Derivative

Hoang Hai Ha

HCMUT-OISP
Email: hoanghaiha@[Link]

October 22, 2023

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 1 / 36

Outline

1 Derivative and differential

2 Higher order derivatives

3 Linear approximations and Differentials

4 Rates of change and Related rates

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 2 / 36

 Derivative

Hoang Hai Ha

HCMUT-OISP
Email: hoanghaiha@[Link]

October 22, 2023

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 3 / 36

Definition 1.1
The derivative of a function f at a number x0 , denoted by
f ′ (x0 ), (read: f prime of x0 ) is

∆f (x0 )
f ′ (x0 ) = lim (1)
∆x→0 ∆x

if this limit exists. Where ∆f (x0 ) = f (x) − f (x0 ): increment of

function, ∆x = x − x0 : increment of argument

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 4 / 36

Definition 1.1
The derivative of a function f at a number x0 , denoted by
f ′ (x0 ), (read: f prime of x0 ) is

∆f (x0 )
f ′ (x0 ) = lim (1)
∆x→0 ∆x

if this limit exists. Where ∆f (x0 ) = f (x) − f (x0 ): increment of

function, ∆x = x − x0 : increment of argument
dy df (x0 )
Other Notations: f ′ (x0 ) = y ′ (x0 ) = = .
dx x=x0 dx

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 4 / 36

Slope of the tangent line

∆f (x0 )
tan φ =
∆x
khi x → x0 :
tan α = f ′ (x0 ).
Then f ′ (x0 ): The slope of
tangent line to the curve
y = f (x) at x0 .

The equation of tangent line to the curve y = f (x) is given by:

y = f (x0 ) + f ′ (x0 )(x − x0 ).
Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 5 / 36
Suppose an object moves along a straight line according to an
equation of motion s = f (t), where s is the directed distance of
the object from the origin at the time t. The instantaneous
velocity v(a) at time t = a is defined by

f (a + h) − f (a)
v(a) = f ′ (a) = lim (2)
h→0 h

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 6 / 36

Definition 1.2
The left-hand derivative of y = f (x) at a number a is the limit (if
this limit exists)

f (x) − f (a)
f−′ (a) = lim (3)
x→a− x−a

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 7 / 36

Definition 1.2
The left-hand derivative of y = f (x) at a number a is the limit (if
this limit exists)

f (x) − f (a)
f−′ (a) = lim (3)
x→a− x−a

The right-hand derivative of y = f (x) at a number a is the limit

(if this limit exists)

f (x) − f (a)
f+′ (a) = lim (4)
x→a+ x−a

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 7 / 36

a function which does not have derivative

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 8 / 36

Theorem 1.1
A function y = f (x) is differentiable at a if and only if the
left-hand and the right-hand derivatives of f at a exist and are
equal.
f ′ (a) = f−′ (a) = f+′ (a) (5)

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 9 / 36

Theorem 1.1
A function y = f (x) is differentiable at a if and only if the
left-hand and the right-hand derivatives of f at a exist and are
equal.
f ′ (a) = f−′ (a) = f+′ (a) (5)

Example 1.1
Given the function y = f (x) = |x|. Determine f ′ (0).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 9 / 36

Theorem 1.1
A function y = f (x) is differentiable at a if and only if the
left-hand and the right-hand derivatives of f at a exist and are
equal.
f ′ (a) = f−′ (a) = f+′ (a) (5)

Example 1.1
Given the function y = f (x) = |x|. Determine f ′ (0).

Example 1.2
(
2x − 1 if x≥1
Let f (x) = . Find f ′ (1).
x2 if x<1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 9 / 36

Derivative of some elementary functions

Function Derivative
f (x) = C f ′ (x) = 0
f (x) = xα f ′ (x) = αxα−1
f (x) = loga x f ′ (x) = x ln1 a
f (x) = ax f ′ (x) = ax ln a
f (x) = sin x f ′ (x) = cos x
f (x) = cos x f ′ (x) = − sin x
f (x) = tan x f ′ (x) = cos12 x = 1 + tan2 x
′
f (x) = cotan x f (x) = − sin12 x = −(1 + cotan2 x)

