The

 Progressive  Era  

What  was  it?  

 Populism:  1890-­‐1896  
 
 
Progressivism:  1900-­‐1920  
 
 
New  Deal:  1933-­‐1939  
 The  Main  Idea  
 
• Progressives  focused  on  three  areas  of  reform:  easing  the  
suffering  of  the  urban  poor,  improving  unfair  and  dangerous  
working  condi>ons,  and  reforming  government  at  the  
na>onal,  state,  and  local  levels.    

• Unit  Focus  
• What  issues  did  Progressives  focus  on,  and  what  helped  
energize  their  causes?  
• How  did  Progressives  try  to  reform  society?  
• How  did  Progressives  fight  to  reform  the  workplace?  
• How  did  Progressives  reform  government  at  the  na>onal,  
state,  and  local  levels?  
 Goals  of  Progressives  
 
• decrease  the  role  of  special  interest  groups  in  
government  
• make  the  government  more  honest  and  responsive  to  
ci>zen  needs    
• increase  popular  par>cipa>on  in  the  American  system.  
• create  a  more  ac>ve,  stronger  role  for  the  Federal  
government  to  protect  the  public  interest.  
• get  the  government  responsible  for  the  social  welfare  
of  its  ci>zens  (i.e.,  a  rejec>on  of  social  Darwinism).  
 Roots  of  the  Progressive  Movement    
 
• The  rapid  growth  of  Big  Business  combined  with  the  social  
problems  associated  with  too  fast  growth  in  the  ci>es  led  
many  Americans  to  aMempt  to  reform  the  American  system  
in  the  face  of  rising  tensions  within  society  as  a  result  of  
industrializa>on  
• Popula>on  in  1900  
a.  US  popula>on  was  76  million  with  1  out  of  7  being  
foreign  born  
b.  In  the  next  fiWeen  years,  another  13  million  immigrants  
arrived    
• Past  Reform  Efforts-­‐  Aboli>on,  Women’s  Rights,  
Temperance,  Populism  
 
 People  involved  
 
• na>ve  born   • not  concerned  with  
• middle-­‐upper  class   foreign  policy  
• educated   • Notables:  Jane  Addams  
• middle-­‐class  women   (Hull  House),  Robert  
LaFolleMe,  Upton  
• muckrakers-­‐   Sinclair,  Ida  Tarbell  
progressive  journalists   (Muckrakers)  
 The  Cri>cs…  
• Conserva>ve  poli>cians  and   • Socialists  wanted  a  
business  leaders  argued   complete  change  of  the  
that  government  regula>on   system,  not  merely  reform.  
would  undermine  free   Even  so,  Socialism  and  
regula>on  ,free  enterprise   Progressivism  overlapped  
and  prosperity.   on  some  issues.    
•  Federal  courts  tended  to   •  Socialist  leader  Eugene  V.  
limit  government  power  to   Debs  won  400,000  votes  in  
regulate.  But  never  a   1904  and  nearly  a  million  in  
complete  blockade  of   1912  as  presiden>al  
reform.     candidate.  
• Upton  Sinclair,  a  famous  
muckraker,  was  not  a  
Progressive  but  a  Socialist  
 Progressivism  and  Its  Champions  

• Industrialization helped many but also created dangerous working

environments and unhealthy living conditions for the urban poor.
• Progressivism, a wide-ranging reform movement targeting these
problems, began in the late 19th century.
• Journalists called muckrakers and urban photographers exposed
people to the plight of the unfortunate in hopes of sparking reform.

Jacob Riis Ida Tarbell

• Danish immigrant • Exposed the corrupt
who faced New York Standard Oil
poverty Company and its
owner, John D.
• Exposed the slums
Rockefeller
through magazines,
photographs, and a • Appealed to middle
best-selling book class scared by
large business
• His fame helped
power
spark city reforms.
 Ques>on…  
• To  keep  a  city  func>onally  running  what  
would  be  required  by  local  government  and  its  
ci>zens?  
 And  another…what  does  this  quote  
say?  

