghmare, 2022) Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a
boll, or protective case, around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium. It
is a natural fiber known for its breathability, absorbency, and versatility. In Ethiopia,
cotton is a key material used in the production of traditional fabrics like shemma and
kuta. These fabrics have deep cultural significance and are often woven by hand using
traditional methods passed down through generations (BEHAYLU, 2019). Cotton's
comfort and adaptability make it an ideal choice for creating garments that suit
Ethiopia's diverse climate and cultural needs. It is grown throughout Ethiopia at
elevations above 1000 meters and below 1400 meters (Kelemu et al.). Because most
of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation.
Historically, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash
Valley and the Humera areas. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash
Valley was one of Ethiopia’s largest cotton plantations. Nowadays, cotton is mainly
grown in six regions: Amhara, Afar, Tigray, SNNPR (Southern Nations, Nationalities,
and Peoples’ Region), Benishangul-Gumaz, and Gambela (Lançon & Woldu, 2020).

2.4.3 Cotton harvesting

According to (Yvanez & Wozniak, 2019) Cotton harvesting for Ethiopian cultural
fabric refers to the process of gathering cotton fibers from cotton plants specifically
for the production of textiles that hold cultural significance within Ethiopian society.
This process involves traditional methods that have been practiced for generations and
is deeply intertwined with Ethiopian heritage and cultural identity. The harvesting
typically involves manual labor, with farmers carefully picking ripe cotton bolls by
hand to ensure the quality of the fibers (Woldu & Asefa, 2024). Timing is crucial, as
the cotton must be harvested when the bolls are fully matured to maximize the length
and quality of the fibers. Traditional tools such as sickles or handheld cotton pickers
may be used for harvesting.
2.4 .4 Ginning Process and spinning process
According to (Jhatial et al., 2020)The ginning process involves the extraction of raw
cotton fibers from the seeds and other impurities. In Ethiopia, this process may utilize
traditional methods such as manual separation or small-scale mechanical gins.
Initially, harvested cotton undergoes thorough cleaning to remove extraneous
materials like leaves and twigs (Bainbridge, 2023). Subsequently, the cotton is fed

20
 into the gin, where mechanical or manual mechanisms separate the fibers from the
seeds. This purification step ensures that the fibers are ready for the subsequent
spinning process. The ginning process is essential for producing high-quality cotton
fibers suitable for spinning into yarn.
According to (Negm & Sanad, 2020)The spinning process follows ginning and
involves the conversion of cotton fibers into yarn. In Ethiopian cultural fabric
production, spinning may employ traditional techniques such as hand-spinning or
hand-operated spinning machines. Skilled artisans carefully draw out and twist the
cotton fibers into yarn, ensuring uniformity in thickness and quality (Temesgen et al.,
2018). This yarn serves as the foundation for weaving the intricate patterns and
designs characteristic of Ethiopian cultural fabrics. The spinning process requires
precision and expertise to produce yarn that meets the standards of craftsmanship and
authenticity upheld in Ethiopian textile traditions.
2.4.5 Weaving process and weaving technics
[Link] Weaving technics
according to (Islam et al., 2018)Weaving is a method of textile production in which
two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or
cloth. The longitudinal threads are called the warp and the lateral threads are the weft,
woof, or filling. The method in which these threads are interwoven affects the
characteristics of the cloth. Cloth is usually woven on a loom, a device that holds the
warp threads in place while filling threads are woven through them (Begum &
Milašius, 2022). A fabric band that meets this definition of cloth (warp threads with a
weft thread winding between) can also be made using other methods, including tablet
weaving, back strap loom, or other techniques that can be done without looms
(Hamdani, 2017).

Figure 10 technics of weaving (Collingwood, 2021) 21

The way the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is called the weave.
The majority of woven products are created with one of three basic weaves: plain
weave, satin weave, or twill weave. Woven cloth can be plain or classic (in one color
or a simple pattern), or can be woven in decorative or artistic design (Collingwood,
2021).

Table 2.1 technique of weaving

Technique Description Characteristics

Plain Weave Basic weave where the weft crosses over Simplest and most
and under each warp thread alternately. common weave. Produces
a strong, durable fabric.
Twill Weave Weft threads pass over a certain number Offers good drape and
of warp threads before going under, texture. Often used for
creating diagonal patterns (e.g., denim). sturdy fabrics with a
distinctive diagonal
pattern.
Satin Weave Weft threads pass over multiple warp Produces a luxurious
threads and under one, creating a smooth appearance with a soft
and shiny surface. feel. Often used for formal
wear and upholstery.

[Link] Weaving process

According to (BAYU, 2020) Weaving can be summarized as a repetition of these
three actions, also called the primary motions of the loom.

 Shedding:- where the warp threads (ends) are separated by raising or lowering
head frames (heddles) to form a clear space, referred to as the shed where the
pick can pass
 Picking:- where the weft or pick is propelled across the loom by hand, an air-
jet, a rapier or a shuttle
 Beating-up or battening: - where the weft is pushed up against the fell of the
cloth by the reed.

