Chapter 7 Chemical

Quantities

The Mole

Collections of items include

dozen, gross, and mole.

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Collection Terms
A collection term states a specific
number of items.
• 1 dozen donuts = 12 donuts
• 1 ream of paper = 500 sheets
• 1 case = 24 cans

Collections of items
include dozen, gross,
and mole.

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A Mole of Atoms
A mole (mol) is a collection that contains
• the same number of particles as there are
carbon atoms in 12.01 g of carbon.
• 6.022 x 1023 atoms of an element (Avogadro’s
number).
1 mol of Element Number of Atoms
1 mol C = 6.022 x 1023 C atoms
1 mol Na = 6.022 x 1023 Na atoms
1 mol Au = 6.022 x 1023 Au atoms

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 A Mole of A Compound
A mole
• of a covalent compound has Avogadro’s number
of molecules
1 mol CO2 = 6.022 x 1023 CO2 molecules
1 mol H2O = 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules
• of an ionic compound contains Avogadro’s number
of formula units
1 mol NaCl = 6.022 x 1023 NaCl formula units
1 mol K2SO4 = 6.022 x 1023 K2SO4 formula units

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Samples of One Mole
Quantities

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Avogadro’s Number

Avogadro’s number (6.022 x 1023) can be written

as an equality and two conversion factors.

Equality:
1 mol = 6.022 x 1023 particles

Conversion Factors:
6.022 x 1023 particles and 1 mol
1 mol 6.022 x 1023 particles

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Using Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s number converts moles of a
substance to the number of particles.

How many Cu atoms are in 0.50 mol of Cu?

0.50 mol Cu x 6.022 x 1023 Cu atoms

1 mol Cu

= 3.0 x 1023 Cu atoms

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Using Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s number is used to convert the
number of particles of a substance to moles.
How many moles of CO2 are in 2.50 x 1024
molecules of CO2?

2.50 x 1024 molecules CO2

x 1 mol CO2
6.022 x 1023 molecules CO2
= 4.15 mol of CO2

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Learning Check
1. The number of atoms in 2.0 mol of Al is
A. 2.0 Al atoms
B. 3.0 x 1023 Al atoms
C. 1.2 x 1024 Al atoms
2. The number of moles of S in 1.8 x 1024 atoms of S
is
A. 1.0 mol of S atoms
B. 3.0 mol of S atoms
C. 1.1 x 1048 mol of S atoms

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Solution
1. 2.0 mol Al x 6.022 x 1023 Al atoms
1 mol Al

= 1.2 x 1024 Al atoms (C)

2. 1.8 x 1024 S atoms x 1 mol S

6.022 x 1023 S atoms

= 3.0 mol of S atoms (B)

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Subscripts and Moles
The subscripts in a formula state
• the relationship of atoms in the formula
• the moles of each element in 1 mol of compound
Glucose
C6H12O6

1 molecule: 6 atoms of C 12 atoms of H 6 atoms of O

1 mol: 6 mol of C 12 mol of H 6 mol of O

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Subscripts State Atoms and
Moles

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Factors from Subscripts
Subscripts used for conversion factors
• relate moles of each element in 1 mol of compound
• for aspirin C9H8O4 can be written as
9 mol C 8 mol H 4 mol O
1 mol C9H8O4 1 mol C9H8O4 1 mol C9H8O4

and

1 mol C9H8O4 1 mol C9H8O4 1 mol C9H8O4

9 mol C 8 mol H 4 mol O

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Calculating Atoms or Molecules

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Learning Check

How many O atoms are in 0.150 mol of

aspirin, C9H8O4?

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Solution
How many O atoms are in 0.150 mol of aspirin,
C9H8O4?
STEP 1 Given 0.150 mol of C9H8O4
Need molecules of C9H8O4

STEP 2 Plan
moles of aspirin moles of O atoms of O

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Solution (continued)
STEP 3 Equalities/Conversion Factors
1 mol of C9H8O4 = 4 mol of O
1 mol C9H8O4 and 4 mol O
4 mol O 1 mol C9H8O4
1 mol of O = 6.022 x 1023 atoms of O
1 mole O and 6.022 x 1023 atoms O
6.022 x 1023 atoms O 1 mol O
STEP 4 Set Up Problem
0.150 mol C9H8O4 x 4 mol O x 6.022 x 1023 O atoms
1 mol C9H8O4 1 mol O
= 3.61 x 1023 O atoms
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Molar Mass

Lithium carbonate produces a

red color in fireworks.
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Molar Mass

The molar mass

• is the mass of one mol of an
element or compound
• is the atomic mass expressed in
grams

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Molar Mass from the Periodic
Table

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Learning Check

Give the molar mass for

A. 1 mol of K atoms = ________

B. 1 mol of Sn atoms = ________

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 Solution

Give the molar mass for

A. 1 mol of K atoms = 39.10 g

B. 1 mol of Sn atoms = 118.7 g

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Guide to Calculating Molar
mass

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Molar Mass of a Compound
For a compound, the molar mass is the sum of the
molar masses of the elements in the formula.
Example: Calculate the molar mass of CaCl2.

Element Number Atomic Mass Total Mass

of Moles
Ca 1 40.08 g/mol 40.08 g
Cl 2 35.45 g/mol 70.90 g
CaCl2 110.98 g

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Molar Mass of K3PO4

Determine the molar mass of K3PO4.

Element Number Atomic Mass Total Mass

of Moles in K3PO4
K 3 39.10 g/mol 117.3 g
P 1 30.97 g/mol 30.97 g
O 4 16.00 g/mol 64.00 g
K3PO4 212.3 g

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Some One-Mol Quantities

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 Learning Check

Calculate the molar mass for Al(OH)3 with four

significant figures.

