37 IP a f ,.

�4 : : r � Book

TOPIC ::C01ass Material) ]

Exponent & Roots

Exponents are a "shortcut" method of showing a

number that was multiplied by itself several times.
Algebraic Expression
Simplification
A} 2.x-!
For instance, Number a multiplied n times can be X
written as a", where a represents the base, the Question N0.1.
number that is multiplied by itself n times and n What is one possiblesolution to the rational B) 18.x' .... 36x
represents the exponent. The exponent indicates 4
. x 2 l ··
how many times to multiply the base, a, by itself. equauon -·--..· - - = -? C) •
2.x+l--
Exponents one and zero: x-1 x x-1 X
a0= 1Any nonzero number to the power of 0 is 1. Question NO. 2

- ----
For example:5°=1 and [-3]0=1 D) 18x'-36x+I
6x+2 3x�8
a'=a Any number to the power 1 is itself. --· Question N0.6.
x+s x+s
-.·

Powers of zero: 24 + 36x3 - 12x2

x4
If the exponent is positive, the power of zero is 12x2
zero: 0"=0, where n >0 . Which of the following is equivalentto the1 Which of the following expressions is
If the exponent is negative, the power of zero {0"= equivalent to the expression shown above?
O, where n >0 .) is undefined, because division by
zero is Implied.
A) 2x2 + 3x
B} 24x4 + 36x3
C} 2x2 + 3x-1
Powers of one:
1"=1 The integer powers of one are one.
D) 24><4 + 36x3-I
Negative powers:
a·1= 1/a"
-x+.5
3x-6 Question NO. 7.
Powers of minus one:
If n is an even integer, then [ -1]" =l. C) �+.t:Q
If n is an odd integer, then [-1]"=-1 . 3x+l0
Operations involving the same
D} hllO 18- {3x) =JS
i
Question N0.3.
exponents:
Keep the exponent, multiply or divide the bases 2
[i]a"xb"=[ab]" , [ii]a"/b"=[a/bl" ,
[iiiJ[a mJn=am•, [iv] am"=a[m"J and not [am ]" 3x+7=16
Opera tions involving the same %"-2 What value of� satisfies the equation above?:
bases: Which value <>f°x$atlstie$ the equation
Keep the base, add or subtract the exponent (add given Question N0.8.
for multiplication, subtract for division) abov_e?�. _____________
am xan =am+n , a m/a"=am- n A)
9 f
'Ihe value o 7x" + 3 is how much more than the
= '1/a , as powa•=
ii'
�r: '1/am
"
Fraction value of 1/-9l.
aExponent
/n
l

side change 9
xafb = y 13 .A) 6
C) 2 12
=>x=yt,/a
Exponential Equations: lU
When solving equations with even
exponents, _we must consider both
D) 3 C) 7x:-6
positive and negative possibilities for Question N0.4.
the solutions. For instance a2 = 25, the
:0) 7f' ±JZ. i
_!x1o_lx'+lS x•
two possible solutions are 5 and -5 2 2 2 Question NO.t•
.When solving equations with odd
exponents, we'll have only one solution. If 4x1 + 7x + l is multiplied by 3x+ 5, what is th�
For instance fora3 = 8, solution is a = 2 Whichof tbe following is equivalent to the
and fora3 = -8, solution is a =-2. . coefficient ofx in the resulting polynomial?
�r�on above?
ROOTS: Roots (or radicals) are the
"opposite" operation of applying A) --x 3 ' • .l A) .3
(3x +x-s)
exponents. For instance x2= 16 and '2 B) 12
square root of 16 is 4.
B) C) 35
1 '(
General rules: --x 9x: +3x --- S;"
• 1/x 1/y=.jxy and vx/vy=Ji7y . • vx +vy � 2
D 38
✓x+y C) Question N0.10.
�x (-.3x +x+5)
•vx'=lx l when x so, then vx2=-x and when x �O ,
1 1

then
• When the TEST provides the square root sign for D} 3x'(-lx 1 -.x+S)
(sx•-¼x3 +3x}+ ix
an even root, such as or, then the only accepted
Question NO. 5
answer is the positive root. That isi/25=5, NOT +5
or -5. In contrast, the equation x 2=25 has TWO What is the result of dividing the two
solutions, +5 and -5. Even roots have only a 18x' +9x1 -36x ··r -ressions
e-rn ••
positive value on the SAT. above? ,
9x3
• Odd roots will have the same sign as the base of
the root. For example'V125 = 5, and 'V-64 = Which of the following is equivalent to the
-4. expression above?

expert prep
 39 I Page SAT Class Material & Work Book

A). ,t;;;,,n• A) k = r'11:R A) t=_e_

> 81
B) v1 -v
V/ -- VI

ll) t=
l a
C) B) k-=11r�r
n=-:q;; C) t= a(vrv1)
1 . .. '
.C) k=-rnlll 1
D) n=m• • 2 D) t-- . . •.
a(v1-vi )
Que!!ltion NO. :J:J.
Que!!ition NO. 40
Which of thefollowin3 ia equivalent to the D) k-f�I.
Quelliition NO. :17
Kinetic mergyi• the eneigy pf mQl:ion. 'Ihe