22
The warp is divided into two overlapping groups, or lines (most often adjacent threads
belonging to the opposite group) that run in two planes, one above another, so the
shuttle can be passed between them in a straight motion. Then, the upper group is
lowered by the loom mechanism, and the lower group is raised (shedding), allowing
the shuttle to pass in the opposite direction, also in a straight motion. Repeating these
actions forms a fabric mesh but without beating-up, the final distance between the
adjacent wefts would be irregular and far too large (Negm & Sanad, 2020).

According to (Hamdani, 2017) The secondary motions of the loom are the

Let off motion: where the warp is let off the warp beam at a regulated speed to make
the filling even and of the required design
Take up motion: takes up the woven fabric in a regulated manner so that the density
of filling is maintained
(Kabir, 2017).,

2. 5. Historical Background of Gabi Fashion

The traditional Ethiopian garment known as the Gabi holds deep cultural and
historical significance within Ethiopian society. Originating from ancient times, the
Gabi is intricately woven from hand-spun cotton or silk using traditional techniques
that vary across different regions of Ethiopia. These techniques often involve natural
dyes derived from plants and minerals, which not only color the fabric but also
contribute to its durability and distinctive appearance. (Von Pezold & Driessen,
2021). Beyond its practical function of providing warmth, particularly in the cooler
highland regions, the Gabi carries profound symbolic meaning. It serves as a symbol
of Ethiopian identity and cultural heritage, worn by both men and women during
significant ceremonies and everyday life. The craftsmanship involved in weaving
Gabi is is a revered artisanal skill passed down through generations, highlighting
Ethiopia's rich textile tradition. (Ayele et al., 2024). Different regions of Ethiopia
developed their own distinct styles of Gabi, showcasing their unique weaving
techniques and design preferences. Location to location variations exist in both the
name and the design on the cotton robes' edges. Some call it Buluko, while some
name it fota and many more terms used to describe it in different localities (Adamu &
Sitotaw, 2021). The visual designs on the material called “tibeb” have always
integrated the culturally practiced aesthetics and this added value to their local

23
identity and commercial price. Traditionally, men wear the Gabi as everyday wear on
top of their formal clothes, at funerals, and during church services, while women wear
them as winter clothing at home (Kalbo, 2021). Apart from this, Gabi is considered as
a delicate gift given to newlyweds, graduates and women that just gave birth. In
contemporary contexts, the Gabi continues to play a significant role in Ethiopian
fashion and cultural expression. Its intricate patterns and traditional weaving methods
have garnered appreciation both domestically and internationally, contributing to its
continued relevance and preservation. As a garment that embodies history,
craftsmanship, and cultural pride, the Gabi stands as a testament to Ethiopia's
enduring traditions and the enduring legacy of its textile arts (Breward et al., 2023).

2.6. Symbolism and Cultural Significance

According to (Kalbo, 2021), the symbolism and cultural significance of Gabi, the
traditional Ethiopian cloth, are deeply woven into the fabric of Ethiopian culture.
Gabi's intricate patterns and designs hold symbolic meaning, reflecting various
aspects of Ethiopian traditions, beliefs, and cultural heritage. Patterns often
incorporate geometric shapes, stylized animals, or floral elements that convey specific
cultural symbols and messages. Furthermore, the colors used in Gabi play a
significant role in its symbolism. Each color carries its own symbolic value,
representing virtues, emotions, or societal roles. White may symbolize purity, red can
signify strength or fertility, and green often represents prosperity or growth.
Additionally, Gabi can sometimes indicate social status or wealth. Elaborately
designed or finely woven Gabi may be associated with higher social standing, while
simpler variations are more commonly worn for everyday use. This aspect of Gabi
highlights the intersection of cultural significance and social dynamics within
Ethiopian society (Ayele et al., 2024). Interestingly, it is now becoming common to
see youngsters in urban areas like Addis flaunting on a Gabi, at work, cafes and
hotels. As much as Gabi keeps you warm during this chilly, rainy season, it's equally
crucial to do this for the culture, since maintaining our national identity depends on
the preservation of our cultural legacy (Ciftci et al., 2024).

2.7. Characteristics of Gabi

The Ethiopian Gabi is a traditional garment deeply woven into the cultural fabric of
Ethiopia. Crafted from handwoven cotton or silk fabric, it boasts a large rectangular
shape, typically around 90 inches in length and 60 inches in width, offering versatility

24
in draping and wrapping around the body (Babu et al., 2024). Traditionally, Gabi
comes in natural, earthy tones such as white, beige, or light brown, though modern
variations may feature dyed fabrics in vibrant hues. Its coarse texture, a result of the
handwoven material, gives it a distinct tactile quality. While usually plain, Gabi may
exhibit decorative elements along its borders or edges, such as embroidery, woven
patterns, or fringes, enhancing its aesthetic appeal. This versatile garment can be worn
in myriad ways draped over the shoulders as a shawl, wrapped around the body as a
skirt or dress, or even used as a blanket or bedspread. Symbolizing Ethiopian heritage
and tradition, Gabi holds cultural significance, often donned during important events,
religious ceremonies, and formal occasions, serving as a testament to the rich cultural
tapestry of Ethiopia (Flemmen & Zenebe, 2016).