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 10 / 36

Derivative of some elementary functions
Function Derivative
′
f (x) = sinh x f (x) = cosh x
f (x) = cosh x f ′ (x) = sinh x
f (x) = tanh x f ′ (x) = cosh1 2 x
f (x) = cotanh x f ′ (x) = − sinh12 x

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 11 / 36

Derivative of some elementary functions
Function Derivative
′
f (x) = sinh x f (x) = cosh x
f (x) = cosh x f ′ (x) = sinh x
f (x) = tanh x f ′ (x) = cosh1 2 x
f (x) = cotanh x f ′ (x) = − sinh12 x

Differentiable law
(f ± g)′ = f ′ ± g ′
(f g)′ = f ′ g + g ′ f
 ′
f f ′g − g′f
= .
g g2

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 11 / 36

Derivative of some elementary functions
Function Derivative
′
f (x) = sinh x f (x) = cosh x
f (x) = cosh x f ′ (x) = sinh x
f (x) = tanh x f ′ (x) = cosh1 2 x
f (x) = cotanh x f ′ (x) = − sinh12 x

Differentiable law
(f ± g)′ = f ′ ± g ′
(f g)′ = f ′ g + g ′ f
 ′
f f ′g − g′f
= .
g g2

Theorem 1.2
f is differentiable at x0 then f is continous at x0 .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 11 / 36

Derivative of composition function (Chain rule)

Theorem 1.3
Let f (u) be a differentiable function at u0 , u(x) be differentiable at
x0 and u(x0 ) = u0 , then function f (u(x)) has derivative at x0 and

[f (u(x))]′x=x0 = f ′ (u0 ) × u′ (x0 ).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 12 / 36

Derivative of composition function (Chain rule)

Theorem 1.3
Let f (u) be a differentiable function at u0 , u(x) be differentiable at
x0 and u(x0 ) = u0 , then function f (u(x)) has derivative at x0 and

[f (u(x))]′x=x0 = f ′ (u0 ) × u′ (x0 ).

Proof.
f (u(x)) − f (u(x0 ))
[f (u(x))]′x=x0 = lim
x→x0 x − x0
f (u(x)) − f (u(x0 )) u(x) − u(x0 )
= lim ·
x→x0 u(x) − u(x0 ) x − x0
′ ′
= f (u0 ) · u (x0 ).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 12 / 36

Example 1.3
Given that F (x) = f (g(x)), where
f (−2) = 8, f ′ (−2) = 4, f ′ (5) = 3, g(5) = −2, and g ′ (5) = 6, find
F ′ (5).

Solution. By the formula of derivative of composition function

F ′ (5) = f ′ (g(5)) · g ′ (5).
g(5) = −2, f ′ (−2) = 4.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 13 / 36

Example 1.3
Given that F (x) = f (g(x)), where
f (−2) = 8, f ′ (−2) = 4, f ′ (5) = 3, g(5) = −2, and g ′ (5) = 6, find
F ′ (5).

Solution. By the formula of derivative of composition function

F ′ (5) = f ′ (g(5)) · g ′ (5).
g(5) = −2, f ′ (−2) = 4.
F ′ (5) = f ′ (−2) · g ′ (5) = 24.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 13 / 36

 Example 1.4
In the figure, determine the sign of
h′ (2), where h(x) = f (f (x)).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 14 / 36

 Example 1.4
In the figure, determine the sign of
h′ (2), where h(x) = f (f (x)). Solution.h′ (2) > 0.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 14 / 36

Example 1.5
Given the graphs of two functions f (x) and g(x) as below:
Let u(x) = g(f (x)).
Determine u′ (1).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 15 / 36

Example 1.5
Given the graphs of two functions f (x) and g(x) as below:
Let u(x) = g(f (x)).
Determine u′ (1).
Solution.
f (1) = 2

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 15 / 36

Example 1.5
Given the graphs of two functions f (x) and g(x) as below:
Let u(x) = g(f (x)).
Determine u′ (1).
Solution.
f (1) = 2
u′ (1) = g ′ (2) · f ′ (1):
does not exist.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 15 / 36

Example 1.6
1
(
x2 sin , x ̸= 0 ′
Given the function f (x) = x , f (x) =?
0, x = 0

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 16 / 36

Example 1.6
1
(
x2 sin , x ̸= 0 ′
Given the function f (x) = x , f (x) =?
0, x = 0

Solution.
Compute f ′ (0).
Compute f ′ (x) at x ̸= 0.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 16 / 36

Example 1.6
1
(
x2 sin , x ̸= 0 ′
Given the function f (x) = x , f (x) =?
0, x = 0

Solution.
Compute f ′ (0).
Compute f ′ (x) at x ̸= 0.