• “[This  will  remain  so  aWer  Hurricane  Katrina  

disappears  from  the  front  pages  of  our  
newspapers.]  Long  ago,  ...  it  was  said  that  'one  
half  of  the  world  does  not  know  how  the  other  
half  lives.'  ...  It  did  not  know  because  it  did  not  
care  ...  un>l  some  flagrant  outrage  on  decency  
and  the  health  of  the  community  aroused  it  to  
noisy  but  ephemeral  indigna>on.’”  
 Public  Health  and  Ci>es  
• No  clean  water    
• Sewage  systems  
• Tenements  
• Ven>la>on  &  fire  codes  
• Zoning  &  regula>on  
• Tuberculosis  &  disease  
 Jacob  Riis,  Photographer  
• Police  photographer  
• Photography  and  social  
jus>ce  
• Muckraker  
• Wrote  How  the  Other  
Half  Lives.  
 Reforming  the  Workplace  
• By the late 19th century,
labor unions fought for
adult male workers but
didn’t advocate enough
for women and children.
• In 1893, Florence
Kelley helped push the
Illinois legislature to
prohibit child labor and
to limit women’s working
hours.
• In 1904, Kelley helped
organize the National
Child Labor Committee,
which wanted state
legislatures to ban child
labor.
 Child  Labor  
• No  regula>ons  
• Few  public  schools  
• CoMon  fields,  factories  
and  coal  mines  
• Immigrants  
• Working  class  poor,  
southerners  
 Reforming  the  Workplace  
• By 1912, nearly 40
states passed child-
labor laws, but states
didn’t strictly enforce
the laws and many
children still worked.
• Businesses fought
labor laws in the
Supreme Court, which
ruled on several cases
in the early 1900s
concerning workday
length.
 Labor  Law  in  the  Supreme  Court  

Lochner v. New York Muller v. Oregon Bunting v. Oregon

• 1905: The Court refused • The Court upheld a • Brandeis’ case, or
to uphold a law limiting state law establishing the Brandeis brief,
bakers to a 10-hour a 10-hour workday for as his defense was
called, became a
workday. women in laundries
model for similar
and factories. cases.
• The Court said it denied
workers the right to • Louis D. Brandeis was • Using the tactics of
make contracts with the attorney for the its case for
their employers. state of Oregon and a women, in Bunting
future Supreme Court v. Oregon the
• This was a blow to state led the Court
Justice.
progressives, as the to uphold a law
Court sided with • He argued that that extended the
business owners. evidence proved long protection of a 10-
hours harmed hour workday to
women’s health. men working in
mills and factories.
 The  Unions!..The  IWW  
• By 1912, the IWW led 23,000
• formed to oppose capitalism, textile workers to strike in
organizing unskilled workers Massachusetts to protest pay
that the American Federation cuts, which ended successfully
of Labor ignored after six weeks.
• Under William “Big Bill” • However, several IWW strikes
Haywood, used traditional were failures, fearing the
tactics like strikes and IWW’s revolutionary goals  
boycotts but also engaged in
radical tactics like industrial
sabotage.
 Triangle  Shirtwaist  Fire  
• In 1911, a gruesome
disaster in New York
inspired progressives to • New York laws became a
fight for safety in the model for workplace
workplace. safety nationwide.
• doors were locked to
prevent theft, the flimsy
fire escape broke under
pressure, and the fire
was too high for fire
truck ladders to reach.  
Immigra>on  Review!  
 Things  to  Know…  
 
• What  is  old/new   • What  is  Ellis  Island?  
immigra>on?   • What  is  Angel  Island?  
• Why  were  people   • What  struggles  did  new  
immigra>ng  to  the   immigrants  have?  
United  States?  
• What  countries  are  
immigrants  coming  
from?  
 Immigra>on…  
• What  were  the  push   • Millions  of  immigrants  
pull  factors  of  the   entered  the  US  in  the  
immigrants  to  the   early  20th  centuries  
United  States?   wanted  a  new  life  or  
escaping  from  famine,  
land  shortages  or  
religious  or  poli>cal  
persecu>on  
 Europeans  
• Between  1820  and  1920   – Old  Immigra>on  
approximately  30   – New  Immigra>on  
million  Europeans    
arrived  in  the  US.    Many  
leW  due  to  religious  
persecu>on.    Others  leW  
because  the  popula>on  
increase  in  Europe  
caused  shortage  of  land  
and  jobs.  
 Chinese  &  Japanese  
• Between  1851-­‐1883  
about  300,000  Chinese  
arrived  in  the  US.    Many  
came  to  get  rich  
through  gold  but  most  
ended  up  working  on  
the  railroads.    By  1920  
more  than  200,000  
Japanese  lived  on  the  
West  Coast.      
 Life  in  the  New  Land…  
• Most  traveled  in  steerage,  
the  lowest  price  
• Difficult  Journey-­‐  most   accommoda>ons.      
immigrants  traveled  to  US   • They  were  rarely  allowed  to  
by  steamship   go  on  deck  for  air  or  
exercise.      
• They  shared  louse-­‐infected  
beds  and  shared  toilets-­‐
causing  diseases  to  spread  
quickly.    Many  did  not  
survive.  
 Ellis  Island  
• European  immigrants  
arrived  at  Ellis  Island  
• On  average  they  were  
detained  1-­‐2  days  before  
processing  
• The  processing  took  more  
than  5  hours.      
• There  was  doctors  
examina>ons,  government  
inspec>on  and  had  to  prove  
they  could  work  and  hadn’t  
been  convicted  of  a  felony  
 Angel  Island  
• Asian  Immigrants  (most  
Chinese)  arrived  at  Angel  
Island  in  San  Francisco  
Bay.      
• Between  1910-­‐1940  
about  50,000  Chinese  
came  through  at  Angel  
Island.      
• Immigrants  endured  
harsh  ques>oning  and  
long  stays  in  filthy  
ramshackle  buildings.  
 SePled  in  CiQes  
 