Table 2.2 characteristic of Gabi

Characteristic Description
Fabric Composition - Handwoven cotton fabric
- Locally grown and hand-spun cotton
Design and Patterns - Simple, geometric patterns and designs
- Common motifs include stripes, checks, and abstract
patterns
- Patterns created using a combination of white and colored
threads
Regional Variations - Different regions may have unique variations in patterns,
colors, and weaving techniques
- For example, Tigray Gabi’s are known for intricate designs,
while Amhara Gabi’s tend to have more subdued,
monochromatic patterns

2.8 Use of Gabi

According to (Mengie et al., 2024) The Gabi, an iconic piece of Ethiopian culture,
serves myriad purposes. From its practical use as clothing, offering warmth and
protection in cooler climates, to its role in ceremonial settings, symbolizing tradition
and respect, the Gabi embodies the essence of Ethiopian heritage. With its religious
symbolism in Orthodox Christianity and its significance in social exchanges as a
cherished gift, the Gabi weaves together threads of tradition, spirituality, and social

25
 connection. Its presence in Ethiopian homes adds a touch of cultural elegance to
interior spaces, reflecting a deep-rooted appreciation for tradition and identity (Krebs
& Krebs, 2021). Whether draped over shoulders, worn during celebrations, or
adorning living spaces, the Gabi stands as a testament to the richness and resilience of
Ethiopian culture through the ages.

Figure 2. 15 home decoration Figure 2. 14 Women's gown

Figure 2.16 child order

Figure 2. 13clothing Figure 2. 12 child wrap Figure 2. 11 orthodox ceremony

26
 2.9 Previous works by Ethiopian designers
Table 2. 3 previous work

No Previous works Focus Major Remark

achievements
Material: Hand promotes Their unique blend of
woven
Ethiopian contemporary design
Gabi sustainable.
Silhouette: craftsmanship and traditional
incorporating layers
through modern workmanship to
and loose fits
Color: dark purple designs produce attractive,
and light purple
culturally relevant
Pattern:
showcasing clothing.
intricate geometric
or symbolic designs
Ornamentation:
NATANEM COUTURE
dyeing
(fashion scout)
Products: A gown
worn over the top,
dresses, tunics,
shawls
Material: Merges sustainable and culturally
Handmade cotton. traditional authentic fashion,

Silhouette: textiles with preserving Ethiopian

heritage
Modernity contemporary
Color: white and design,
yellow promotes
Pattern: Ethiopian Ethiopian
heritage. cultural heritage
Ornamentation:
Tibeb, traditional
Embroidery.
Products: top and
Yefikir Design (face book
2021) dress

27
 Material: Handmade Acclaimed Promoting ethical
cotton. Ethiopian practices and
Silhouette: fashion designer empowering local
Modernity
known for her talent in the growing
Color: multi-color
sustainable, Ethiopian fashion
Pattern: Ethiopian
contemporary industry.
heritage.
designs.
Ornamentation:
Tibeb, traditional
Embroidery.
Mahlet Afwork (Instagram, Products: dress,
2022) Outerwear,
Accessories
Material: Handmade Traditional Typical ornamentations
cotton. fabrics are used and design patterns for
Silhouette: in modern design fabrics.
Modernity to create a unique Products are for casual
Color: multi-color and colorful clothing.
Pattern: Ethiopian impression.
heritage. Combines
Ornamentation: customary
Tibeb, traditional Ethiopian
sewasew (Instagram 2023) Embroidery and materials and
dyeing methods with
Products: top and modern styles.
Women's pants,
jacket
Nor Material:- jersey, revolutionizing Blending style and
ma
spandex, and other fashion with functionality,
Kam
ali's stretch fabrics that innovative pioneering athleisure
offer comfort and designs like the and setting trends that
versatility iconic sleeping bridge casual wear with
Silhouette:- bag coat high fashion.
focusing on
flattering cuts
Color:- classic

28
 neutrals as well as
bold, vibrant colors
Ornamentation:-
often minimalist
like ruching,
draping
Product:- dresses,
tops, pants, and
outerwear
Pattern:- simple or
solid, focusing
more on the cut and
construction of the
garment

2.10. Prior arts

Table 2.4 prior arts

Focus Paper Major achievement Remark

review
1 Ethiopian (Ahmed, -The thesis examines the Siltie - The research does not
traditional on 2017)
ethnic group's ten-year effort thoroughly examine how external
silties ethnics
group’s in Ethiopia to secure factors like globalization or
recognition of their distinct urbanization influence the
identity, highlighting the evolution of cultural clothing and
broader struggles of minority identity representation among the
ethnic groups in the country. It Siltie people.
explores the implementation - There is no any information how
challenges of Ethiopian ethnic the traditional fabric of Gabi is
federalism, which, despite used for making multifunctional
constitutional backing, hinders casual women’s cloth
the rights and recognition of
ethnic communities like the
Siltie.

