WINTER OPERATIONS
Version 1 - June 2005
GROUNDSCHOOL COURSE
TFO Pete Skinner
Version 1 - June 2005
SYLLABUS
The ground training programme will address the following items:
• Definitions
• Operational Procedures
• Fluid Types
• Hold-Over Times
• Ground De-Icing
• Performance
Version 1 - June 2005
DEFINITIONS
FREEZING CONDITIONS:
Conditions in which the outside air temperature is below +3º+3º C and visible
moisture in any form, such as fog with visibility below 1.5km, rain, snow,
sleet or ice crystals, standing water, slush, ice or snow is present on the
runway.
CLEAR ICE:
A coating of ice, generally clear and smooth, but with some air pockets. It
is formed on exposed objects at temperatures below or slightly above the
freezing temperature by the freezing of supercooled drizzle, droplets or
raindrops.
Version 1 - June 2005
DEFINITIONS
FROST / HOAR FROST:
Ice crystals that form from ice saturated air at temperatures below 0º
0º C by
direct sublimation on the ground or other exposed objects.
FREEZING FOG:
A suspension of numerous minute water droplets which freeze upon
impact with the ground or other exposed objects, generally reducing the
horizontal visibility to less than 1km.
SNOW:
Precipitation of ice crystals, most of which are branches, star shaped or
mixed with unbranched crystals. At temperatures higher than - 5ºC, the
crystals generally fall as snowflakes.
Version 1 - June 2005
DEFINITIONS
FREEZING DRIZZLE:
Uniform precipitation composed exclusively of fine drops (diameter
less than 0.5mm) very close together which freezes upon impact with
the ground or other exposed objects.
SLEET:
Precipitation in the form of a mixture of rain and snow. For operation
in light sleet, treat as light freezing rain.
SLUSH:
Snow or ice that has been reduced to a soft watery mix by rain, warm
temperatures and/or chemical treatment.
Version 1 - June 2005
OPERATIONS
EXTERIOR PRE-FLIGHT:
The following is acceptable: 1/8” (3mm) Light coating of ice underside wing
fuel tank area.
Thin hoar frost on the upper surface fuselage
with markings visible.
Check the following are clear of snow, slush, ice etc:
• Landing gear and bays
• Air conditioning inlets / exits
• Outflow valve
• Engine inlets / probes and rear of fan blades
• Fuel tank vents
• Flaps
• APU door Version 1 - June 2005
OPERATIONS
INTERIOR PRE-FLIGHT:
•High APU EGT and low duct pressure may be caused by ice
obstructions in APU inlet.
•Two packs may be used for heating (observe EGT limit)
•Pitot Heat ON (During preliminary cockpit preparation)
•Window heat ON
•Plan for a BLEEDS OFF take-off if runway treated with chemicals
•De/Anti-Ice aircraft accordingly
Version 1 - June 2005
OPERATIONS
DURING DE-ICING:
•APU off if not required
•With APU/Engines running, Packs and APU/engine BLEEDS OFF
•Flaps UP
•Stabilizer FULL NOSE DOWN (Electric then manual (restow handle))
•Engines at IDLE thrust and Engine TAI ON
•Check controls are full and free after De-Icing
•After 1 min from completion of De-Icing – BLEEDS ON and reset STAB
Version 1 - June 2005
OPERATIONS
ENGINE STARTING:
• In extreme cold (up to -54ºC) APU pressure of 53psi is acceptable for start.
• If no duct pressure drop – start solenoid may be frozen – apply heat to valves. If
still no drop – MANUAL START REQUIRED
• If no N2 rotation, external heat must be applied.
• If OAT below -35ºC, idle engines for 2mins before moving thrust levers.
• The following indications may be observed:
OIL PRESSURE SLOW TO RISE
OIL PRESSURE LIGHT STAYS ON
PRESSURE MAY INCREASE ABOVE NORMAL
FILTER BYPASS LIGHT MAY ILLUMINATE
Idle
engines until normal indications are observed.
• If no oil pressure indication after reaching idle RPM – IMMEDIATE SHUT DOWN
Allow 10-15 mins of heat soak before
Versionnext attempt.