LiMle  Italy,  NYC  

• Majority  of  Immigrants  

(except  Asians)  seMled  in  
large  ci>es  of  the  Northeast  
and  Midwest.  
• Immigrants  frequently  
gheMoized  themselves,  
seMling  in  ethnically  solid  
neighborhoods  that  persist   Polish  Immigrants  in  Fishtown,  Philadelphia  

to  the  present  day.  

• Immigrants  went  to  the  
ci>es  because  rent  was  low  
and  there  were  unskilled  
jobs  
 ImmigraQon  RestricQons  
 
• AmericanizaQon   • The  Rise  of  NaQvism-­‐
movement  was   Many  na>ve  born  
designed  to  assimilate   Americans  thought  that  
people  of  wide-­‐ranging   US  was  a  mel>ng  pot-­‐a  
cultures  into  the   mixture  of  people  who  
dominant  culture.       blended  together  and  
• Churches  and  schools   give  up  their  na>ve  
taught  immigrants  to   languages  &  customs.    
read  English,  US  History   Na>vism  led  to  the  
&  Government.       growth  of  immigra>on  
restric>ons.      
 ImmigraQon  RestricQons  
 
• AnQ-­‐Asian  SenQment-­‐ • Gentlemen’s  Agreement-­‐  
Na>vism  took  hold  in  the   an>-­‐Chinese  feelings  spread  
labor  movement.    People   to  Japanese  &  other  Asian  
(especially  in  the  West)   immigrants.    The  
believed  that  their  jobs   Gentlemen’s  Agreement-­‐
would  go  to  Chinese   from  1907-­‐1908  Japan’s  
immigrants.       government  agreed  to  
• In  1882  Congress  passed   limited  the  immigra>on  of  
the  Chinese  Exclusion  Act-­‐   unskilled  workers  and  US  .  
banned  entry  to  all  Chinese  
except  students,  teachers,  
merchants,  tourists  &  
government  officials  for  ten  
years.      
 Alleviate  social  problems…  
• The  SePlement  House   • They  offered  educa>on  and  
Movement-­‐Social  Gospel   training,  including  English  
Movement  preached   language  
salva>on  through  service  to   • The  most  famous  of  these  
the  poor.     workers  Jane  Addams,  
• SeMlement  houses-­‐ whose  Hull  House  in  
community  centers  in  slum   Chicago  offered  an  
neighborhoods.    Coping   educa>on  to  anyone  who  
with  the  problems  of  the   lived  in  the  slums.  
ci>es,  especially  in  poorer  
areas,  was  beyond  the  
ability  of  city  governments  
and  of  churches.    
Jane  Addams…  
Racial  and  Gender  injus>ce  
  
 
Woman  Suffrage  Movement    
• Na>onal  American  
Woman  Suffrage  
Associa>on  (NAWSA)  
established  a  wide  base  
of  poli>cal  support  
though  lobbying  and  
gracious,  ladylike  
behavior.  
• The  Na>onal  Woman’s    
Party  picketed  the  White    
•The  uni>ng  efforts  of  these  groups  and  
House,  staged   patrio>c  women  during  WWI  created  
demonstra>ons  and  put   overwhelming  support  from  congress  to  pass  
down  the  government.     the  19th  Amendment,  gran>ng  women  the  
right  to  vote  in  1920.    
The  Progressive  Presidents  

And  reform…  
Ac>vity-­‐  Chapter  28  and  29  (679-­‐685)  
 
Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson
Background (jobs
before President)

View of Office (how

should government
address social ills?)