29
2 Ethiopian (Adamu & The thesis highlights Ethiopian The study may have a limited
traditional Sitotaw,
traditional clothing habits and scope which may deal with certain
fabric 2021),
helps them gain more ethnic groups and their weaving
recognition and admiration by traditions. It may focus more on
offering insights into aesthetic aspects than exploring
traditional weaving items, the deeper cultural and historical
designs, and patterns. meanings behind the designs
3 Multifunctional (Kesarwani, -The thesis emphasizes the Insufficient information about
apparel 2022 )
benefits of multipurpose how to alter trendy, multipurpose
(Hu, 2023 ) clothing for women in terms of casual women's clothing and
being practical, stylish, eco- insufficient technical details
(Al Hamadi,
2019 ) friendly, and affordable. regarding the casual women's
- A significant breakthrough in clothing
adaptable fashion design is
presented by an inventive
clothing system that provides a
comprehensive answer for
adjusting to various climates
and seasons.
2.11 forecasting casual women’s clothing for 2025/2026
2.11.1 Colors
These are some of the questions that WGSN, the global authority on consumer and
design trends, and Color, the global authority on the future of color, have explored in
their latest forecast for the key colors trends 2025 2026 (Zhu et al., 2023). The
forecast is based on a comprehensive analysis of the social, cultural, and economic
factors that will influence consumer behavior and preferences in the next few years.
The forecast also considers the environmental and ethical implications of color
choices, as well as the technical feasibility and performance of the shades on different
materials and substrates (Kane et al., 2020).

The five Colors that will define the fashion trends in Autumn Winter 2025 2026
are

30
Celestial Yellow: - A bright and optimistic yellow that evokes the sun and the stars
Retro Blue: - A classic and dependable blue that recalls the past and the familiar
Cherry Lacquer: - A deep and sensual red that evokes the night and the senses.
Neon Flare: - A bright and digital red that evokes the fire and the alert.
Future Dusk - Color of the Year A dark and mysterious purple that evokes the dusk
and the dawn (Zolot, 2023)

Figure 2. 17 WGSN and Color Reveal the Key Colors for the Autumn Winter Season

Fashion Trends for Spring Summer 2026, Color and WGSN have revealed a vibrant
palette that mirrors the societal shifts and urgent calls for change expected in this
transformative year. These Spring Summer 2026 color trends reflect a dynamic blend
of bold and soothing hues, capturing the spirit of a world in flux. The colors identified
by Color and WGSN for Spring Summer 2026 are - Transformative Teal, Electric
Fuchsia, Blue Aura, Amber Haze, and Jelly Mint (Khan, 2023).

Figure 2. 18 Key Colors for Spring Summer 2026

31
2.11. Pattern

The patterns and motifs featured in casual women's apparel will have a natural,
organic feel. Botanical prints, abstract brush strokes, and subtle tie-dye effects will be
prominent, while minimalist geometric patterns like stripes, checks, and polka dots
will continue to be fashionable. Vintage-inspired motifs, such as retro florals and
paisley, will also make a comeback (Kane et al., 2020).

2.11.3 Silhouettes
Silhouettes will prioritize comfort and relaxation, with loose-fitting shapes
dominating the trends. Wide-leg trousers, oversized shirts, and midi dresses will be
key pieces, complemented by clean, simple lines and A-line or shift dress shapes.
High-waisted, relaxed-fit shorts and culottes will also be popular (Anderson, 2024).

2.11.4 Embellishments
Embellishments and details will be subtle, with a focus on textural elements that add
visual interest. Gentle ruching, pin tucks, and soft pleating will be used, along with
ribbing, fringing, and raw-edged hems. The incorporation of recycled or repurposed
materials, such as upcycled denim and knitwear, will also be a defining feature
(Samara, 2021).

2.11.5 Accessories
Accessories will reflect the casual, sustainable ethos of the 2025/2026 trends. Natural,
eco-friendly materials like bamboo, rattan, and jute will be used for bags, belts, and
hats, while simple, minimal jewelry pieces with organic shapes and muted finishes
will complement the overall aesthetic. Comfortable, low-heeled sandals and slip-on
shoes will be the footwear of choice (Ghalachyan, 2018).

32
 Figure 2. 19 2025 2026 Fashion
Trends: WGSN and Color Reveal
Figure 2. 20 WHAT WILL BE IN FASHION
the Key Colors for the Autumn
THIS FALL TRENDS 2025 Figure [Link]
21 spring summer color trend
Season
for women’s dress

Figure 2. 23 2025 2026 Fashion Trends:

Figure 2.22 WGSN and Color unveil key
WGSN and Color Reveal the Key Colors for
the Autumn Winter Season colors for AW25/26 season

2.12 Literature Gap

Many studies have been conducted on Ethiopian traditional fabric designs and
weaving techniques, as well as stylish, multifunctional casual women's apparel trends.
However, there is a glaring void in the literature regarding the evolution of traditional

33
trendy multifunctional casual women's apparel in the nation. Even though the weavers
in the area have been weaving for a long time, their design philosophy does not seem
to be based on psychological or scientific theories. Rather, they frequently depend on
commonplace and traditional arrangements of patterns, colors, and surface
embellishments in their items. Their narrow strategy of depending only on self-
learning and trial and error methods is the reason why their work lacks a modern
design element arrangement. Many designers of fashion are attempting to create items
by means of personalization with Ethiopian Gabi cloth.

However, to the researcher’s knowledge:

 No logical way of arranging the elements of design is recorded.

 There is no research has been done on developing fashionable multifunctional
casual women's apparel using Ethiopian traditional Gabi fabric.

Looking through these research gaps, this thesis will explore new color combinations
and patterns for the design and development of fashionable multifunctional casual
women's apparel using a Gabi fabric.