--.J�� A)�
b=..;!_
11'/li
4

The brightness •ofa ce1estW body, like a star,

equation Ex -½nn,1 rep�sents the kinetic eneigy
in joules ofan objectwith a Ma.$$ of m kg tra\-'e�g
at a speed of vmeters per seconc:t What is the
kinetic energy in joules ofa.n unmanned aircraft

r:t d«reases as you move away from it. I cpntrast,

with ,1 mass of 2x lO'kgtraveling at a speed of
n

l3) the lwninosity of a celestial bodyl$a constant

. approxima� 3 x 10' mtterU?er second?
munber that represm itdntrinsic brightness. .I\) 9xS'
Inverse squm law, shown �e, la used to find th
B) 9xlO'
brightness, b, ofa cdestial body when you know
C) �x 10'
its luminosity. L, and the distan«,· d, In meters to
D) 1.8 x 1010
the body. Which equation shows the distance to a
Que!!ltion NO. 4.1
celestial body,. given its brightness and Iwnin� Aftt.r a surface has been cleaned. bacteria begin to
l

D) J<x;�t>t. . regrow.. Because bacteria reproduce in all directions,

A) d=½�
llea1· range l 'or111ula the area covere.d is U$lially in the shape of a circle.
Question N0.34. The diameter of the wcle in millimeters can give
➔

T=2'if/m• B) d=J2!o scientists an idea ofbow lorig the bacteria have

· · VT. been growing. For a wtainkind ofbactma. the
�.a$prlngis � tlgbtJy � two objects. C) d= equation d= 0.0iS X h..;. 24 can be used to find
✓
It� still Wbffl � or both Qf�obj¢Cis 2nb
..fl

the number ofhouts. h �24, that the bacteri.i have

i$ di$turbed_ tbe�starts tomove. 'IM
«JW!tion
llbove cat1 be Ui«f to find the [Link] period rf which - 2 I,
D) d-
been growing. If the diameter of a circle of these
anws m,.attadl¢d toa$prlng..makes a single
J:J, bacteria is 0.12 millilneters, how many hours have
�tion.(goinf all·fhi:·wqdown and then back the bacteriabeengrowing1_. ________
up).
'Iheviuiabte kba� Whidfofthet'oJJ
owmg Re1nainder TI1t�oren1
[Link] <:OUld�·used to iiildthe� of the object?
Quelliition NO. :)8 Question N0.42.
Some d<x:tors base the dosage c>fa drug to
given to • patient on the patient>, body lfp{�) is a polyrwmial function that has a simple
area (BSA). lhe most co�only used form zeroa x • 4 and a double uro at x = __!, which of

J
t

the foUowh1g could� the factored forJofp(x)?

calculating BSA is BSA= � , where
3 A) p(x) .. (x - 4)(i + 3)1
wis the patient's weight (in kg), his thepati
height (in cm), and BSA is measured in sq
B) p(x} = ex .. 4)'3x + 11
C) p(x) = 2{x - 4)(x + 3)
ters. How tall (ii\ ctn) is a patient who wei.
_!!L2{x)= 2(x - 4)(=3x"-+'---•=1)______
J50 kg and has a BSA of 2../i. ml?
Question N0.43.
Question N0.36. Q11e8tion NO. !JO
r= ,{siii. Acceleration is the rate at which thevelodty o Given the polynomial 6x4 + 2r - 8x _. c,
Vd object changes with respect to time, or in oth where c is a constant. for what value of c will
Ideally. blood should llow mwothly through the words. how much .in object is speeding up or 6x4 +2x2 -8x-c
· · . . •·· • . • haYe no remainder?
. .
merit$ in our bodies. When there are problems,
. •
ing down. '!he average acceleration ofan obj x+2
orau naturnlpart cf aging. there iun Increased can be found using the formula shown above, •
[Link] of resistance to blood ifow. Viscosity i� A) -120
--�--��

where tis the time over wluchthe acceleratio

a tmn ·uffii to describe the thic:kn1!$S or sticlti, B) -60
being measured, v1 is the final velocity, and v,
neu ofthe blood md is diffl:tly mated to this
resistance, as arc the .radius and thel�gth of the initial velocity: Which of the following repm C) 60
army through whic.b.,the blood Rows. 1be formula In tt:ws <>fthe otheJ'.yariab_lC$_. 1_. _
D) 120
given •®<>Ve relates the radius (r) ofan artery tQ
the v!S(;oslty {k), resistan<:e (R), and length (/) of
that art� Whicho . fthe following represents the
���§t�<>ftht<lt�ef�liabl�L

expert prep