SACHDEVA MILLENNIUM SCHOOL
PHYSICS
Class IX
CH:FLOATATION NOTES (Gravitation part-II)
● Submission of notebook for chapter Floatation is on 07/10/24 (Monday)
● Mind maps / key notes / keywords are attached here with the pdf. Printout may be
taken and elaborated in his/her own words in the notebook.
● The notes may be copied only if the child is unable to elaborate the notes.
● THE NOTES ARE SENT IN PDF FOR THE HELP OF THE STUDENTS. IT IS NOT
COMPULSORY TO COPY THEM . THE STUDENTS MAY WRITE NOTES ON HIS/HER
OWN.
____________________________________________________________________________
THRUST
A thrust is a force acting normally on a [Link] unit of thrust is Newton (N).It’s a
vector quantity.
PRESSURE
The thrust on unit surface area is called [Link]’s a scalar [Link] unit of
pressure is N/m2 or pascal (Pa)
Pressure = Thrust/Area
1 Pa = 1N/m2
One pascal is defined as the pressure exerted on a surface of area of 1 m² by a
thrust of 1 N (acting normally on it).
Factors affecting Pressure
Pressure depends on two factors:
(i) Force applied
(ii) Area of surface over which force acts
Since, pressure is indirectly proportional to the surface area of the object, pressure
increases with a decrease in surface area and decreases with an increase in surface
area.
Some Interesting aspects of pressure
1. The foundation of a building or a dam has a large surface area so that the
pressure exerted by it on the ground is less.
2. The tyres of a bus or a truck have a larger width than those of a [Link] is done
to enable the tyres to carry more weight and to prevent sinking into the ground
3. Cutting tools are either made sharp or pointed in order to produce maximum
pressure with minimum thrust.
4. Nails and pins have pointed ends so that these can be fixed with minimum force
because the pressure on the pointed ends would be large.
FLUID
A fluid is the substance which can flow [Link] liquids and gases are
[Link],water,oil,air etc are fluids.
A fluid contained in a vessel exerts pressure at all points of the vessel and in all
directions.
Pascal’s law
In an enclosed fluid,if pressure is changed in any part of the fluid, then this change
of pressure is transmitted undiminished to all the other parts of the fluid.
Expression for fluid pressure at a point
The pressure P of a liquid of density d, is given by
P=hdg
where, h is the depth and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
BUOYANCY
When a body is partially or wholly immersed in a liquid,an upward force acts on it
which is called upthrust or buoyant [Link] property of the liquids responsible
for this force is called buoyancy.
Reason for upthrust or buoyant force
The upthrust on a body due to a liquid arises on account of pressure difference
between the lower and the upper parts of the body immersed in the liquid.
Factors on which buoyant force depends
The buoyant force exerted by a fluid on an object is directly proportional to the
volume of the immersed part of the object in the fluid and to the density of the
[Link] buoyant force is independent of the nature of the immersed object.
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
When a body is wholly or partially immersed in a liquid at rest, it experiences an
upthrust which is equal to the weight of the liquid [Link] apparent loss in
weight of the body is equal to the upthrust on the body.
Applications of Archimedes’ Principle
[Link] is used in designing ships and submarines.
[Link] of a lactometer,used to determine the purity of a sample of milk .
[Link],used for determining density of liquids.
[Link] can easily determine the values of relative density of solids and liquids.
Why Objects Float or Sink when Placed on the Surface of a Fluid
● If weight W is greater than the buoyant force (W> FB), then net force acting
on the object is in downward direction and the object sinks in the given fluid.
● If weight W is just equal to the buoyant force (W = FB), then net force acting
on the object is zero. It means that the object will neither sink nor float but
remain fully immersed in the fluid just below its surface.
● If weight W is less than the buoyant force (W < FB), then net force on the
object acts in upward direction and the object floats.
The law of floatation
An object will float in a fluid only if the weight of the fluid displaced by the
immersed part of an object is equal to the weight of the object.
The Law of Floatation in Terms of Density
● An object will sink in a fluid if the density of the object is greater than that of
fluid.
● An object will float in a fluid if the density of the object is lesser than that of
the fluid.
Applications of the law of floatation
● An iron needle sinks in water but a ship made of iron floats.
● An ice cube floats on water as the density of ice is less than that of water.
● It is used in making hot air balloons
● It is easier to swim in sea water than in freshwater
Density (D or ρ)
It is defined as the mass per unit volume.
Density = Mass/Volume
ρ = m/V
The SI unit of density is kilogram per meter cube (Kg/m3)
The CGS unit of density is gram per centimeter cube(g/cm3)
Relative Density
Relative density of a substance is defined as the ratio of the density of the substance to the
density of water under similar conditions.
Relative density = Density of substance/Density of water
Since relative density is a ratio of two similar quantities (two densities), hence it has no
unit.