Literature Gap

The existing body of research on the integration of traditional textiles, such as the
Ethiopian Gabi fabric, into contemporary fashion design and product development is
limited. While numerous studies have explored the cultural significance, weaving
techniques, and historical context of traditional fabrics, there is a dearth of scholarly
literature that specifically addresses the design and development of fashionable,
multifunctional casual wear incorporating these traditional textiles.

A significant portion of the existing research has focused on the preservation and
revitalization of traditional textile craftsmanship, emphasizing the importance of
maintaining cultural heritage and supporting local artisans. However, there is a need
for more in-depth investigations into the practical applications of these traditional
fabrics in modern fashion design, particularly in the context of casual wear that can
address the evolving needs and preferences of contemporary female consumers.

34
The growing demand for versatile, long-lasting, and sustainable clothing has been
well-documented in the literature, highlighting the shift towards more conscious
consumption patterns. While some studies have explored the integration of traditional
textiles into high-fashion and formal wear, the design and development of
multifunctional casual wear that combines traditional craftsmanship with modern
styling and functionality remains largely unexplored.

Furthermore, the existing literature tends to approach the study of traditional textiles
from a predominantly ethnographic or historical perspective, often overlooking the
practical design considerations and user-centric approaches that are crucial for the
successful integration of these fabrics into contemporary fashion products. There is a
need for research that bridges the gap between the preservation of cultural heritage
and the creation of fashionable, functional, and sustainable casual wear that appeals to
the target consumer market.

This research study aims to address this literature gap by focusing on the design and
development of fashionable, multifunctional casual women's clothing using the
Ethiopian Gabi fabric. By combining a deep understanding of the Gabi's unique
characteristics with an analysis of current market trends, user preferences, and design
thinking methodologies, this study seeks to contribute to the existing knowledge in
the fields of textile design, fashion design, and product development.

The findings of this research are expected to provide valuable insights for garment
manufacturers, fashion designers, and consumers interested in the integration of
traditional textiles into contemporary casual wear. Additionally, this study has the
potential to promote the preservation and revitalization of the Gabi fabric's cultural
heritage, while also addressing the growing demand for versatile, sustainable, and
fashionable clothing options.

35
 CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3. 1 Material and Equipment
Cotton fabric: - cotton yarns with yarn count number 50D will collect from
Sheromeda market, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Inter lining: - Made of woven or non-woven fabrics coated with a heat-activated

adhesive on one side with weight 80GSM were sourced from Shola market, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.

Reactive dye: - Monochlorotriazine Reactive Dyes for dyeing, collect from Mercato
market, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Trims: Metal zippers, pearls and threads (embroidery) were sourced from Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia; shola market.
Tools and equipment: Pattern-making tools, cutting table, hand needle, protects
single needle sewing machine, 3 thread protects Overlock machine, ironing machine,
mobile cameras, Pilling Tester, Abrasion resistance testing, GSM, Tear Tester,
Snagging Tester, Crease Recovery Tester, Thickness Gauge, Air Permeability Tester,
Yarn Count Tester, Fabric Drape Tester
Software: Adobe Photoshop CS6, Adobe Illustrator CC,
Table 3.1 tools / Equipment and functionality

Pattern-making tools Create accurate templates (patterns) for garments or textile

products.
Cutting table Provide a flat surface with measurements for precise fabric
cutting.
Hand needle Hand-stitching and finishing details on garments.
Single needle sewing Basic machine for straight stitching and garment assembly.
machine
3 thread Overlock Finish fabric edges with serged seams to prevent fraying.
machine
Ironing machine Press and iron fabric and garments to remove wrinkles.
Mobile cameras Document, monitor, and inspect production processes
remotely.

36
Pilling Tester Evaluate fabric's resistance to forming pills (fiber balls).
Abrasion resistance Assess fabric durability against rubbing and wear.
testing
GSM (Grams per Measure fabric weight and density.
Square Meter)
Tear Tester Measure fabric strength by testing tear resistance.
Snagging Tester Assess fabric resistance to snagging or catching on rough
surfaces.
Crease Recovery Tester Evaluate fabric's ability to recover from creasing or
folding.
Thickness Gauge Measure fabric thickness for consistency in quality and
performance.
Air Permeability Tester Measure fabric breathability by testing airflow through it.
Yarn Count Tester Determine yarn fineness or thickness in fabrics.
Fabric Drape Tester Assess fabric drape and how it hangs on a standardized
form.

3.2. Methods
Experimental, qualitative and quantitative research designs were used to design and
develop fashionable multifunctional casual women’s clothing using Ethiopian
traditional Gabi fabric. The details about the methods of the study are discussed below

Observation
. Review document
Title selection

Idea Developing Reviewing Problem

articles, observation & market
research
Objective

Research design and methodology

Qualitative & Quantitative research
Check problem
design and objective

37
 Data collection

Primary Secondary
Data analyzing & interpretation
Tables, pie charts, images & texts -Research board
-Inspiration board
-Mood board
-Material &
Design development process
accessory board
-Client board
-color board
Development multifunctional
casual women’s clothing -Trim board
- Conceptual sketch
-Illustration board
Results and discussion
- Flat board
-Story board
Conclusion & recommendation