1 - June 2005
OPERATIONS
TAXI OUT:
• Taxi with caution.
• Exercise steering to circulate warm fluid, check operation.
• Use WING TAI (NOT when de-iced using type II / IV fluid).
• Taxi with FLAPS UP if taxi ways contaminated with slush/ice.
• Engine run up 70% N1 for 30 secs every 30 mins.
BEFORE TAKE OFF:
• Extend flaps
• Ensure aircraft is free from ice deposits, have the aircraft inspected if necessary.
TAKE OFF:
• Apply brakes and advance thrust levers.
• Stabilize engines at 70% N1 before rolling.
• Rotate at 3º/sec and avoid fast or over rotation.
Version 1 - June 2005
OPERATIONS
CLIMB:
• After flap retraction, WING TAI ON to remove slush accumulations.
CRUISE:
• Monitor fuel tank temperature, if necessary descend to a lower level.
DESCENT / APPROACH:
• If ice is observed on the airframe, add 10kts to Vref. = Vref ICE.
(Max 20kts for ice/wind)
Version 1 - June 2005
OPERATIONS
LANDING:
PLAN A CAPTAIN’S LANDING, FLAPS 40, AUTOBRAKE 3.
• Let the autobrakes do their work.
• Rudder control is effective down to between 40-60kts.
• Apply forward control column pressure to improve nose wheel steering.
• In crosswind conditions maintain crab until touch down.
• Ensure a positive touchdown, with full reverse if necessary.
IF A SKID OCCURS AFTER TOUCHDOWN:
• Brakes OFF, reverse thrust IDLE.
• Correct with rudder, or differential braking.
• Re-apply reverse and full brakes.
IF YOU ARE NOT AT CORRECT HEIGHT/SPEED – GO-AROUND
IF YOU ARE NOT COMFORTABLE Version
WITH1CONDITIONS
- June 2005 – GO-AROUND
OPERATIONS
TAXI IN:
• Continue engine run-ups.
• Leave FLAPS 15 for flap inspection on stand.
• Engine anti-ice ON
PARKED OVERNIGHT ON STAND:
• OUTFLOW VALVE CLOSED VIA MAN AC
• CHOCKS IN
• BRAKES OFF to prevent freezing.
• WATER SYSTEM drained – Gravity or Pressure.
• AIRCRAFT BATTERY removed if below -18ºC.
• DOORS AND WINDOWS CLOSED.
• APU must be run for 15mins every 8 hours.
Version 1 - June 2005
DE/ANTI ICING FLUIDS
ISO TYPE I (unthickened)
• De-icing performance is good.
• Limited anti-icing protection during freezing precipitation.
• Used for removing frozen deposits, normally as first part of a two part op.
• No advantage in increasing concentration of fluid/water mix.
• Usually appears clear.
ISO TYPE II (thickened)
• Viscosity is high, allowing fluid to remain on and protect.
• Hold-over time can be extended by increasing concentration.
• Usually appear straw coloured.
ISO TYPE IV (thickened)
• Similar to TYPE II, with advanced thickening agents to provide greater protection
• Hold-over time can be extended by increasing concentration.