1 1
2x sin − cos if x ̸= 0,

′
f (x) = x x
0 if x = 0.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 16 / 36

Derivative of inverse function

Theorem 1.4
Let the function y = f (x) : (a, b) → (c, d) be continuous and strict
monotone. Then f −1 (y) : (c, d) → (a, b) is continuous and strict
monotone .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 17 / 36

Derivative of inverse function

Theorem 1.4
Let the function y = f (x) : (a, b) → (c, d) be continuous and strict
monotone. Then f −1 (y) : (c, d) → (a, b) is continuous and strict
monotone .
If the function f (x) is differentiable at x0 , y0 = f (x0 ) and
f ′ (x0 ) ̸= 0 then f −1 (y) is differentiable at y0 and

1
(f −1 )′ (y0 ) =
f ′ (x 0)

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 17 / 36

Derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions
1
1. y = arcsin x, (x ∈ (−1, 1)) ⇒ y ′ = √ .
1 − x2
1
2. y = arccos x, (x ∈ (−1, 1)) ⇒ y ′ = − √ .
1 − x2
1
3. y = arctan x ⇒ y ′ =
1 + x2
1
4. y = arccot x ⇒ y ′ = − .
1 + x2

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 18 / 36

Derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions
1
1. y = arcsin x, (x ∈ (−1, 1)) ⇒ y ′ = √ .
1 − x2
1
2. y = arccos x, (x ∈ (−1, 1)) ⇒ y ′ = − √ .
1 − x2
1
3. y = arctan x ⇒ y ′ =
1 + x2
1
4. y = arccot x ⇒ y ′ = − .
1 + x2
Example 1.7
√
Differentiate y = arcsin x + 1.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 18 / 36

Example 1.8
Find y ′ (1) with y = xx .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 19 / 36

Example 1.8
Find y ′ (1) with y = xx .

Example 1.9
Given the function y = (x2 + 1)f (ln x + 1), where f (u) is
differentiable function and f (1) = 3, f ′ (1) = 4. Find y ′ (1).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 19 / 36

Example 1.8
Find y ′ (1) with y = xx .

Example 1.9
Given the function y = (x2 + 1)f (ln x + 1), where f (u) is
differentiable function and f (1) = 3, f ′ (1) = 4. Find y ′ (1).

Example 1.10
Find the equation of tangent line of following functions at the
given points:
y = sinh(2x + 1), at x = 0.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 19 / 36

Higher order derivatives

Definition 2.1
Higher order derivatives The n−th derivative of f (x) is obtained
from f by differentiating n times.

f (n) (x) = (f (n−1) (x))′ , n ∈ N. (6)

Example 2.1
2x + 3
If f (x) = , find f ′′ (0).
x−2

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 20 / 36

Properties
If f (x) and g(x) have n−th derivatives then
c1 f (x) + c2 g(x), c1 , c2 ∈ R also has n−th derivative and

(c1 f (x) + c2 g(x))(n) = c1 f (n) (x) + c2 g (n) (x) (7)

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 21 / 36

Leibniz’s formula.
If f (x) and g(x) have n−th derivatives then f (x).g(x) also has
n−th derivative and

n
X
(n)
(f (x).g(x)) = Cnk f (n−k) (x)g (k) (x). (8)
k=0

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 22 / 36

Some basic formulas

1. (ax )(n) = ax . lnn a, (ex )(n) = ex .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 23 / 36

Some basic formulas

1. (ax )(n) = ax . lnn a, (ex )(n) = ex .