Figure 3.1 General method

Documentation

3.2.1 Data collection method

 Study and analysis multifunctional women’s clothing
This research work focuses on study and analyzing the multifunctional women’s
clothing adjustable components, convertible designs (pattern), functionality. For this
research, the methods will used secondary data collection. The data will gathered
from the internet, fashion magazines & trend forecasting agency websites this include
Pinterest, YouTube video, magazine, social media
 Study and analysis of Ethiopian Gabi textiles characteristics
This research Study and analysis of Ethiopian Gabi textiles characteristics quality
strength, softness, fabric weight, pilling testing, Drape, fabric abrasion. For this
research, the methods will used primary and secondary data collection.
38
Primary data will collected by using questionnaires, observation and testing. Testing
by used different testing machine (Pilling Tester, Abrasion resistance testing, GSM,
Tear Tester, Snagging Tester, Crease Recovery Tester, Thickness Gauge, Air
Permeability Tester, Yarn Count Tester, Fabric Drape Tester). In addition secondary
data will gathered from the internet, journal, books
 Forecasted 2025/2026 casual women clothing trend colors, pattern & motif,
silhouette, embellishment fashion trend
This research work focuses on analyzing the casual women clothing trend colors,
pattern & motif, silhouette, embellishment, details and accessories according to the
fashion trend forecasted for 2026/2027. For this research, the methods will used
secondary data collection. The data will gathered from the internet (google scholar,
Wikipedia social media, YouTube, Instagram), fashion magazines (Vogue, Elle, Marie
Claire, Glamour) & trend forecasting agency websites (WGSN Fashion, Trendstop,
[Link] Trend)
Design and developing multifunctional casual women
This research work focuses on designing and developing of multifunction casual
women’s clothing. For this research, the methods will design process/boards
development, product development and technical package development.
Design development include Inspiration board, Mood board, Color board, Client
board, Fabric board, Trim board, Accessory board, Line board, Motif board,
Conceptual sketch ,Illustration board, Flat board and Story board.
Product development include pattern making, sewing and finishing.
Technical package include Bill of material

39
 Study and Secondary -Internet -Design
analysis data -Fashion magazines -Functionality
(Collection
multifunctional -Websites
information) - Adjustable
casual women’s
-Social media
clothing.

-Texture Strength
- Questionnaires
- Softness
- Observation
Primary - Fabric weight
Study and data -Testing result
- Pilling testing
analysis of Drape
-Internet
Ethiopian Gabi -Test, fabric
Secondary -Journal
textiles data -Abrasion
-books resistance
characteristics

-internet,
-Color
-fashion
Analyze the magazines -Silhouette
multifunctional Secondary
-trend -Embellishment
casual women data forecasting
-Finish
clothing websites

Observation
Design & Concept & (Music, film etc.)
inspiration
Developing development
multifunctional Forecasting (Trend
casual women shop, Trend zoom,
Women’s wear daily)

Figure 3.2 General method for Fabric

developmen Weaving Hand Plain
data collection
t loom
3.2.5. Data Presentation

Primary data comes from questionnaires, interviews and observations and Secondary
data is collected and presented as text, photos, tables and pie charts. As a result, the

40
 information presented using these tools provides qualitative and quantitative
information to achieve the research objective.

Study and analysis

multifunctional casual
women’s clothing. - Questionnaires
Image
- Observation
Table
Data Analyze the
-Testing result
presentation multifunctional casual Pie charts
- Secondary data Text
women clothing

Study and analysis of

Ethiopian Gabi textiles Figure 3.3 data presentation
characteristics

3.2.6. Data analysis

After completed the data collection all completed research instruments were
assembled, coded, summarized, entered into the computer; and analyzed using
statistical package for Statistical Package for excel. Both descriptive and inferential
statistics were used for analysis. Qualitative data and quantitative data was analyzed
using content analysis.

Table
Quantitative
data Pie charts
Data Text
analysis data Result and final
Image report
Qualitative
Text
data
Figure 3.4 data analysis
3.2.2 Target Population
As of 2023-2024, the total population of Addis Ababa is estimated to be around 5.4
million. Of this, approximately 2.8 million (52%) are female and 2.6 million (48%)
are male, maintaining a relatively balanced gender distribution.

41
The lifestyle in Addis Ababa during 2023-2024 reflects the city's ongoing
transformation and growth. The bustling markets, where locals bargain for fresh
produce and handcrafted goods, remain a central part of the city's cultural fabric.
However, the urban landscape has also evolved significantly, with a proliferation of
modern high-rise buildings, upscale shopping malls, and a thriving food and beverage
scene.

Despite the rapid urbanization and modernization, Addis Ababa has managed to
maintain a distinctive sense of identity, blending its rich cultural heritage with the
demands of a rapidly growing metropolitan area. The city's diverse population,
vibrant cultural scene, and dynamic lifestyle make it a unique and captivating
destination in 2023-2024.