View of
Business( Trusts-
good? Bad?
Indifferent?)

Legislation (what was

passed during term)

Conservation (how
did they support the
environment?)

1912 Election
(which party?
Platform?)
Theodore  Roosevelt  
 Teddy  Roosevelt  

• sickly,  shy  youth  whom  doctors  forbade  to  play  sports  or  do  strenuous  ac>vi>es.  
• In  his  teenage  years,  Roosevelt  reinvented  himself,  taking  up  sports  and  
becoming  vigorous,  outgoing,  and  op>mis>c.  
• Roosevelt  came  from  a  prominent  New  York  family  and  aMended  Harvard  
University,  but  he  grew  to  love  the  outdoors.  
• He  spent  >me  in  northern  Maine  and  in  the  rugged  Badlands  of  North  Dakota,  
riding  horses  and  hun>ng  buffalo.  
• In  1884,  when  Roosevelt  was  26,  both  his  mother  and  his  young  wife  died  
unexpectedly.  
• Trying  to  forget  his  grief,  he  returned  to  his  ranch  in  Dakota  Territory,  where  he  
lived  and  worked  with  cowboys.  
• He  returned  to  New  York  aWer  two  years  and  entered  poli>cs.  
 View  of  the  Presidency  

From Governor • Roosevelt’s rise to governor of New York upset the

to Vice Republican political machine.
President • To get rid of the progressive Roosevelt, party bosses
got him elected as vice president, a position with
little power at that time.
• President William McKinley was shot and killed in
Unlikely 1901, leaving the office to Roosevelt.
President
• At 42 years old he was the youngest president and
an avid reformer.
• Roosevelt saw the presidency as a bully
View of pulpit, or a platform to publicize important
Office
issues and seek support for his policies on
reform.
 The  Square  Deal  
• became  campaign  slogan  and  the  
framework  for  his  en>re  presidency.  
• promised  to  “see  that  each  is  given  a  
square  deal,  because  he  is  en>tled  to  
no  more  and  should  receive  no  less.”  
• promise  revealed  his  belief  that  the  
needs  of  workers,  business,  and  
consumers  should  be  balanced.  
• called  for  limi>ng  the  power  of  trusts,  
promo>ng  public  health  and  safety,  
and  improving  working  condi>ons.  
Dismay  Over  Food  and  Drug  Prac>ces    

Food   Drugs  
• Food  producers  used  clever  tricks   • Drug  companies  were  also  
to  pass  off  tainted  foods:   unconcerned  for  customer  
health:  
▫ Dairies  churned  fresh  milk  
into  spoiled  buMer.   ▫ Some  sold  medicines  that  
didn’t  work.  
▫ Poultry  sellers  added  
formaldehyde,  which  is  used   ▫ Some  marketed  
to  embalm  dead  bodies,  to   nonprescrip>on  
old  eggs  to  hide  their  smell.   medicines  containing  
narco>cs.  
• Unwary  customers  bought  the  
tainted  food  thinking  it  was  
healthy.  
   
 Consumer  Reform  
 
• Muckrakers  like  Upton  
Sinclair  (  The  Jungle)  
exposed  the  lack  of  
state/federal  regula>on  
for  consumer  safety.  