 nπ 
1. (sin ax)(n) = an sin ax + .
2

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 23 / 36

Some basic formulas

1. (ax )(n) = ax . lnn a, (ex )(n) = ex .

 nπ 
1. (sin ax)(n) = an sin ax + .
2 
 nπ
1. (cos ax)(n) = an cos ax + .
2

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 23 / 36

Some basic formulas

1. (ax )(n) = ax . lnn a, (ex )(n) = ex .

 nπ 
1. (sin ax)(n) = an sin ax + .
2 
 nπ
1. (cos ax)(n) = an cos ax + .
2
1. ((ax + b)α )(n) = an α(α − 1) . . . (α − n + 1)(ax + b)α−n .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 23 / 36

Some basic formulas

1. (ax )(n) = ax . lnn a, (ex )(n) = ex .

 nπ 
1. (sin ax)(n) = an sin ax + .
2 
 nπ
1. (cos ax)(n) = an cos ax + .
2
1. ((ax + b)α )(n) = an α(α − 1) . . . (α − n + 1)(ax + b)α−n .
(n)
1. ((ax + b)−1 ) = (−1)n an n!(ax + b)−n−1 .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 23 / 36

Some basic formulas

1. (ax )(n) = ax . lnn a, (ex )(n) = ex .

 nπ 
1. (sin ax)(n) = an sin ax + .
2 
 nπ
1. (cos ax)(n) = an cos ax + .
2
1. ((ax + b)α )(n) = an α(α − 1) . . . (α − n + 1)(ax + b)α−n .
(n)
1. ((ax + b)−1 ) = (−1)n an n!(ax + b)−n−1 .
(−1)n−1 an
1. (ln(ax + b))(n) = (n − 1)!.
(ax + b)n

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 23 / 36

Example 2.2
1
Find the 20th derivative of f (x) = at x = 0.
x2 −4

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 24 / 36

Example 2.2
1
Find the 20th derivative of f (x) = at x = 0.
x2 −4

Example 2.3
Find the 10th derivative of f (x) = ex (x2 + 1) at x = 0.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 24 / 36

Linear approximations

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 25 / 36

Linear approximations

We use the tangent line at (a, f (a)) as an approximation to the

curve y = f (x) when x is near a.
Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 25 / 36
Definition 3.1
1 f (x) ≈ f (a) + f ′ (a)(x − a) is called the linear

approximation or tangent line approximation of f at a.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 26 / 36

Definition 3.1
1 f (x) ≈ f (a) + f ′ (a)(x − a) is called the linear

approximation or tangent line approximation of f at a.

2 The linear function whose graph is this tangent line, that is,

L(x) = f (a) + f ′ (a)(x − a)

is called the linearization of f at a.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 26 / 36

Example 3.1
√
Find the linearization of the function
√ f (x) = √x + 3 at a = 1 and
use it to approximate the numbers 3.98 and 4.05.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 27 / 36

Example 3.1
√
Find the linearization of the function
√ f (x) = √x + 3 at a = 1 and
use it to approximate the numbers 3.98 and 4.05.

Differential
Given a function y = f (x), when x changes from x0 to x, then the
corresponding change of y is ∆y = f (x) − f (x0 ).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 27 / 36

Example 3.1
√
Find the linearization of the function
√ f (x) = √x + 3 at a = 1 and
use it to approximate the numbers 3.98 and 4.05.

Differential
Given a function y = f (x), when x changes from x0 to x, then the
corresponding change of y is ∆y = f (x) − f (x0 ). When x is near
to x0 and function y = f (x) exists derivative at x0 then :

∆y ≈ f ′ (x0 )∆x.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 27 / 36

Definition 3.2
The expression f ′ (x0 )∆x is called first order differential of
function y = f (x) at x0 and denoted by dy or df(x0 ).

df (x0 ) = f ′ (x0 )dx. (9)

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 28 / 36

Definition 3.2
The expression f ′ (x0 )∆x is called first order differential of
function y = f (x) at x0 and denoted by dy or df(x0 ).

df (x0 ) = f ′ (x0 )dx. (9)