Age Group Female Population (2023-2024)

Addis Ababa 0-20 years 932,244

21-39 years 795,993
40-69 years 593,566
70 years 73,081
and above
Total 2,394,884

3.2.4 Sampling size

Sampling were used instead of census, to get the advantage of sampling such as
reducing time and cost, saving labor, increasing the quality of the study and providing
the result in a quick manner within the specified time period while conducting the
study. The questionnaire was prepared for women consumers whose age ranges
between 21 and 39; it is because of the fact that this age range is considered as an
ideal age for women in Ethiopia. Sample size will determined by the following
formula,
Where n= the sample size from the given population
N=Total number of populations (795,993)

42
E=Precision (Marginal error) 10%
This formula assumes a degree of variability (proportion) of 0.1 and a confidence
level of 95 %.
Therefore:
First, let's calculate the inner part
n = 795,993 * (0.1) ^2 = 795,993 * 0.01 = 7,959.93
Now, let's add 1 to the denominator
n =1 + 7,959.93 = 7,960.93
Finally, we can divide the numerator by the denominator:
n =795,993 / 7,960.93 = 100
Therefore, the result of the expression n = 795,993 / (1 + 795,993 * (0.1) ^2) is 100.

The equation result 100 questionnaires will distribute

3.2.3 Sampling technique
This project will be use probability method involves random selection, allowing to
make strong statistical inferences about the whole group. The use of this technique
because of considering time and finance.
3.3 fabric testing
Weaving: - Traditional weaver who work around Sheromeda, Addis Ababa fabric
using hand looms. Traditionally spun cotton yarns with count number 30s were used
as the main raw material for warp and weft. Plain weave was used as a structure to
develop the fabric

Figure 3.5 fabric weaving

43
3.3.1 Pilling resistance
Pilling rating scale of 1-5, with 5 being the highest resistance to pilling.
3.3.2 Abrasion resistance
Cotton fabrics generally have moderate to good abrasion resistance, with abrasion
cycles ranging from 5,000 to 50,000 depending on the fabric type and finish.
3.3.3 GSM
Typical GSM range for cotton fabrics is generally between 100-400 GSM, depending
on the fabric type and end-use.
3.3.4 Tear resistance
Typical tear strength for cotton fabrics ranges from 2-10 lbf, depending on fabric
construction and weight.
3.3.5 Snagging
Snagging resistance rated on a scale of 1-5, with 5 indicating the highest resistance to
snagging.
3.3.6 Wrinkle recovery
Wrinkle recovery angle typically between 100-150 degrees for cotton fabrics.
3.3.7 Thickness
Cotton fabric thickness generally between 0.2-1.0 mm, depending on the fabric type
and weight.
3.3.8 Air permeability
Air permeability values for cotton fabrics range from 5-50 cm³/cm²/s, depending on
the fabric construction and finishing.
3.3.9 Yarn count
Cotton yarn count is typically expressed as cotton count, which is the number of 840-
yard hanks per pound of yarn.
Common cotton yarn counts range from 10s to 80s for apparel and home textiles.
3.3.10 drape

Tensile Strength:

For woven cotton fabrics, the tensile strength is usually between 30-80 lbf (pounds-
force) in both warp and weft directions.

44
 4. Work plan
Table 5 work plan

April 13 May June july

Task W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4

Preparation of Proposal

Literature Review

Proposal presentation

Market Analysis

Design Concept
Development
Fabric Selection and Testing

Prototype Development

Prototype Testing and

Evaluation

Iterative Design Refinement

documentation

Compiling the document

and submission

Activities already finished

Activities started

Activities which are not

started

45
 5. Cost analysis
Cost Analysis: Ethiopian Gabi Fashion in Modern Multipurpose Winter Women's
Clothing
Table 6 material cost

Material Quantity Unit price (ETB) Total(E

TB)
Cotton fabric 10 M 250 2500 birr
Lining material 10 1000 birr
Embellishments/trims According to number of According to number 1200 birr
Embellishments/trims of
Embellishments/trims
Sponge 1 rolle 300 300 birr
Faux fur 1M 300 300 birr
Material of dyeing - - 800 birr
process( different
chemical , salt color)
Total 6100 birr

Table 7 Labor Costs

Material Total Labor Cost

Weaving 1400 birr

Dyeing 600 birr

Design, patter making, Cutting and Sewing 2100 birr

Finishing 700 birr

Total 4800 birr

46
 Table 8 Design and Development

Material Cost (USD)

Prototyping 1500 birr

Research and Development 6000 birr

Total cos 7,500 birr

Table 9 Production Overheads

Material Cost (USD)

Utilities 500 birr

Rent (sewing machine and over lock) 1000 birr

Machinery Maintenance 400 birr

Transport 2100 birr

Total cos 4,000 birr

Table 10 Miscellaneous expenses

Required Item Quantity Unit price (ETB) Total(ETB)

Paper A4 2 220 440 birr

Printing 920 pages 1 920 birr

Photo copy 500 pages 1 500 birr

Mobile card 4 100 400 birr

Total 2,260 birr

47
 Table 11 Summary of the research cost

No Items Subtotal (ETB)

1 Material cost 6100 birr

2 Labor 4800 birr

3 Design and Development 7500 birr

4 Production Overheads 4000 birr

5 Miscellaneous expenses 2260 birr

Total 24,660 birr

48
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 APPENDICES 1
ለጥናቱ የተዘጋጀ መጠይቆች

የተከበሩ የዚህ ጥናት ተሳታፊ፡

ስሜ ብዙአየሁ ሳሱ ይባላል፡፡ በባህር ዳር ዩንቨርስቲ በኢትዮጲያ ቴክስታይል እና ፋሽን

ቴክኖሇጂ ኢንስቲትዩት ስር በሚገኘው የፋሽን ዲዛይን ትምህርት ክፍል የሁለተኛ ዲግሪ

ትምህርቴን እየተከታተልኩ ሲሆን በአሁኑ ሰዓት “design and develop fashionable

Multifunctional casual Women's Clothing using traditional Ethiopian Gabi
fabric” በሚል ርዕስ የመመረቂያ ፁሁፌን እያዘጋጀሁ እገኛለሁ፡፡ በመሆኑም በዚህ ጥናት እገዛ

ይውል ዘንድ ከዚህ በታች የተዘረዘሩትን ጥያዌዎች በተገቢው መንገድ ይመልሱልኝ ዘንድ

በትህትና እንጠይቃለሁ::

ስለትብብርዎ አመሰግናለሁ!!