• Usually appear green coloured. Version 1 - June 2005
HOLD-OVER TIMES
HOLD-
ISO TYPE I FLUID
OAT APPR OXIMA TE HOLD OVER TIME S
Rain or
Light
Freezing cold
ºC Frost Freezing Fog Snow
Drizzle
Freezing
soaked
Other
Rain
wings
0:02-
Above 0 0:45 0:12- 0:30 0:06-0:15 0:05-0:08 0:02-0:05
0:05
0 to -
0:45 0:06-0:15 0:06-0:15 0:05-0:08 0:02-0:05
10
Below -
10
0:45 0:06-0:15 0:06-0:15
Version 1 - June 2005
HOLD-OVER TIMES
HOLD-
ISO TYPE II FLUID
APPROX IMATE HOLD OVER TIMES HRS:MIN
RAIN
FLUID/ LIGHT
FREEZING FREEZING COLD
OAT WATER FROST SNOW FREEZING
FOG DRIZZLE SOAKED
MIX RAIN
WINGS
100/0 12:00 1:15-3:00 0:20-1:00 0:30-1:00 0:15-0:30 1:15-3:00
ABOVE 0 75/25 6:00 0:50-2:00 0:15-0:40 0:20-0:45 0:10-0:25 0:50-2:00
50/50 4:00 0:20-0:45 0:05-0:15 0:10-0:20 0:05-0:10 0:20-0:45
100/0 8:00 0:35-1:30 0:20-0:45 0:30-1:00 0:15-0:30
0 to –3 75/25 5:00 0:25-1:00 0:15-0:30 0:20-0:45 0:10-0:25
50/50 3:00 0:15-0:45 0:05-0:15 0:10-0:20 0:05-0:10
BELOW –3 100/0 8:00 0:35-1:30 0:15-0:40 0:25-1:00 0:10-0:30
to –14 75/25 5:00 0:25-1:00 0:15-0:30 0:20-0:45 0:10-0:25
BELOW –
100/0 8:00 0:20-1:30 0:15-0:30
Version 1 - June 2005
14 to -25
HOLD-OVER TIMES
HOLD-
ISO TYPE IV FLUID
APPROX IMATE HOLD OVER TIMES HRS:MIN
RAIN ON
FLUID/ LIGHT
FREEZING FREEZING COLD
OAT WATER FROST SNOW FREEZING
FOG DRIZZLE SOAKED
MIX RAIN
WINGS
100/0 18:00 2:20-3:00 0:45-1:25 0:40-1:00 0:15-0:30 0:10-0:50
ABOVE 0 75/25 6:00 1:05-2:00 0:20-0:40 0:30-1:00 0:10-0:25 0:05-0:35
50/50 4:00 0:20-0:45 0:05-0:20 0:10-0:20 0:05-0:10
100/0 12:00 2:00-3:00 0:35-1:00 0:40-1:00 0:35-0:55
0 to –3 75/25 5:00 1:05-2:00 0:20-0:35 0:30-1:00 0:15-0:30
50/50 3:00 0:20-0:45 0:05-0:15 0:10-0:20 0:05-0:10
BELOW –3 100/0 12:00 0:40-3:00 0:20-0:40 0:25-1:00 0:20-0:45
to –14 75/25 5:00 0:30-2:00 0:15-0:30 0:20-1:00 0:15-0:30
BELOW –
100/0 12:00 0:20-2:00 0:15-0:30
Version 1 - June 2005
14 to -25
GROUND DE-
DE-ICING
The following points should be considered upon completion of a de/anti-icing
procedure:
•An aircraft should NOT be dispatched until it has been inspected by a trained and
qualified person.
• An entry must be made in the tech. log.
• In a two step de-icing procedure, hold-over times begin at start of second step.
• When severe freezing precipitation exists, a pre-takeoff check is to carried out.
• Where any doubt exists as to the aircraft’s aerodynamic performance, the
Commander should not commence the take-off.
Version 1 - June 2005
PERFORMANCE
ENONTEKIO EFET/ENF 21
Note the differences between the contaminated and normal wet/dry tables:
• Reduced temperature scale
• Figures based on ZERO WIND conditions.
• No correction for ENG TAI ON (included).
• No correction for BLEEDS OFF – separate table required.
• No separate climb limit column.
ATIS: ENF RWY 21 SLIPPERY, Reported Breaking Action 0.28/0.26/0:26
CALM 1200m BR -5/-1 1002 (ATOM – 55600kgs)
PLTOM = 55778kgs
Corrections = 0kgs
RTOM = 55778kgs
ATOM 55600kgs therefore Vspeeds: 123/138/147
Version 1 - June 2005
NO THRUST REDUCTION ON CONTAMINATED RUNWAYS ALLOWED.
Version 1 - June 2005
GROUND SCHOOL COURSE
COMPLETE
Version 1 - June 2005
January 2003. Astraeus Ltd. Written by Capt. Ian Pearce ©