Example 3.2
ex
If f (x) = 2 , find df (1).
x

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 28 / 36

The geometric meaning of differentials

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 29 / 36

The geometric meaning of differentials

Therefore dy represents the amount that the tangent line rises or

falls (the change in the linearization), whereas
∆y = f (x + ∆x) − f (x) represents the amount that the curve
y = f (x) rises or falls when x changes by an amount dx = ∆x.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 29 / 36

Example 3.3
Compare the values of ∆y and dy if y = f (x) = x3 + x2 − 2x + 1
and x changes

1 from 2 to 2.05

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 30 / 36

Example 3.3
Compare the values of ∆y and dy if y = f (x) = x3 + x2 − 2x + 1
and x changes

1 from 2 to 2.05

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 30 / 36

Rates of change in the real life

Example 4.1
Suppose C(x) is the total cost that a company incurs in producing
x units of a certain commodity. If the number of items produced is
increased from x1 to x2 , then the average rate of change of the cost
is
∆C C(x2 ) − C(x1 )
=
∆x x2 − x1
The instantaneous rate of change of cost with respect to the
number of items produced, is called the marginal cost:
∆C
marginal cost = lim = C ′ (x)
∆x→0 ∆x

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 31 / 36

Rates of change in the real life

Example 4.1
Suppose C(x) is the total cost that a company incurs in producing
x units of a certain commodity. If the number of items produced is
increased from x1 to x2 , then the average rate of change of the cost
is
∆C C(x2 ) − C(x1 )
=
∆x x2 − x1
The instantaneous rate of change of cost with respect to the
number of items produced, is called the marginal cost:
∆C
marginal cost = lim = C ′ (x)
∆x→0 ∆x

Marginal cost C ′ (x0 ): the cost incurred for producing one

additional item from xth
0 item to (x0 + 1)
th
item.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 31 / 36

Example 4.2
Suppose a company has estimated that the cost ( in dollars) of
producing x items is

C(x) = 10, 000 + 5x + 0.01x2

a Find the marginal cost of company( what’s its unit? )

b Find C ′ (500) and explain the meaning.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 32 / 36

Some functions in economic

1 If p(x) is price sold per unit of a certain commodity, then

revenue is R(x) = p(x)x, where x is the quantity of
commodity sold.
2 Marginal revenue R′ (x): revenue of selling one more unit from
xth to (x + 1)th unit.
3 Profit P (x) = R(x) − C(x), (C(x): total cost of producing).
4 Marginal profit P ′ (x): profit of selling one more unit.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 33 / 36

Example 4.3
A company sells a model of loudspeaker with price
p(x) = −0.02x + 400(USD) per unit.
Find the revenue R(x) of company.
Find R′ (2000) and explain the meaning.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 34 / 36

Related rates

Example 4.4
Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume
increases at a rate of 100cm3 /s. How fast is the radius of the
balloon increasing when the diameter is 50cm.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 35 / 36

Related rates

Example 4.4
Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume
increases at a rate of 100cm3 /s. How fast is the radius of the
balloon increasing when the diameter is 50cm.
4
Solution. The volume of balloon is: V = πr3 .
3

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 35 / 36

Related rates

Example 4.4
Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume
increases at a rate of 100cm3 /s. How fast is the radius of the
balloon increasing when the diameter is 50cm.
4
Solution. The volume of balloon is: V = πr3 .
3
Taking derivative both sides w.r.t to t(time), we have:
dV dr
= 4πr2 .
dt dt
dV dr
With r = 25(cm) and = 100(cm3 /s), we deduce ≈
dt dt

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Derivative October 22, 2023 35 / 36

Example 4.5
The equation of state of a ideal gas is described by P V = nRT
where P, V, T are the pressure, volume and absolute
temperature(in Kelvins), n is the number of moles of gas, R is the
ideal gas constant. Suppose that a balloon filled with gas is slowly
expanding. Currently, the pressure inside the balloon is 100,000
Pa, the volume of gas is 1m3 and the temperature is 300◦ K.
Suppose that the volume is increasing at a rate of 0.1m3 /s, the
temperature is increasing by 3 degree Kelvin per second. Is
pressure decreasing or increasing? How fast? (n and R are
constants)
Solution.

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