በዚህ መጠይቅ ላይ የሚሰጡት ማንኛውም ምላሽ በፈቃዯኝነት ላይ የተመሰረተ እና

ሚስጥራዊነቱ የተጠበቀ ነው፡፡

ማሳሰቢያ፡ እባክዎ በምላሽዎ ላይ “X” ይህንን ምልክት ያስቀምጡ፡፡

1) ዕድሜ

20-25 25-30 30-35 ከ35በላይ

2) የስራ ሁኔታ

የግል የመንግስት NGO ሌላ የስራ ዘርፍ

3) የትዳር ሁኔታ

ያገባ ያላገባ ሌላ

4) ወርሃዊ ገቢ

5,000-7,000 8,000-10,000 11,000-14,000 ከ 14,000በላይ

5) ለስራ የትኛዉን አይነት ልብስ ይመርጣሉ?

ካዥዋል ፎርማል ወጣ ያለ

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6) ለስራ የትኛዉን አይነት የልብስ ምድብ ይመርጣለ?

የተለመደ ዘመናዊ ማራኪ የተጋነነ

7) ለሁል ጊዜ የሚሆን ልብስ ሲገዙ ለእርስዎ ወሳኙ ነገር ምንድን ነዉ?

ፋሽኑ ዋጋዉ ጥራቱ ሌሎች ነገሮች

8) ለሁል ጊዜ የትኛውን የጨርቅ አይነት ይመርጣለ?

ጥጥ(ጋቢ) ሱፍ ፓሊስተር

9) አሁን ላይ ባለው የሁልጊዜ ልብስ ላይ ደስተኛ ነዎት?

በጣም ደስተኛ ደስተኛ ምንም መጥፎ

10) ደስተኛ ካልሆኑ ችግሩ ምንድን ነው ብለው ያስባሉ?

ብዙ ዲዛይን አለመኖሩ

የዲዛይን ማሳመሪያዎች አጠቃቀም

የሚሰራበት ጥሬ እቃ ጥሩ ስላልሆነ

የዋጋ ዉድነት

11) በአዲስ መልኩ ከተሰራ ባህላዊ ጨርቅ/ጋቢ ስለተዘጋጀ መልቲ ፋክሽናል የሴቶች ልብስ ምን

አይነት አመለካከት አለዎት?

አዎንታዊ አለታዊ

12) ለጥያቄ ቁጥር 11 ምላሽዎ አዎንታዊ ከሆነ ከሙሽራ ቀሚሱ ምን ይጠብቃለ?

ወቅቱን የጠበቀ ዉበት ቅናሽ ዋጋ ጥራት

13) በጋቢ ለተሰራ መልቲ ፋክሽናል የሴቶች ልብስ ምን አይነት ቀለም ይመርጣለ?

ለስለስ ያለ ፈዛዛ ደማቅ የወቅቱን ቀለም

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14) ዘወትር ይሚለበስ ለመቲ ፋክሽናል የሴቶች ልብስ የትኛዉን አይነት የማስዋቢያ ዘዴ

ይመርጣለ?

ማቅለም መለጣጠፍ መስፋት ዳንቴል ስራ

16) አንድ የሁል ግዜ ልብስ ለመግዛት ስንት ብር ያወጣለ?

1000-1,500 1,500-2000 2,000-2,500 ከ3000በላይ

17. ይህን መልቲ የዘወትር ፋክሽናል የሴቶች ልብስ ለጓደኛዎ ወይም ለባልደረባዎ የመምከሩ

እድል ምን ያህል ሊሆን ይችላል

በፍጹም አልደግፍም በጣም እደግፋለሁ

18. በዚህ ሱቅ ውስጥ ካሉት የዘወትር የሴቶች ልብስ ጋር ሲነፃፀር አዲሱ ዘመናዊ የዘወትር

የሴቶች ልብስ ምን ያህል ተስማሚ ነው?

በጣም የሚመጥን በመጠኑ የሚመጥን በጭራሽ አይደለም

19. የዘወትር የሴቶች ልብስ ንድፍ ምን ያህል ወደዱት?

በጣም ወደውታል ትንሽ ወደውታል አልወደዱም

20. ለጋቢ ያለዎት አመለካከት ምን ያህል ነዉ

በጣም ከፍተኛ መካከለኛ ዝቅተኛ

በዚህ ጥናት ላይ ለመሳተፍ ጊዜአችሁን ስለወሰድኩ በድጋሚ በጣም አመሰግናለሁ!!!

APPENDIX II

Observation check list

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