• hMp://[Link]/[Link]  
• Meat  InspecQon  Act-­‐  
gave  the  department  of  
agriculture  the  power  
to  check  and  regulate  
meat  shipped    
• Pure  Food  and  Drug  
 The  Jungle…  
• Mikolas]  is  a  beef-­‐boner,  and  that  is  a  dangerous  trade[….]  Your  
hands  are  slippery,  and  your  knife  is  slippery,  and  you  are  toiling  like  
mad,  when  somebody  happens  to  speak  to  you,  or  you  strike  a  
bone.  Then  your  hand  slips  up  on  the  blade  and  there  is  a  fearful  
gash.  And  that  would  not  be  so  bad,  only  for  the  deadly  contagion.  
The  cut  may  heal,  but  you  can  never  tell.  Twice  now,  within  the  last  
three  years,  Mikolas  has  been  lying  at  home  with  blood-­‐poisoning—
once  for  three  months  and  once  for  nearly  seven.  The  last  Fme,  too,  
he  lost  his  job,  which  means  six  weeks  more  of  standing  at  the  
doors  of  the  packing-­‐houses,  at  six  o’clock  on  biJer  winter  
mornings,  with  a  foot  of  snow  on  the  ground  and  more  in  the  air.  
There  are  learned  people  who  can  tell  you  out  of  the  staFsFcs  that  
beef-­‐boners  make  forty  cents  an  hour,  but,  perhaps,  these  people  
have  never  looked  into  a  beef-­‐boner’s  hands.  
Environmental  Reforms  
• Newlands  ReclamaQon  Act  
1902  set  aside  proceeds  
from  the  sale  of  public  lands  
for  irriga>on  projects  in  the  
West  when  the  projects  
were  larger  than  the  states  
could  handle  
• Led  to  NaQonal  Park  
Service-­‐  set  aside  
government  to  establish  a  
system  of  na>onal  parks.  
(under  Wilson)  
 
 Trusts  and  Monopolies…  
• A  trust  was  an   • The  trusts  came  to  
arrangement  by  which   dominate  a  number  of  
stockholders  in  several   major  industries,  and  
companies  transferred   were,  in  effect,  
their  shares  to  a  single  set   monopolies.    
of  trustees.   • A  monopoly  is  a  situa>on  
• In  exchange,  the   in  which  there  is  a  single  
stockholders  received  a   supplier  or  seller  of  a  
cer>ficate  en>tling  them   good  or  service  for  which  
to  a  specified  share  of  the   there  are  no  close  
consolidated  earnings  of   subs>tutes  
the  jointly  managed  
companies.  
 Regula>ng  Big  Business  
• believed  big  business  was   • In  1901,  when  three  
essen>al  to  the  na>on’s   tycoons  joined  their  railroad  
growth  but  also  believed   companies  together  to  
companies  should  behave   eliminate  compe>>on,  their  
responsibly.   company,  the  Northern  
• spent  a  great  deal  of   SecuriQes  Company,  
aMen>on  on  regula>ng   dominated  rail  shipping  
corpora>ons,  determined   from  Chicago  to  the  
that  they  should  serve  the   Northwest.  
public  interest.   • Roosevelt  directed  the  U.S.  
aMorney  general  to  sue  the  
company  for  viola>ng  the  
Sherman  AnQtrust  Act  
The  Trust  Buster!  
• Elkins  Act-­‐  Railroad  
companies  must  publish  
rates.  
• Hepburn  Act-­‐Allowed  
government  to  regulate  
railroad  rates.  
William  Howard  TaW  
 
 The Main Idea
 

• Progressive reforms
continued during the
Taft and Wilson
presidencies focusing
on business, banking,
and women’s suffrage.
 Progressivism  under  TaW  
• President  Roosevelt  didn’t  run  for  a  third  term,  instead  
suppor>ng  William  Howard  Ta\,  a  friend  and  advisor  who,  
despite  a  more  cau>ous  view  on  reform,  pledged  loyalty  to  
the  Roosevelt  program.  
• Upon  his  elec>on,  TaW  worked  to  secure  Roosevelt’s  
reforms  rather  than  build  upon  them.  
• TaW  worked  to  secure  several  reforms,  such  as  crea>ng  a  
Labor  Department  to  enforce  labor  laws  and  increasing  
na>onal  forest  reserves.  
• TaW’s  administra>on  is  also  credited  with  the  passage  of  
the  Sixteenth  Amendment,  which  granted  Congress  the  
power  to  levy  taxes  based  on  individual  income.  
 Elec>on  Reforms  

• Progressives  wanted  fairer  elec>ons  and  to  make  poli>cians  more  accountable  to  voters.  
– Proposed  a  direct  primary,  or  an  elec>on  in  which  voters  choose  candidates  to  run  in  a  
general  elec>on,  which  most  states  adopted.  
– Backed  the  Seventeenth  Amendment,  which  gave  voters,  not  state  legislatures,  the  
power  to  elect  their  U.S.  senators.  

