Fundamentals of
Language Theory
Yevgeniy Yurievich Puzikov
Teaching Professor in the Department of Applied Linguistics
and Translation Studies, Candidate of Philological Sciences
e-mail: y puzikov@[Link]
01
What is
phonetics?
What is
phonology?
02
International
Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA)
03
Organs of Speech
TERMINOLOGY
Respiratory (Power)
Phonetics
Mechanism
Phoneme
Larynx
Phonology
Glottis
Allophone
Supraglottal Cavities
Sound
Soft Palate
Sonorant
Uvula
Articulatory Phonetics Hard Palate
Auditory Phonetics
Acoustic Phonetics
01
What is
phonetics?
What is
phonology?
PHONETICS
Deals with the Deals with the
sounds as units of physical description
oral speech of the actual sounds
used in human
languages
Mukhamedzhan
K. Issayev
PHONOLOGY
Studies the linguistic
function of consonant and How the speech sounds are
vowel sounds, syllabic organized into systems in
structure, word accent each individual language, i.e.
and prosodic features, how the sounds can be
such as pitch, stress and combined, the relations
tempo between them and how they
affect each other
/t/ /d/
tick
stick
pit
dot
PHONETICS PHONOLOGY
surface abstract system
manifestation organizing the
(representation) of surface sounds into
spoken language systems
HUMAN SPEECH
Psychological stage Cognitive psychology
Physiological stage Anatomy / physiology
Audiology
Physical or acoustic
transmission Acoustics
Linguistic Cognitive psychology
interpretation
International
02 Phonetic
Alphabet
1996
/ /
VOWELS
monophthongs diphthongs
/ɪ/ bit /ʊ/ put /eɪ/ day
/e/ bet /ɜ:/ earn /aɪ/ die
/ǝ/ about /ʌ/ cut /ɛǝ/ air
/i:/ eat /ɔ:/ paw /ʊǝ/ poor
/a:/ palm /u:/ two /ɔɪ/ boy
/ɒ/ cot /æ/ bat /ɪǝ/ fear
/ǝʊ/ no
/aʊ/ now
CONSONANTS SONORANTS
/k/ kin /s/ sing /m/ more
/b/ bin /g/ girl /n/ no
/d/ din /h/ how /ŋ/ ding
/v/ van
/p/ pin /w/ we
/z/ zoo
/f/ fin /j/ yes
/ʤ/ gin
/ʃ/ shoe /tʃ/ chin /l/ love
/t/ tin /ð/ this /r/ right
/θ/ thing /ʒ/ measure
PHONEMES
book /bʊk/
ALLOPHONES
[bʊk]
03
Organs of Speech
(Vocal Mechanism)
1 Lips
2 Teeth
3 Alveolar Ridge
4 Hard Palate
5 Soft Palate (Velum)
6 Uvula
7 Tip of the Tongue
8 Blade of the Tongue
9 Front of the Tongue
10 Back of the Tongue
11 Nasal Cavity
12 Oral Cavity
13 Pharynx
14 Larynx
RESPIRATORY OR
POWER MECHANISM
bronchi
wind-pipe
(the air passage from the throat
to the lungs; the trachea)
lungs
Picture from:
[Link]
media/File:Illu_conducting_passages.svg
RESPIRATORY OR
POWER MECHANISM
Syllabic pulses
dynamic stress
'bet-ter
book /bʊk/
LARYNX
(VOCAL CORDS)
VIBRATOR
PRODUCTION OF VOICE
FREQUENCY OF
VIBRATIONS (PITCH)
[Link]
06_head_neck/unit02_sec08_anatomy.html
GLOTTIS
(opening
between VCs)
Picture from: Henry Gray.
Anatomy of the Human Body (1918)
230 TIMES PER
SECOND
female voice 130 TIMES PER
vc between SECOND
1.25 cm and male voice
1.75 cm VC between
1.75 cm and
2.5 cm
SUPRAGLOTTAL CAVITIES
NASAL
CAVITY
HARD PALATE
SOFT PALATE WITH
UVULA
MOUTH
CAVITY
SOFT PALATE (VELUM)
velic closure velar closure
(nasal cavity) (mouth cavity)
/k/, /g/ /ŋ/
a velic only velar closure
and a velar closure
TONGUE dorsum
(whole upper surface)
raised against upper teeth ridge against the back slope of the teeth
(apical position) ridge
/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, (cacuminal position)
/ʒ/, /θ/, /ð/, /tʃ/, /ʤ/, /n/, /l/ /r/
Pictures: mobile application “Sounds of Speech”
developed by the University of Iowa
SOFT PALATE HARD PALATE
lowered movement of the
/m, n, ŋ/ tongue, /j/
LIPS
rounded
/w/
close to the upper
teeth
/f, v/ closed to block the
air stream
/p, b, m/
TEETH
alveolar
/t/, /d/, /l/, /s/, /z/, /n/
interdental
/ð/, /θ/ labiodental /v/
ARTICULATORY DIFFERENCES
VOWELS /CONSONANTS/SONORANTS
1 Presence / 2 Concentrated / 3 Force of
absence of an diffused exhalation
articulatory character of
obstruction to the muscular
air stream in the tension
larynx
ARTICULATORY DIFFERENCES
CONSONANTS
1 Articulatory 2 Muscular 3 Exhaling force
obstruction + tension is is rather strong
concentrated in
(complete, the place of
incomplete, the obstruction
combination of the
two /tʃ, ʤ/,
intermittent)
ARTICULATORY DIFFERENCES
VOWELS
2 Concentrated / 3 Exhaling force
1 Articulatory
diffused is rather weak
obstruction -
character of
muscular
tension
ARTICULATORY DIFFERENCES
SONORANTS
1 Obstruction is 2 Muscular 3 Exhaling force
complete, or tension is is rather weak
incomplete but not concentrated in
narrow enough to the place of
produce noise obstruction