1) 44.00 g/mol
2) 75.00 g/mol
3) 78.00 g/mol

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 Solution
STEP 1 Obtain the molar mass of each element.
Al 26.98 g/mol O 16.00 g/mol H 1.008 g/mol
STEP 2 Multiply each by the subscript.
1 mol Al x 26.98 g Al = 26.98 g
1 mol Al
3 mol O x 16.00 g O = 48.00 g
1 mol O
3 mol H x 1.008 g H = 3.024 g
1 mol H
STEP 3 Calculate the molar mass by adding the
masses of the elements.
1 mol of Al(OH)3 = 78.00 g (3)
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Learning Check
Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is an antidepressant that
inhibits the uptake of serotonin by the brain. What
is the molar mass of Prozac?
1) 40.06 g/mol
2) 262.0 g/mol
3) 309.4 g/mol

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 Solution
Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is an antidepressant that inhibits the
uptake of serotonin by the brain. What is the molar mass
of Prozac?
STEP 1 Obtain the molar mass of each element.
C 12.01 g/mol H 1.008 g/mol F 19.00 g/mol
N 14.01 g/mol O 16.00 g/mol

STEP 2 Multiply each by the subscript in the formula.

17 mol C x 12.01 g C = 204.2 g
1 mol C
18 mol H x 1.008 g H = 18.14 g
1 mol H
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Solution (continued)

STEP 2 3 mol F x 19.00 g F = 57.00 g

1 mol F
1 mol N x 14.01 g N = 14.01 g
1 mol N
1 mol O x 16.00 g O = 16.00 g
1 mol O

STEP 3 1 mol of C17H18F3NO = 309.4 g

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 Calculations Using Molar Mass

Calculations Using Molar Mass

Table salt is NaCl.

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Molar Mass Factors
Molar mass conversion factors
• are written from molar mass
• relate grams and moles of an element or
compound
Example: Write molar mass factors for methane
CH4 used in gas cook tops and gas heaters.
Molar mass:
1 mol CH4 = 16.04 g
Conversion factors:
16.04 g CH4 and 1 mol CH4
1 mol CH4 16.04 g CH4
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Learning Check
Acetic acid HC2H3O2 gives the sour taste to
vinegar. Write an equality and two molar mass
conversion factors for acetic acid.

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Solution
Acetic acid HC2H3O2 gives the sour taste to vinegar.
Write an equality and two molar mass conversion
factors for acetic acid.
Equality:
1 mol of acetic acid = 60.05 g of acetic acid

Molar mass conversion factors:

1 mol acetic acid and 60.05 g acetic acid
60.05 g acetic acid 1 mol acetic acid

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Guide to Calculation Using
Molar Mass

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Moles to Grams
Aluminum is used to build lightweight bicycle
frames. How many grams of Al are in 3.00
mol of Al?

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Solution
STEP 1 Given 3.00 mol of Al Need grams of Al

STEP 2 Plan moles of Al grams of Al

STEP 3 Equalities/Conversion Factors

1 mol of Al = 26.98 g of Al
1 mol Al and 26.98 g Al
26.98 g Al 1 mol Al

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Solution (continued)
STEP 4 Set Up Problem
Set up with molar mass as a factor:

3.00 mol Al x 26.98 g Al = 80.9 g of Al

1 mol Al
molar mass factor
for Al

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 Learning Check
The artificial sweetener aspartame (NutraSweet),
C14H18N2O5, is used to sweeten diet foods,
coffee, and soft drinks. How many moles of
aspartame are present in 225 g of aspartame?

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 Solution
STEP 1 Given 225 g of C14H18N2O5 Need moles
STEP 2 Plan g of aspartame moles of aspartame
STEP 3 Equalities/Conversion Factors
1 mol aspartame = 294.3 g
1 mol aspartame and 294.3 g aspartame
294.3 g aspartame 1 mol aspartame
STEP 4 Set Up Problem
225 g aspartame x 1 mol aspartame
294.3 g aspartame
mole factor (inverted)
= 0.765 mol of aspartame

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Learning Check
Allyl sulfide, C6H10S, is a
compound that has the
odor of garlic. How many
moles of C6H10S are in
225 g of C6H10S?

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 Solution
STEP 1 Given 225 g of C6H10S Need moles of C6H10S
STEP 2 Plan g of C6H10S moles of C6H10S
STEP 3 Equalities/Conversion Factors
1 mol of C6H10S = 114.21 g of C6H10S
1 mol C6H10S and 114.21 g C6H10S
114.21 g C6H10S 1 mol C6H10S
STEP 3 Set Up Problem
225 g C6H10S x 1 mol C6H10S
114.21 g C6H10S
= 1.97 mol C6H10S

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Guide to Converting Grams to
Particles

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Learning Check
How many molecules of H2O are in 24.0 g of H2O?

1) 4.52 x 1023

2) 1.44 x 1025

3) 8.02 x 1023

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 Solution
STEP 1 Given 24.0 g of H2O
Need molecules of H2O

STEP 2 Plan
g of H2O moles of H2O molecules of H2O

STEP 3 Equalities/Conversion Factors

1 mol of H2O = 18.02 g of H2O
1 mol H2O and 18.02 g H2O
18.02 g H2O 1 mol H2O
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 Solution (continued)
STEP 3 Equalities/Conversion Factors (continued)
1 mol of H2O = 6.022 molecules of H2O
1 mol H2O and 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules
6.022 H2O molecules 1 mol H2O
STEP 4 Set Up Problem
24.0 g H2O x 1 mol H2O
18.02 g H2O
x 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules
1 mol H2O
= 8.02 x 1023 H2O molecules (3)
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