• Some  measures  Progressives  fought  for  include    

Direct primary: 17th Amendment: secret ballot: people

voters select a party’s voters elect their vote privately without
candidate for public senators directly fear of coercion
office
initiative: allows referendum: allows recall: allows voters to
citizens to propose new citizens to vote on a remove an elected
laws proposed or existing official from office
law
 Trouble  in  TaW’s  Presidency  
President Taft lost the support of most of the Progressive
Republicans, despite the reforms he helped secure.

Tariff Trouble Conservation Trouble

• In April 1909, Congress passed • 1910: Secretary of the
a bill on tariffs, or taxes charged Interior Richard Ballinger
let business leaders illegally
on import and export goods. buy millions of acres of
• The House passed a version that protected public land in
lowered tariffs on imports, but Alaska.
the Senate added so many • When Gifford Pinchot, head
amendments that it became a of the U.S. Forest Service,
high-tariff bill instead. accused Ballinger, Taft fired
Pinchot, not Ballinger.
• Taft nevertheless signed the
Payne-Aldrich Tariff into law. • Progressives thought this
showed Taft was not
committed to conservation,
and Roosevelt refused to
support Taft from that point
on.
1912  Elec>on!  
 The  Republican  Party  Splits  
• In the 1910 congressional elections, Roosevelt campaigned for the
Progressive Republican who opposed Taft.
• Roosevelt proposed a program called the New Nationalism, a set of
laws to protect workers, ensure public health, and regulate business.
• Reformers loved the New Nationalism, but Roosevelt’s help wasn’t
enough to secure a Republican victory.
• Republicans lost control of the House of Representatives for the first
time in 16 years.
• By the presidential election of 1912, the Republican Party was split.

• The Republican party nominated • The Progressives split to form

President Taft as its candidate, their own party, the New
Progressive (“Bull Moose”)
outraging Progressive Party, with Roosevelt as its
Republicans. candidate.

• With the Republicans split, Democrat Woodrow Wilson easily took

the election, receiving almost 350 more electoral votes than Roosevelt
and over 400 more than Taft.
Woodrow  Wilson  
 Woodrow  Wilson  
• Southerner  
• New  Jersey,  Princeton  
• Elected  1912  &  1916  
 Woodrow  Wilson  &  Progressivism    
 
• Progressive  ideas  that  
differ  from  Roosevelt  

• Wilson  believed  that  

trusts  should  be  broken  
up  instead  of  regulated  
  by  the  government.  
•He  didn’t  think  government  should  get  bigger;  
he  thought  business  should  be  made  smaller.  
“New  Freedom”    
  
 
Clayton  An>trust  Act  of  1914    
• Sought  to  strengthen  Sherman  
An>trust  Act  of  1890.    
• Made  certain  business  
prac>ces  illegal.    
• A  corpora>on  could  no  longer  
acquire  the  stock  of  another  
corpora>on  if  it  created  a  
monopoly.    
• If  a  company  violated  the  law,  
its  officers  could  be  
prosecuted.    
  
 
Federal  Trade  Act  of  1914  
• Set  up  the  Federal  Trade  
Commission  (FTC)    
• Help  inves>gate  and  regulate  
business  prac>ces    
• Help  to  shut  down  unfair  
business  compe>>on  and  
unfair  business  prac>ces,  such  
as  inaccurate  labeling.    
• FTC  handed  down  400  cease  
and  desist  orders  during  
Wilson’s  administra>on.    
  
 
Tax  During  Wilson’s  Administra>on    
• By  1917  the  government  
• Wilson  cut  tariff  rates   gained  more  money  from  
from  40%  to  under  30%     income  tax  than  it  had  
ever  gained  from  tariffs.    
• Ra>fied  16  th  
Amendment,  which  
legalized  a  federal  income  
tax.    
• The  graduated  tax  ranged  
from  1%  on  incomes  over  
4,000  to  6%  on  incomes  
over  500,000.    
  
 
Federal  Reserve  System    
• Wilson  established  the  Federal  
Reserve  Banking  system  to  
regulate  credit  availability  and   • The  Federal  Reserve  Banks  
money  supply.     could  regulate  money  supply  
• He  created  12  regional   and  print  money  in  
districts  with  federal  banks   emergency  situa>ons.    
where  na>onal  and  state  
banks  could  become  
members.    
 Social  and  Environmental  Reform  
• 18th  Amendment-­‐  
illegal  to  sale,  
manufacture  or  buy  
alcohol.  
• 19th  Amendment-­‐  
women  granted  the  
right  to  vote  
• NaQonal  Parks  Service  
Act